考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2008 Text 1

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1、While still catching up to men in some sphere s of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. 尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。

1.1 sphere英/sf??/ 美/sf?r/n. 范围；球体adj. 球体的vt. 包围；放入球内；使…成球形

1.2 appear to be好像是；仿佛 1.3 undesirable英/?nd?'za??r?b(?)l/ 美/,?nd?'za??r?bl/n. 不良分子；不受欢迎的人adj. 不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的

1.4 category英/'k?t?g(?)r?/ 美/'k?t?ɡ?ri/n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴

2、“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York`s Veteran`s Administration Hospital. 在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家叶沪德博士说，"与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。"

2.1 susceptible英/s?'sept?b(?)l/ 美/s?'s?pt?bl/n. 易得病的人adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许…的

2.2 depression英/d?'pre?(?)n/ 美/d?'pr???n/n. 沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区

2.3 disorders英美/d?s'?rd?/n. 无秩序，混乱；小病（disorder的复数形式）v. [电子] 扰乱（disorder 的单三形式）anxiety disorders焦虑症；焦虑性障碍

2.4 psychiatrist英/sa?'ka??tr?st/ 美/sa?'ka??tr?st/n. 精神病学家，精神病医生

2.5 veteran英/'vet(?)r(?)n/美/'v?t?r?n/n. 老兵;老手;富有经验的人；老运动员adj. 经验丰富的；老兵的

2.6 administration英/?dm?n?'stre??(?)n/ 美/?d,m?n?'stre??n/n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构Paragraph 2

1、Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormone s somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。

1.1 hormone英/'h??m??n/ 美/'h?rmon/n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙

1.2 trigger英/'tr?g?/美/'tr?ɡ?/n. 扳机；[电子] 触发器；制滑机vt. 引发，引起；触发vi. 松开扳柄

2、In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. 在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。

2.1 ovaries英/??v?r?z/ 美/ov?r?z/n. [解剖] 卵巢，[植] 子房（ovary复数形式）

2.2 reproductive英/,ri?pr?'d?kt?v/ 美/,ripr?'d?kt?v/adj. 生殖的；再生的；复制的

2.3 organ英/'??g(?)n/ 美/'?rɡ?n/n. [生物] 器官；机构；风琴；管风琴；嗓音

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1、Adding to a woman`s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It`s not necessarily that women don`t cope as well. It`s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. 此外，使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是她们面对压力的机会增多。叶沪德博士说，"这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太多。"

1.1 dose英/d??s/ 美/dos/n. 剂量；一剂，一服vt. 给药；给…服药vi. 服药

1.2 cope英/k??p/ 美/kop/n. 长袍vi. 处理；对付；竞争

2、“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men`s,” she observes, “it`s just that they`re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”他说，"女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，她们才更快更明显地变得筋疲力尽。"

2.1 observe英/?b'z??v/ 美/?b'z?v/vt. 观察；遵守；说；注意到；评论vt. 庆祝vi. 观察；说；注意到；评论worn out疲惫不堪的；耗尽的

2.2 visibly英/'viz?bli/ 美/'v?z?bli/adv. 明显地；显然；看得见地

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1、Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.叶沪德博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。"我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争压力。

1.1 chronic英/'kr?n?k/ 美/'krɑn?k/adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的

1.2 combat英/'k?mb?t; 'k?m-/ 美/'kɑmb?t/n. 战斗；争论adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的vi. 战斗；搏斗vt. 反对；与…战斗

2、Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而这些暴力往往不只一次。

2.1 random英/'r?nd?m/ 美/'r?nd?m/n. 随意adj. [数] 随机的；任意的；胡乱的adv. 胡乱地

2.2 domestic英/d?'mest?k/ 美/d?'m?st?k/n. 国货；佣人adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的one-shot英/'w?n'??t/ 美/'w?n'??t/adj. 只有一次的

3、The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”这种长期关系带来的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。"

3.1 devastating英/'dev?steiti?/adj. 毁灭性的;全然的v. 摧毁（devastate的ing形式）;毁坏Paragraph 5

1、Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. 爱德琳〃爱尔活瑞茨18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。"我为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。

2、I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. 生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。"从那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单身母亲。"

3、“It`s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是从付账单到付账单。"

3.1 paycheck英/'pe?t?ek/ 美/'pe,t??k/n. 付薪水的支票，薪水

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1、Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. 爱尔活瑞茨指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多责任，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。

1.1 chronic英/'kr?n?k/ 美/'krɑn?k/adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的

