自考英语词汇学稳过笔记

自考英语词汇学00832

Chapter1

【单词的角度】1.In visual terms: word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally in the peace of paper.

2.In spoken language: word is a sound and combination of sound.

3.In semanticists: a word is a unit of meaning .

4.In grammarians: a word be a free form that can function in the sentences.

【单词的定义】A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

1) a minimal free from of a language;

2) a sound unity;

3) a unit of meaning;

4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

【音和义的关系】The connection of the sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning. E.g woman-femme-funu

【音和形不同的原因】Sound and form

1. More phonemes than letters in English.

2.Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling.

3. Some of the differences are created by the early scribes. (识记u-o\ deliberately changed \not ended ’n,v’+e)(printing&dictionary选择题).

4. Borrowing.

【词汇的定义】Vocabulary not only can it refer to a total number of words in a language, but it can stand for all the words use in a particular historical period. （1,000,000）

Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.填空题

【词汇的分类】①Use frequently----

basic word stock:is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated for centuries and forms the common core of language.

1.all national character

2. stability

3.productivity

4.polysemy

5.collocability(选择题多/记例子*)

nonbasic vocabulary：

(1.terminology consist of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. E.g photoscanning.

(2.jargon refers to specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,science,trades and professions communicate among themselves. E.g hypo.

(3.slang: belongs to the sub-standard language. (colourful,blunt,impressive,expressive)e.g bear.

(4.argot:jargon of criminals. E.g dip.

(5.dialectal words: used only by speakers of the dialect in question. E.g coo(cow)

(6.archaisms: were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use

(7.neologisms:are newly-created words or expression ,or words that have taken on new meanings. E.g E-mail.

*（选择题）All national character: natural phenomena/names of plant and animal/human body and relations/action,domain,size,state/num,pron,conj,prep)

②Notion（多为选择题）

content words（n/v/a/adj/num）：denotes clear notions and thus are known as notional words.

functional words =empty words =form words（prep/conj/aux/art/人称代词)数量小且稳定

③native words(‘Anglo-Saxon words 5万-6万’)

[5+2]6.neutral in style.(neither formal nor informal) E.g begin

7.frequent in use

borrowed words =loan words =borrowing : words taken over from foreign language.

(1.denizens：words borrowed early in the past and well assimilated into the English language.E.g cup-cuppa./2 aliens :are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. E.g kowtow./ 3.translation-loans :words and expression formed from the existing material in the English language and modelled on the patterns from foreign language. E.g long time no see/ 4.semantic-loans : are not borrowed with references to the form,but their meanings are borrowed. E.g dream)

Charter2

【词汇时期分类】Indo-European family（Europe+the Near East+India选择题）

An eastern set（BIAA）

An western set （CIHG）[in G with NIDS北欧语言scandination+GDFE]

Old English /450-1150 / full endings+Anglo-Saxon

Middle English /1150-1500/ leveled endings

Modern English /1500-1700-now/ synthetic language to analytic language

1.the rapid development of modern sciences and technology.

2.

: 1 creation: refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots,affixes and other elements. 2 semantic change : means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.3 borrowing (主要贡献语言E,L,G,F,S). 4.reviving archaic or obsolete words. 常考

Chapter 3

【词素】Morphemes: is the smallest functional unit in the composition of words.

E.g. Denationalization can broken into de-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,each having meaning of its own,these fragments can’t be further divided,otherwise they would not make any sense.

【单词素】monomorphemic words are morphemes that can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. (少考)

【词素变体】Allomorph: realized by more than one morph according their position in a word.

Free morpheme = free root

Morpheme bound root

Bound morpheme prefix

affix derivational affix suffix

Inflectional affix

【自由词素】Free morpheme: morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free, these morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be use as free grammatical units in sentences.(free morpheme are free roots.)

【复合词素】Bound morpheme:is a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morphemes.

【复合词根】Bound root carries the fundamental meaning just like free root, unlike free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.

【词缀】Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.

‘according to the function, affixes can be grouped into the.....↓’答题技巧

【曲折词缀】Inflectional affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional.

【派生词缀】Derivational affixes are affixes add to other morphemes to create new words.

【词根】A root is that part of word-form that remains when all inflectional affixes and derivational affixes have been removed. E.g nation

【词干】A stem can be defined as a form that affixes of any kind can be added. E.g international

Chapter 4

一．【词缀法】Affixation: defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process also know as derivation.

Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stem. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem,but only modify its meaning. E.g ex-boyfriend （9个*见表格）

Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stem, they mainly change the word class. E.g happy-happiness （4个*见表格）

二．【复合法】Compounding : also know as composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

【复合词】Compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. E.g silkworm,honey-bee, easy chair（compound can be written solid,hyphenated and open）

Compound 和free phrase的区别/不同

1.phonetic features. E.g a ‘fat head(c) a fat ‘head(p)

2.Semantic features. . E.g a green hand 当做一个单词的意思用，意思和短语不一样

3. grammatical features. E.g bad-mouth can used as a verb“he bad-mouthed me”短语不能用作动词

三．【转类法】Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Also known as functional shift.

【零派生】Zero-conversion: conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word without the addition of an affix. E.g simple single；paper；round

【形转名】Adjective converts to nouns: unlike verbs, not all adjectives which converted can achieve a full noun status.

（全部转类）Full conversion: a noun fully converted from adjective has all characteristics of nouns. E.g a white;finals.

（部分转类）Partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjective do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles, what’s more, they retain some of the adjective features. E.g the poor=poor people, the poorer=

【形转动】Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and intransitive functions. E.g wet= ’make...wet’/ yellow =‘become yellow’

【零派生和后缀法的区别】书本P56最后一段simple和single为例

Both are adjectives, but single can be used as a verb without changing the form. In contrast, simple cannot function as a verb without adding an affix. The first instance is Zero-conversion which an item is adapted or converted to a new word without the addition of an affix. The second is Suffixation, the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stem, they mainly change the word class.

【转类其他三种变化】In some case, conversion is accompanied by certain changes which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution重音.

E.g use/s/n-/z/v, shelf/f/n-shelve/v/v, ’conduct(n)-con’duct(v) (少考)

A noun can be converted to a verb without any change. The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid. Concise and impressive（选择题）e.g elbow

四．【拼缀法】Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. E.g somg=smoke+fog

head+tail/head+tail/head+word/word +tail（记例子☆）

答题技巧medicare a combination of medical+care

五．【截短法】Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. E.g bus from omnibus,exam,plane (to save time ; economical in writing)

Front clipping/back clipping/front and back clipping/phrase clipping（选择题/填空题）

答题技巧flu is the shortened from of influenza

六．【首字母拼音法】Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters. （首字母拼写法）Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. E.g UFO BBC CCTV.

（首字母拼音法）Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g AIDS BASIC B-day.

七．【逆生法】Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes, is considered to opposite process of suffixation. E.g beg from beggar. (informal)

八．【专有名词】Words from proper name: sandwich

Words that are commonized from proper nouns have rich cultural associations and thus stylistically vivid, impressive and thought-provoking.

Chapter 5

【词义的三层含义】The meaning of ‘meaning’选择题多

1.Reference: is the relationship between language and the world.（the reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional, this connection is the result of generalization and abstraction）

2.Concept: which is beyond the language,is the result of the human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.

3.Sense:denotes the relationship inside the language. (it is also an abstraction. Every word that has meaning has sense not every word has reference. E.g but,if)

meaning

Word form pronunciation

Spelling

【四大理据】Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its

meaning.(选择题）

1.Onomatopoetic motivation：in modern English some words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. E.g bang

2.Morphological motivation: concerned the words whose morphological structures suggest their meaning, for generally speaking, the meaning of a derived word or a compound is based on the meaning of word-building elements. E.g airmail

3.Semantic motivation: refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of

a word. E.g pen-sword

4.Etymological motivation: the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins, in other word, the history of a word explain the meaning of the word. E.g laconic

(所有专有名词都是词源理据）

【词义的类型】常考名词解释&填空题/8个

1.Grammatical meaning: refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates the grammatical concept and relationship. (such as part of the speech of word,singular and plural meaning of nuns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word become important only when it is used in a actual context.)

2.Lexical meaning is that part of word meaning when grammatical meaning is removed. It embrace two components: conceptual and associative meaning.

