药学英语翻译讲义passage1-4
Passage 1 and 2
Overview of the Digestive System-translation
Overview of the Digestive System
Consider for a moment a Big Mac. The purpose in your eating a Big Mac, other than s imple hedonism, is to assimilate the nutrients
it represents and make them available to build, repair and maintain your own tissues, as well as provide energy for studying and occa-
sional other pursuits.
You may have asked yourself -
"Exactly what nutients are present in a Big Mac that I can assimilate?" MacDonald's com es close to
full disclosure in this regard, but what they don't tell you is that in order to take advantag e of these nutrients, you have to provide the
means to carefully break them down into much smaller molecules that can be imported i nto blood. Luckily, your digestive system takes
care of this very complex process so efficiently that most of the time you don't even nee d to think about it.
At its simplest, the digestive system it is a tube running from mouth to anus. This tub e is like an assembly line, or more properly, a
dissembly line. Its chief goal is to break down huge macromolecules (proteins, fats and s tarch), which cannot be absorbed intact, into
smaller molecules (amino acids, fatty acids and glucose) that can be absorbed across the wall ofthe tube, and into the circulatory system
for dissemination around your body.
Consider for a moment a Big Mac. The purpose in your eating a Big Mac, other than si mple hedonism, is to assimlate the nutrients it
represents and make them available to build, repair and maintain your own tissues, as w ell as provide energy for studying and occasio-
nal other pursuits.
The breakdown of foodstuffs like a Big Mac is accomplished through a combination of mechanical and enzymatic processes. To
accomplish this breakdown, the digestive tube requires considerable assistance from acc essory digestive organs such as the salivary
glands, liver and pancreas, which dump their secretions into the tube. The name "access ory" should not be taken to mean dispensible;
indeed, without pancreatic enzymes you would starve to death in short order.
In many ways, the digestive system can be thought of as a well-
run factory in which a large number of complex tasks are performed.
The three fundamental processes that take place are:
? Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus, ions and the like into the lumen, and horm ones into blood
? Absorption: Transport of water, ions and nutrients from the lumen, across the epit helium and into blood
? Motility: Contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the tube that crush, mix and propel its contents
Each part of the digestive tube performs at least some of these tasks, and different re gions of the tube have unique and important
specializations.
Like any well-
run factory, proper function ofthe digestive system requires robust control systems. Cont rol systems must facilitate
communication among different sections of the digestive tract (i.e. control on the factory floor), and between the digestive tract and the
brain (i.e. between workers and managment). Control of digestive function is achieved th rough a combination of electrical and hormonal
messages which originate either within the digestive system's own nervous and endocrin e systems, as well as from the central nervous
sytem and from endocrine organs such as the adrenal gland. Different parts of these syst ems are constantly talking to one another. The
basic messages are along the lines of "I just received an extraordinary load of food, so I suggest you get prepared" (stomach to large
intestine) or "For goodness sake, please slow down until I can catch up with what you've already given me" (small intestine to stomach).
Finally, a note about differences in digestive anatomy and physiology among animals . The digestive systems of humans, dogs, mice,
horses, kangaroos and great white sharks are, to a first approximation, virtually identical . If you look more carefully however, it becomes
apparent that each of these species has evolved certain digestive specializations that ha ve allowed it to adapt to a particular diet.
These differences become particularly apparent when you compare a carnivore like a cat with a herbivore like a goat or a horse.
Goats and horses evolved from ancestors that subsisted on plants and adapted parts of t heir digestive tracts into massive fermentation
vats which enabled them efficiently utilize cellulose, themajor carbohydrate of plants.
In contrast, cats evolved from animals that lived on the carcasses of other animals, a nd have digestive systems that reflect this
history-
extremely small fermentation vats and essentially no ability to utilize cellulose. Bridging t he gap between carnivores and herbivor
es are omnivores like humans and pigs, whose digestive tracts attest to a historical diet t hat included both plants and animals. The image
above shows a young omnivore in the company of herbivore and carnivore friends.