1.2 obligation英/?bl?'ge??(?)n/ 美/,ɑbl?'ɡe??n/n. 义务；职责；债务

1.3 strain英/stre?n/ n. 张力；拉紧；负担；扭伤；血缘vt. 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力vi. 拉紧；尽力

2、Alvarez`s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 爱尔活瑞茨的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前找到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。

2.1 demonstrate英/'dem?nstre?t/ 美/'d?m?n'stret/vt. 证明；展示；论证vi. 示威

2.2 diffuse英/d?'fju?z/ 美/d?'fjus/vt. 扩散；传播；漫射adj. 弥漫的；散开的vi. 传播；四散

2008 Text 2

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1、It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors` names and affiliation s from the paper and send it to their peers for review.过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果呈交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将它送给同行审阅。

1.1straightforward英/stre?t'f??w?d/ 美/,stret'f?rw?d/adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的adv. 直截了当地；坦率地

1.2 submit英/s?b'm?t/ 美/s?b'm?t/vi. 提交；服从vt. 使服从；主张；呈递

1.3 affiliation英/?f?l?'e??(?)n/ 美/?,f?l?'e??n/n. 友好关系；加入；联盟；从属关系

2、Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或者退稿。

3、Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. 版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。

3.1 copyright n. 版权，著作权adj. 版权的；受版权保护的vt. 保护版权；为…取得版权

3.2 subscribe英/s?b'skra?b/ vt. 签署；赞成；捐助vi. 订阅；捐款；认购；赞成；签署Paragraph 2

1、No longer. The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. 现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使阅读科研结果成为现实。

1.1 commercial英/k?'m???(?)l/美/k?'m???l/n. 商业广告adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的

1.2 restricting英/ris'trikti?/ 美/r?'str?kt/n. 整形，限制；扼流v. 限制（restrict的ing形式）

2、The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. 经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表一份报告，以阐明此种变化的深远意义。 2.1 ar-reaching英/'fɑ:'ri:t?i?/ 美/'fɑ:'ri:t?i?/adj. 深远的；广泛的；伸至远处的

3、The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. 澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰?霍克顿和经济合作发展组织的格雷厄姆?维科瑞共同撰写了该报告，报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。 3.1 handsome英/'h?ns(?)m/美/'h?ns?m/adj.（男子）英俊的；可观的；大方的，慷慨的；健美而端庄的

4、But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. 但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。

4.1 element英/'el?m(?)nt/ 美/'?l?m?nt/n. 元素;要素;原理；成分;自然环境

4.2 endeavor英/?n'dev?/ 美/?n'd?v?/n. 努力；尽力（等于endeavour）vi. 努力；尽力（等于endeavour）scientific endeavor科学探索

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1、The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business.知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时都可以看到。这是大生意。

2、In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. 在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。

2.1 estimated英/'estimetid/ 美/?st??met?d/adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的

3、The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. 国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年差不多16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。

3.1 specialize英/'spe??laiz/ 美/'sp???la?z/vi. 专门从事；详细说明；特化vt. 使专门化；使适应特殊情况；详细说明specializing英美/'sp???l,a?z/n. 专攻specialize in专门从事Paragraph 4

1、This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report`s authors. 现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现；该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。

1.1scholarly英/'sk?l?l?/ 美/'skɑl?li/adj. 博学的；学者风度的；学者派头的

1.2 entirely英/?n'ta??l?; en-/ 美/?n'ta??li/adv. 完全地，彻底地

2、There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. 首先是所谓的大生意，即有机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查阅付费。第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付论文出版的费用。

3、Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. 最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。

3.1 archive 英/'ɑ:kaiv/ 美/'ɑrka?v/n. 档案馆；档案文件vt. 把…存档

4、Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. 其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。

4.1 hybrid英/'ha?br?d/ 美/'ha?br?d/n. 杂种，混血儿；混合物adj. 混合的；杂种的

5、All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至少在论文出版领域是这样。

2008 Text 3

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1、In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. 在20世纪60年代早期，威尔特?张伯伦是美国NBA球员中个子超过7英尺的三个球员之一。

2、If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 但是，如果他上个赛季参赛了的话，他就会是42人中的一个了。

3、The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. 这些年来，那些从事主要职业球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队服以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。

3.1 dramatically英/dr?'m?t?k?l?/ 美/dr?'m?t?kli/adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地adv. 显著地，剧烈地

3.2 frame英/fre?m/ 美/frem/n. 框架；结构；[电影] 画面adj. 有木架的；有构架的vt. 设计；建造；陷害；使…适合vi. 有成功希望

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1、The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. 体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍不再长高了。