①Conceptual meaning: (know as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of the word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basic for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. E.g sun 太阳

②Associative meaning：is the secondary supplemented of conceptual meaning. It differs form conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.

a.Connotaive meaning: refers to the overtone or associations suggested by the conceptual

meaning. E.g home, mother

b.Stylistic meaning : many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for

different context. E.g charger战马/horse [formal-neutral-informal]

c.Affective meanin g :indicates the speaker’s attitude towards person or thing in question.

E.g dog [appreciative:famous / pejorative:notorious]

d.Collocative meaning : consists of associations a word acquires in its collocation. E.g.

pretty/handsome, green

grammatical meaning

meaning lexical meaning conceptual meaning

connotative meaning

associative meaning stylistic meaning

affective meaning

collocative meaning

Chapter 6 词与词的关系

一．【一词多义】Polysemy：words that have two or more than two sense.

1.【历时法】Diachronic approach: from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of the growth and development of the semantic structure of one and some word.

√primary meaning:is the only first meaning that a word had when it was created.

√derived meaning:with the advance of time and the development of language,it took more and more meanings.

E.g face

2.【共时法】Synchronic approach: synchronically, polysemy is viewed as a coexistence of various meaning of the same word in the certain historical period of time.

√ secondary meaning 选择题

√ central meaning: the basic meaning of a word

E.g gay

【一词多义の发展方法】常考！

1. 【辐射型】Radiation：it means each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning. E.g neck,face

2. 【连锁型】Concatenation：it refers to a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. E.g treacle

【1和2的不同点和关系】unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning,concatenation it refers to a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the origin there is no direct connection in between.

Radiation and concatenation are closely related, being different stages of development

leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many case, the two processes work together, complementing each other.（分析题）

二．【同形同音异义】Homonymy : word different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

【类型】

1. perfect homonyms: are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

E.g bear熊,bear忍受

2.homographs: are words identical only in spelling but different in both sound and meaning.

E.g bow /ba?/鞠躬, bow /b??/ 弓

3. homophones: are words identical only in sound but different in both spelling and meaning.

E.g deer鹿, dear亲爱的

【来源】

1.Change in sound and spelling

2.Borrowing

3.shortening

【区别】homonyms 和polysemants

The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.① One important criterion is to see their etymology, homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source.

②The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning, on the other hand, meaning of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. ③In dictionaries,a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are list as separate entries.

三.【同义词】synonymy : one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. E.g end/final

【类型】

1.Absolute synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.(highly specialized vocabulary). e.g composition/compounding

2.Relative synonyms: are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different

shades of meaning or different degree of given quality. E.g change/alter/vary

【来源】

1.Borrowing : help-aid.

2.Dialects and regional English : railway-railroad.

3.Figurative and euphemistic use of words.

4.Coincidence with idiomatic expressions.

【同义词的差别】☆☆☆☆☆

1.Difference in denotation

①Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning. E.g extend/increase/expand

②synonyms may differ in degree of intensity. E.g want/wish/desire

2.Difference in connotation: by connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive colouring of words. E.g police/constable/bobby/cop, [appreciate/neural/derogatory贬义]

little/small/tiny 背答题方式

The three adjectives little, small, tiny all describe the smallness of the boy. But little suggests

‘attractiveness’, tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child and small simply conveys the idea of being not big. Therefore, little is appreciative, small is neutral and tiny is derogatory.

3.Difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. They form form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns.E.g allow/let

四.【反义词关系】Antonymy : is concerned with semantic opposition. Can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.

【类型】☆☆

1.Contradictory terms矛盾反义词are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. E.g dread/alive. (Antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degree.)

2.Contrary terms 对立反义词antonyms of this type are best viewed in term of a scale running between two poles or extremes. E.g big/small

3.Relative terms 关系反义词consist of relational opposite. E.g man/woman

【反义词的特点】☆

1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition, many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, for example,read,house. Therefore, in a a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.

2.A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.e.g fast/dull

3.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. E.g man/woman, tall/short

4.Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. E.g hot/warm--cold/cool

some words can have two different types of antonym at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite, e.g happy-unhappy-sad

【反义词的运用】少考/选择题

1.Defining the meaning of words

2.Enabling us to express economical the opposite of a particular thought. E.g here or there

3.对偶和对比的方式。E.g easy come,easy go

4.Writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose. E.g Charles Dickens双城记

五.【上下义关系】Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. Superordinate terms：specific word

Subordinate terms: general word

(The sense of relation of hyponymy is very helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.)

it not difficult to judge that sentence [a] is better than s[B], cause in [a] the writer uses subordinates, which are concrete and precise , presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader whereas in [b] the words used are superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.