翻译
Passage 1
消化系统概述（1）
考虑一下麦当劳的汉堡。你吃汉堡的目的不只是简单的享受，而是吸取它提供的营养以便增强、修补并维持你自己的机体组织，同时为你的学习和其他活动提供能量。
你可能会想，“我能从汉堡中吸取什么营养呢？”麦当劳在这方面几乎揭示全部秘密。但是，他们不可能告诉你的是，为了利用这些营养，你必须想方设法地将它
们分解成很小的分子以便进入血液。幸运的是，消化系统能如此有效地处理这个复杂
过程，以致于大部分的时间你不需要去考虑这个问题。
简单的说，消化系统是从口到肛门的一条管道。这条管道像一条装配线。更准确地说，像一条分解线。它的主要目的是将不能完全消化吸收的高分子物质（如蛋白、脂肪和淀粉）分解成可被吸收的小分子（如氨基酸、脂肪酸和葡萄糖），再将它们运
送到血液循环系统分发到机体各部。
通过机械过程和酶解过程的结合，完成分级像汉堡一样的食物。为完成这样的分解，消化道需要附属消化器官的大量支援。这些附属器官，如唾液腺、肝脏和胰腺，将分泌液注入消化道。所谓“附属器官”绝不是意味着可有可无。没有胰腺酶，你肯
定会饿死的。
从许多方面看，消化系统被认为是一家经营很好的工厂，大量复杂的工作都可以在这里完成。三种基本程序：
分泌：把酶、黏液、离子等输送到机体内，把激素输送到血液。
吸收：穿过上皮细胞，将水、离子和营养从体内送入血液。
运动：通过消化道平滑肌的收缩，把消化道内的东西粉碎、搅拌并向前推动。
消化道的每一部分至少完成其中一些项目，其不同区域都有独特的重要特征。
Passage 2
消化系统概述（2）
像任何一家善于经营的工厂一样，正常的消化系统功能需要精力充沛的控制系统。控制系统必须便于消化道不同部位的信息交流（即控制劳方），便于消化道与大脑的
信息交流（即劳资之间）。
通过电信息和荷尔蒙信息的结合控制消化功能。这两种信息不是来源于消化系统本身的神经和内分泌系统，就是来源于中枢神经系统和内分泌器官，如肾上腺。这
些系统的不同部位经常相互对话。最基本的信息是这样一句，“我刚收到一大块食物，我建议你做好准备”（胃对大肠说）或者“看在上帝的份上，请慢一点，我才能完成
你交给我的任务”（小肠对胃说）。
最后，谈谈动物中消化解剖学和生理学的不同之处。人、狗、鼠、马、袋鼠和大白鲨基本上一致。如果你更仔细地观察，很明显这些物种各有某些消化特征，即允
许各个物种可以适应一种独特的饮食。
如果你将食肉动物（如猫）与食草动物（如羊或马）比较一下，这些不同点就变得特别明显。羊和马的祖先靠植物生存，使其消化道进化成为肥厚的发酵囊，它能有效地利用植物的纤维素和大部分碳水化合物，与之形成对比的是，猫的祖先猎食其他动物的尸体，他们的消化系统可以验证这段历史----发酵囊极小，不能利用纤维素；处在食肉动物和草食动物之间的是杂食动物，如人和猪，其消化道证明他们的饮食历来就包括动植物，以上所述形象地表明新一代杂食动物是以草食动物和食肉动物为友的。
Passage 3
AIDS Vaccine Candidate Trials 2005-Early 2006: A Review-translation
AIDS Vaccine Candidate Trials 2005-Early 2006: A Review
As of April 2006, there are more than 30 preventive AIDS vaccine candidates in early sta ges of human clinical trials in approximately two dozen countries around the world. Inter national AIDS Vaccine Initiative(IAVI) partnerships have supported the development and placement of two novel candidate vaccines in international trials in the past 14 months, I AVI has entered into a multi-partner, mulit-county trial of a prime-
boost combination of two vaccine, IAVI V001.