1.1 obscure英/?b'skj??/ 美/?b'skj?r/adj. 昏暗的，朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的；隐蔽的；不著名的，无名的vt. 使…模糊不清，掩盖；隐藏；使难理解n. 某种模糊的或不清楚的东西obscuring n. 模糊

2、Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today`s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren`t likely to get any taller. 尽管相比140年前，现在的典型身高增长了2英寸，但是现在的人，特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人，他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。

3、“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we`ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. 赖特州立大学的人类学家威廉卡梅伦?乔姆勒说，"现在的普通人中，就目前的基因和环境水平而言，我们已远超出了我们所能发育的程度。 3.1 genetic英/d??'net?k/ 美/d??'n?t?k/adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的

4、In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. "而NBA球员的情况是，他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。

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1、Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrient s –notably, protein–to feed expanding tissue s. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infection s got in the way. 人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素--特别是蛋白质--来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20世纪初期，营养不良及儿童感染阻碍了增高。

1.1 calorie 英/'k?l?r?/ 美/'k?l?ri/n. 卡路里（热量单位）

1.2 nutrient英/'nju?tr??nt/ 美/'nutr??nt/n. 营养物；滋养物adj. 营养的；滋养的

1.3 notably英/'n??t?bl?/ 美/'not?bli/adv. 显著地；尤其

1.4 protein英/'pr??ti?n/ 美/'protin/n. 蛋白质；朊adj. 蛋白质的

1.5 tissue 英/'t??u?; 't?sju?/ 美/'t??u/n. 组织；纸巾；薄纱；一套vt. 饰以薄纱；用化妆纸揩去

1.6 infection英/?n'fek?(?)n/ 美/?n'f?k??n/n. 感染；传染；影响；传染病

2、But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. 但是随着饮食和健康状况提高，儿童及青少年每20年就普遍增高差不多1.5英寸，这已成了众所周知的身高增长上的一个长期趋势。

2.1 adolescent英/?d?'les(?)nt/ 美/,?d?'l?snt/n. 青少年adj. 青春期的；未成熟的

2.2 secular英/'sekj?l?/ 美/'s?kj?l?/n. 修道院外的教士俗人adj. 世俗的；长期的；现世的；不朽的

3、Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″for men, 5′4″for women – hasn`t really changed since 1960.然而疾病控制预防中心指出，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸的平均身高自20世纪60年代以来就没有再次出现实质上的改变。

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1、Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.总的说来，避免太高的身高是有很多优点的。在生产时，较大的婴儿通过产道是有更多的问题的。

1.1 canal英/k?'n?l/ 美/k?'n?l/n. 运河；[地理] 水道；[建] 管道；灌溉水渠vt. 在…开凿运河

2、Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain impose d by oversize limb s.而且，就算人类已经直立行走已经几百万年了，我们的脚和背部继续对抗着巨大的压力，这些压力来源于双足直立的姿势和巨大的肢体。

2.1 bipedal英/ba?'pi?d(?)l/ 美/ba?'p?d?l/n. 两足动物adj. 两足动物的；二足的

2.2 posture英/'p?st??/ 美/'pɑst??/n. 姿势；态度；情形vt. 作…的姿势vi. 摆姿势

2.3 withstand英/w?e'st?nd/ 美/w?e'st?nd/vt. 抵挡；禁得起；反抗vi. 反抗

2.4 strain英/stre?n/ n. 张力；拉紧；负担；扭伤；血缘vt. 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力vi. 拉紧；尽力

2.5 impose英/?m'p??z/ 美/?m'poz/vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响

2.6 limb英/l?m/ 美/l?m/n. 肢，臂；分支；枝干vt. 切断…的手足；从…上截下树枝

3、“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.西北大学的人类学家William Leonard 说：“有一些限制是个体器官的基因结构导致的。”

3.1 constraint英/k?n'stre?nt/ 美/k?n'strent/n. [数] 约束；局促，态度不自然；强制

3.2 architecture英/'ɑ?k?tekt??/ 美/'ɑrk?'t?kt??/n. 建筑学；建筑风格；建筑式样；架构

3.3 organism英/'??g(?)n?z(?)m/ 美/'?rɡ?n?z?m/n. 有机体；生物体；微生物

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1、Genetic maximums can change, but don`t expect this to happen soon. Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruit s without alteration. 遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待其很快发生。位于马塞诸赛州的纳提克部队研究中心的资深人类学家克莱尔〃C〃戈登确信，90%雇员的工作服和工作台尺寸无须改变就能适合新增人员。anthropologist英/,?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ 美/,?nθr?'pɑl?d??st/n. 人类学家；人类学者