However,this does not mean hyponyms are better than superodinates, a good piece of writing often needs both working mutually to achieve the desired effect. 答题技巧

六．【语义场】semantic field

Words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields.

Words in each field are semantically related and define one another.

Chapter 7

【词义变化的5个方式】

1.Extension（generalization）: is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. In other words, the term has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. E.g picture/milk/barn

[词义扩展的来源]选择题

①polysemic words: think,business,matter

②technical terms:alibi,allergic,feedback(术语)

③proper nouns:lynch, sandwich,vandal

2.Narrowing（specialization）: is the process by which a word of wide meaning which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English. E.g deer, meat, wife, City,glass

3.Elevation（amelioration）：refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of important. E.g nice, angel,fond,success

4.Degradation (pejoration):it is the opposite of semantic elevation, it is the process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words中性词come to be used in derogatory贬义sense. [相比从好变坏，从中性变坏更多] e.g :boor/silly

5.Transfer : words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. E.g paper

①Associative transfer: a term used in relation to change in word meaning in which the meaning is transferred through association. E.g purse for money, dish for food, the nose of a plane.

②abstract to concrete:hope

③Subjective to objective: pitiful,hateful客观

④Transfer of sensations：clear-sounding, sweet music

【词义变化的原因】语言比文化要更加保守，比物质更保守

1.Extra-linguistic factors 选择题

①historical reason(the meaning has changed because the referent has changed)

e.g pen/car/computer ; (increased scientific knowledge and discovery) sun/atom

②class reason：(elevation,degradation ’attitude’)king’s English

③psychological reason(the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic are often due to psychological factors): copperhead毒蛇.(slang: in army/in prison/low jobs/religious influence)

2.Linguistic factors

①shortening：gold medal--gold/coal gas--gas/private soldier--private （剩下的都是名词作用）

②borrowing：deer-animal/sheep-mutton/pig-pork(porc)

③analogy类推：常考（答题思路，背背背！）

‘Fortuitous’ formerly denotes ‘happy by chance’ and later took on the meaning “fortunate”probably by analogy because the two words look similar. It is same with “fruition”, the original meaning being ‘ a pleasure obtained from using or possessing something’, which had nothing to do with fruit. Its meaning of ‘ the bearing of fruit’ was due to the later association with the word fruit. 答题技巧

Chapter 8

【语境の类型】

一．Extra-linguistic context: in a broad sense,it includes physical situation which embraces the people,time,place and even the whole cultural background.

E.g quick,look out,trade union,landlord,weekend

二．Linguistic context: in a narrow sense, it refers to the words,clauses and sentences in which a word appears, it may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.

1.lexical context: refers to the words that occurs together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often effected and defined by the neighbouring words.e.g paper,do

2.grammatical context: in some cases,the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. E.g become+adj/n变得become+pron适合become+of发生;遭遇

e.g ‘THE’

The word ‘THE’ appeared twice in the passage. But the immediate verbal context does not contain adequate clues for inferring the meaning of the word, dictionary may prove of no use either, in fact one has to read almost half of the book before coming to understand the word ’the’

【语境の作用】

1.elimination of ambiguity. (背例子)

Ambiguity often arise due to polysemy and homonymy. Also grammatical structure(选择题)

2.indication of reference

3.provision of clues for inferring word-meaning(选择题)

①definition一般跟在那个单词后②explanation 那个单词很难且含有专业术语时③example

④synonym⑤antonym⑥hyponym上下义词⑦relevant details⑧word structure复合词派生词

⑦relevant details答题技巧：

Relevant details are used as context in this sentence. The key words as .....provides details that give sufficient hints for the word ......

Chapter 9

【习语】idioms:strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that cannot readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idioms may includes colloquialism,catchphrases,slang expression, proverbs.

(idioms are colourful,forcible说服力的, thought-provoking)

【习语特征】选择和填空

1.semantic unity ( semantically inexplicable; illogical relationship) e.g rain cats and dogs.

2.Structural stability ( unchangeable)

①The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. E.g in a brown study/kick the bucket.

②the word order cannot be inverted or changed. E.g by two or three/the lion’s share.