IAVI and collaborators are currently conducting trials in India, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, South Africa, and the United States to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. Atrial in Pune, India-
conducted by the India Council of Medical Research(ICMR), the National AIDS Control Or ganization(NACO), and IAVI-
marks the county's first AIDS vaccine trial. Initiated in February 2005,the partners have r ecently completed the recruitment and vaccination stages of the study.International vacci ne organizations and private sector companies,such as HIV Vaccine Trials Network,Natio n Institute of Allergy and Infections Disease,and Guangxi Center for Disease Control have also begun Phase I studies in Pure,Kenya,Thailand,Brazil,and China.
The different trails involve 45 to 104 healthy volunteers who demonstrate full understand ing of study.In addition to monitoring trail participants to determine the safety of the vac
cine product,during this stage if any of research,investigators also have analyze blood sa mples to see if any immune response to the vaccine can be detected.
The IAVI candidates are designed as preventive vaccines,intended to protect people unin fected with HIV from acquire HIV infection or developing AIDS,The field's scientists are c urrently working on developing vaccines to trigger the production of infection-
fighting while blood cells infected with HIV or facilitate the creation of neutralizing antibo dies that prevent the virus from replicating.Some HIV vaccine trials have involved prime-boost regimens.During these studies,two vaccine candidates are administered separately-the first to "prime" the immune system and the second to "boost" it,in an effort to impro ve the immune responses.
In both of these approaches,the science of designing affective candidate AIDS vaccines r emains daunting.To address major obstacles in AIDS vaccine development,IAVI brought t ogether leading scientists and researchers from around the globe to from two scientific c onsortia.The Neutralizing Anti-
body Consortium(NAC) is currently exploring candidate vaccine that can induce antibodie s to neutralize a broad range of HIV strains.The Live Attenuated Consortium(LAZ) seeks t o inform and accelerate AIDS vaccine design by studying successful vaccination strategie s against SIA,a virus that causes an AIDS-like disease in some non-human primates. For additional information on newly-
initiated AIDS vaccine trails go to IAVI Press Release or IAVI Report.The January issue of VAX,a monthly bulletin of IAVI Report-a newsletter on AIDS vaccine research-
also features a map and a detailed review of all AIDS vaccine trails launched around the world since the beginning of 2005.
翻译
Passage 3
综述2005年至2006年早期艾滋病疫苗试验
截至2006年4月，已有30多种预防艾滋病的疫苗在20多个国家用于人类临床早期试验。国际艾滋病疫苗研发机构（IAVI）的合伙企业在过去的14个月里一直支持广泛试用其中2种新疫苗。IAVI联合多个合作伙伴在多个国家对2种组合疫苗进行了试验。
IAVI和合伙企业最近在印度、肯尼亚、卢旺达、乌干达、南非和美国进行了试验来评估疫苗的安全性和免疫性。由印度医疗研究委员会（ICMR）、国家艾滋病控制组织（NACO）和IAVI在印度普纳市进行的试验标志着这个国家的首次艾滋病疫苗试验。试验始于2005年2月，最近合作伙伴已经完成了研究志愿者招募和疫苗接种研究阶段。国际疫苗组织和私营公司，如HIV疫苗试验网、国家过敏和传染病研究院、中
国广西疾病控制中心，已经开始在秘鲁、肯尼亚、泰国、巴西、和中国进行第一阶段
研究。
不同的试验设计包含45～104名身体健康的志愿者，他们完全了解整个研究程序。在这个阶段的研究过程中，除了要检测试验参与者以确定疫苗产品的安全性外，
研究人员还要分析血样以了解是否可以检测到免疫对疫苗的反应。
安排IAVI志愿者用预防性疫苗，拟保护未受HIV感染的人免于感染HIV或艾
滋病。目前，这个领域的科学家正在研制一些疫苗，它们可以激活抗感染的白细胞以