1.1 maximum英/'m?ks?m?m/ n. [数] 极大，最大限度；最大量adj. 最高的；最多的；最大极限的

1.2 senior英/'si?n??; 'si?nj?/ 美/'sin??/n. 上司；较年长者；毕业班学生adj. 高级的；年长的；地位较高的；年资较深的，资格较老的

1.3 recruit英/r?'kru?t/ 美/r?'krut/n. 招聘；新兵；新成员vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康

1.4 alteration英/??lt?'re??(?)n; '?l-/ 美/,?lt?'re??n/n. 修改，改变；变更

2、She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. 她说，与那些篮球队服不同的是，军队制服的长度已有相当一段时间保持不变了。

2.1 military英/'m?l?t(?)r?/ 美/'m?l?t?ri/n. 军队；军人adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的

3、And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today`s data and feel fairly confident.”戈登说，如果你需要预测不远将来的人类高度去设计器具的话，基本上"你可以相当自信地采用现在的数据。"

3.1 by and large大体上，总的来说

2008 Text 4

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1、In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. 1784年，52岁的乔治〃华盛顿成为美国总统的前5年，牙齿就几乎掉光了。

1.1 toothless英/'tu?θl?s/ 美/'tuθl?s/adj. 无牙齿的adj. 无权势的

2、So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slave s. 于是他雇了一名牙医，在他下颚移植了9颗牙，而这9颗牙是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。

2.1 transplant英/tr?ns'plɑ?nt; trɑ?ns-; -nz-/ 美/tr?ns'pl?nt/n. 移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vt. 移植；迁移；使移居vi. 移植；迁移；移居

2.2 jaw英/d???/ 美/d??/n. 颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt. 教训；对…唠叨vi. 教训；唠叨

2.3 extract英/?ekstr?kt/ 美/'?kstr?kt/n. 汁；摘录；榨出物；选粹vt. 提取；取出；摘录；榨取

2.4 slave英/sle?v/ 美/sle?v/n. 奴隶；从动装臵vi. 苦干；拼命工作

2.5 slavery英/'sle?v(?)r?/ 美/'slev?ri/n. 奴役；奴隶制度；奴隶身份

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1、That`s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. 多数人记得的是历史课本中提到的砍樱桃树的华盛顿的形象，与上述形象相差甚远。但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶制在建国那代人的生活中的作用。

1.1 cherry英/'t?er?/ 美/'t??ri/n. 樱桃；樱桃树；如樱桃的鲜红色；处女膜，处女

1.2 chop英/t??p/ 美/t?ɑp/n. 砍；排骨；商标；削球(俚)丑人vt. 剁碎；砍

1.3 founding英/'faundi?/ n. [机] 铸造；溶解adj. 创办的；发起的found英/fa?nd/ 美/fa?nd/v. 找到（find的过去分词）vt. 创立，建立；创办cherry-tree-chopping砍樱桃树的

2、They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. 1998年发现的DNA证据是驱使他们从事该研究的部分原因，该证据基本确定的证实托马斯〃杰斐逊和他的奴隶萨利〃赫明丝至少生过一个孩子。仅仅在过去的30多年间，学者们就已经从上至下地审视了历史。

2.1 spur英/sp??/n. 鼓舞，刺激；马刺；山坡vt. 激励，鞭策；给…装踢马刺vi. 骑马疾驰；给予刺激

2.2 bottom英/'b?t?m/ 美/'bɑt?m/n. 底部；末端；臀部；尽头adj. 底部的vt. 装底；测量深浅；查明真相vi. 到达底部；建立基础from the bottom up adv. 从下到上

3、Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation`s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country`s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it. 几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期的领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协，以及美国在建国初期的脆弱本质。意义更为深远的是，他们声称，许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。

3.1 compromise英/'k?mpr?ma?z/ n. 妥协，和解；折衷vt. 妥协；危害vi. 妥协；让步

3.2 fragile英/'fr?d?a?l/ 美/'fr?d??l/adj. 脆的；易碎的

3.3 nature英/'ne?t??/ 美/'net??/n. 自然；性质；本性；种类

3.4 infancy英/'?nf(?)ns?/ 美/'?nf?nsi/n. 初期；婴儿期；幼年

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1、More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. 历史学家说，这些创始人们主要受制于当时的文化。

1.1 more than anything最重要的是；主要地

1.2 hamper英/'h?mp?/ 美/'h?mp?/n. 食盒，食篮；阻碍物vt.妨碍；束缚；使困累

2、While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. 尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私底下也表示过对奴隶制的反感，但同时他们也理解对于他们帮助创建的这个国家而言，奴隶制是其政治和经济基础的一部分。