③the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. E.g out of the question (idiomaticity will be lost习语性）.

④many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.e.g diamond cut diamond/like cures like.

结束；掩盖/ turn over a new leaf

meaning of the constituents. E. make friends with 习语性Idiomaticity is gradable

The fixity of idioms depends on the idiomaticity

【习语的分类】按grammatical functions来分

1.Idioms nominal in nature: idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences. (white elephant/jack of all trades)

2.Idioms adjectival in nature: function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessarily adj. (cut and dried/as poor as a church mouse)

3.Idioms verbal in nature:

☆①phrasal verbs短语动词are idioms which composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.

E.g look into/go on/get away with （多介词）

②verb phrases 动词短语e.g make it/give sb the bag/keep the pot boiling/chop and change

4.Idioms adverbial in nature. E.g tooth and nail/in the clover;in clover

5.Sentences Idioms. E.g how are you?upon my word!（mainly proverbs and sayings）

it should be pointed out that forms and function of idioms are not necessarily identical.

Pepper and salt 由名词组成，但用作形容词/night and day(adv)/bag and baggage(adv)

High and low 即可作adj也可作adv

【习语的运用】选择题多

Despite the fact, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are slang and colloquialism,therefore inappropriate for formal style. ...........（简答题分析题）

一．Stylistic features①colloquialisms②slang③literary expressions [例子]

二．Rhetorical features.

1.phonetic manipulation①alliteration②rhyme.

2.lexical manipulation①reiteration同义词复用②repetition重复③juxtaposition( of antonyms)反义词.

3. figures of speech(修辞手法)①simile②metaphor(动物--人a black horse/无生命的--人flat tire/物体--物体bed of dust/行为状态--抽象概念sit on the fence)③metonymy换喻④synecdoche提喻（part for the whole）⑤personification⑥euphemism委婉语.

三．Variations of idioms

1.replacement: 同词性的单词可替换n/v/adj/adv/art,prep,num(by all means/by no means)

2.addition and deletion：可增加删减但意思不变from(the bottom)of the heart

3.position-shifting：换位置但意思不变day and night/night and day

4.shortening：只取其中一部分（谚语）☆rolling stone/

5.dismembering：肢解分散到不同地方（文学）☆a round peg in the squarest of holes

Chapter 10 选择题最后3题，填空题1题，简答题

【字典的类型】

1.Monolingual dictionaries: are written in one language. That is the headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. LDCE/CCELD

Bilingual dictionaries : involve two language. The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with translations.

2.Linguistic dictionaries : aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language. Encyclopedic dictionaries:

①encyclopedia:The Encyclopedia Britannica/The Encyclopedia Americana 无发音无词义

②encyclopedic dictionaries: Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary

3.Unabridged dictionaries: 20万

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary/The Word Book dic

Desk dictionaries: 5~15万

the concise oxford dic/oxford advanced learner’s dic/LDCE/CCELD/Webster’s New word Dictionary/Webster’s ninth New collegiate Dictionary

Pocket dictionaries：少5万inexpensive and easy to carry

4.Specialized dictionaries

【字典的运用】选择题

1.choice

①monolingual or bilingual

②general or specialized

③British or American: 美国字典更多百科知识，英国字典更多语法知识

④early or late

2.Content 字典的8个内容

①spelling

②pronunciation (British-IPA / Am-Webster’s system)

③definition

④usage

⑤grammar

⑥usage notes and language notes

⑦etymological information (美国字典和一些英字典很喜欢给词源）

⑧supplementary matter

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a511855801.html,e 字典运用

①read the contents page

②read the guide to the use [+obj+v]

【三大辞典】

1.LDCE Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (new edition 1987)

Controlled 2000words used to define words and illustrate usages.

①clear grammar code [+obj+v/ving]

②usage notes (child/baby/kid相似的词怎么用）

③language notes (与谁搭配用啊，正式不正式啊)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a511855801.html,ELD Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1987)

①

②

③usage examples: most in sentence form/all selected from actual usage

3.CED A Chinese-English Dictionary (revised edition 1995) 选择题，填空题，了解即可

①the new edition has an addition of 800 single character entries and of 18000 multi-character entries.

②the new edition revised some old entries

③the new edition keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries, which the dictionary easy to use.

④the dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.

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《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and

英语词汇学自考重点

各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