2.1 privately英/'pra?v?tli/ 美/'pra?v?tli/adv. 私下地；秘密地

2.2 distaste英/d?s'te?st/ 美/d?s'test/n. 厌恶；讨厌vt. 厌恶；不喜欢vi. 不喜欢

2.3 bedrock英/'bedr?k/ 美/'b?drɑk/n. [地质] 基岩；根底；基本原理

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1、For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Ow ning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. 一方面，南部无法放弃奴隶制。《不完美的上帝：乔治华盛顿，他的奴隶及美国的建立》一书的作者维恩凯克说，拥有奴隶就像是"拥有一个大的银行账户"。

1.1 part英/pɑ?t/ 美/pɑrt/n. 部分；角色；零件；一些；片段adj. 部分的vt. 分离；分配；分开adv. 部分地vi. 断裂；分手part with与…分开；舍弃

1.2 imperfect英/?m'p??f?kt/ 美/?m'p?f?kt/n. 未完成体adj. 有缺点的；未完成的；半过去的；未完成时的adv. 有瑕疵地；有缺点地

2、The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 如果没有"特别条款"的保护，其中包括为了议会代表的席位，将一名奴隶视为五分之三个人的条款，南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。

2.1 peculiar英/p?'kju?l??/ 美/p?'kjul??/n. 特权；特有财产adj. 特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的

2.2 clause英/kl??z/ 美/kl?z/n. 条款；[计] 子句

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1、And the statesmen`s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating(夸大)the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. 政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。五分之三代表权的规定让杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱的优势胜出，该规定使得选举团中支持他的南部各州人数增多。

1.1 formula英/'f??mj?l?/ 美/'f?rmj?l?/n. [数] 公式，准则；配方；婴儿食品

1.2 inflate英/?n'fle?t/ 美/?n'flet/vt. 使充气；使通货膨胀vi. 膨胀；充气

1.3 electoral college 总统选举团（由各州选举人选出的538名选举人组成的选举团履行选举总统和副总统职责）

2、Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. 入主白宫之后的1803 年，杰弗逊通过购买路易斯安那州扩大了奴隶制度：新大陆被分成13个州，包括3个实行奴隶制的州。

2.1 extend 英/?k'stend; ek-/ 美/?k'st?nd/vt. 延伸；扩大；推广；伸出；给予；使竭尽全力；对…估价vi. 延伸；扩大；伸展；使疏开

2.2 carve 英/kɑ?v/ 美/kɑrv/vt. 雕刻；切开；开创vi. 切开；做雕刻工作

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1、Still, Jefferson freed Hemings`s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. 虽然赫明丝本人及其他约150名奴隶没有得到自由，杰斐逊还是给了她的孩子们自由。

1.1 approximately英/?'pr?ks?m?tl?/ 美/?'prɑks?m?tli/adv. 大约，近似地；近于

2、Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 在看到独立战争中黑人士兵英勇表现并开始相信人人平等后，华盛顿克服了亲属的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。

2.1 bravery英/'bre?v(?)r?/ 美/'brev?ri/n. 勇敢；勇气

2.2 revolutionary英/rev?'lu??(?)n(?)r?/ 美/'r?v?'l???'n?ri/n. 革命者adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革的

2.3 grant英/grɑ?nt/ 美/ɡr?nt/n. 拨款；[法] 授予物vt. 授予；允许；承认vi. 同意

3、Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. 而仅仅十年前，这一行为在弗吉尼亚还必须要得到立法机关批准才行。

3.1 legislative英/'led??sl?t?v/ 美/'l?d??slet?v/n. 立法权；立法机构adj. 立法的；有立法权的

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2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及参考答案

精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版） 2011-01-16 21-25CBDBA Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Fort

hemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。 2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。 ,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。 就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers

研究生英语阅读教程翻译8-11

Lesson 8 IV. Translation Put the following into Chinese. 1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it. 每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。 2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works. 改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。 3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices. 结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。 4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas? 这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？ 5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. 一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。 V. Oral Practice and Discussion 1. How was music used during World War II and during the Vietnam War? 2. Describe peacetime uses of music. 3. List the major effects and functions of music. 4. Identify the basic issues in the FCC regulatory position. 5. What problems do you foresee in the development of record labeling plans? 6. Adaptation of popular or favorite songs is a persuasive tactic. Where is this technique used today? Cite several examples. (Hint: Advertising commercials) 7. If music shapes our perceptions and attitudes, then, should we be forced to listen to music in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls? 8. Are there other effects of music not included in this article?

英语阅读理解及翻译

1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

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Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the u nconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Th inking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possib ilities.”