消灭受HIV感染的细胞，或者促进产生中立抗体以防止病毒复制再生。有些HIV疫苗
试验涉及激活-推进摄生法。在研究过程中，疫苗志愿者分两步实施——第一步“激活”免疫系统，第二步“推进”免疫系统，目的是改善免疫反应。
在这两个步骤中，设计有效的候选艾滋病疫苗是最令人望而生畏的。为了攻克
艾滋病疫苗研制中的主要障碍，IAVI召集了世界各地的顶尖科学家和研究人员组建两
支科研团体。中立抗体协会（NAC）目前正在研究一些能诱导抗体中立广范围的HIV
菌株的候选疫苗。减毒活疫苗协会（LAC）正寻求加速艾滋病疫苗设计，通过研制出抗SIV有效的接种疫苗——SIV是导致一些灵长类动物患艾滋病样疾病的病毒。
要索取更多的有关新开发的艾滋病疫苗试验的信息资料，请登陆IAVI Press Releases 或IAVI Report网站。VAX一月刊，IAVI报告月刊——艾滋病疫苗研究通讯——也提供了一些有特点的信息线索和所有2005年以来世界各地的有关艾滋病疫苗
试验的详细文献综述。
Passage 4
Breast cancer-translation
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women,expect for non-melanoma skin cancer.Approximately 3 million women in the United States are living with
breast cancer.Older women are much more likely to get breast cancer are aged 50 years and older.Several studies have shown that breast cancer is a disease that cause great tu rmoil for the older women and her family and often creates feelings of despair.These wo men and their families will require assistance in coping with this disease as they move al ong a continuum of illness.
There are many challenges that an older woman and her family face when diagnosed wit h breast cancer.These challenges may include needing assistance with existing medical c onditions,physical care,social support,accessing resources,and navigating the health care system.It was reported that older women with breast cancer had more existing medical c onditions than their younger counterparts.Several severe illnesses were found to have a harmful effect on survival for older women with breast cancer.Older women with breast c ancer had diabetes,kidney failure,stroke,liver damage,and previous cancer were all likely to die earlier than those who did not have such conditions.Similarly,in addition to the phy sical and psycho-
social problems associated with breast cancer for older women.these issues may be com pounded by coexisting medical conditions,decreased social support,and physical factors t hat have the potential to aggravate adjustment to recovery.
As clients are being discharged earlier and treatment is provided on an ambulatory basis, challenges faces by the older client and her family will be in the home and community se tting.Thus,utilizing community-
based nurse case managers may influence the older client and her family to adapt to the many challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.The goal of community-
based nurse case management is to provide comprehensive assessment,care planning,inf ormation,referral,direct nursing services,and coordination and monitoring of services at di fferent points along the health care continuum while deceasing health care costs and enh ancing quality of life.The literature yields mixed results from studied in terms of reporting the effectiveness of nursing interventions that nurse case managers employ.In short,co mmunity-
based nurse case managers made a positive impact on older women with breast cancer by helping in managing coexisting medical conditions,providing,support and education,gi ving assistance with activities of daily living,and helping to navigate through the health c are system
翻译
Passage 4
乳腺癌是妇女最常患的一种癌症，仅次于非黑素皮肤癌。美国有大约300万妇女患乳腺癌。老年妇女比年轻妇女更容易患乳腺癌。大约77%乳腺癌患者年龄在50
岁或50岁以上。几项研究表明乳腺癌常常会引起老年妇女和家属的极度不安，甚至绝望。随着患病时间的延长，他们会要求帮助以应对这种疾病。
确诊患乳腺癌后，老年患者和家属面临着许多挑战，包括求助现有的医疗条件、身体照料、社会支持、利用财力，以及引导其熟悉保健体系。据报道老年乳腺癌患者
的身体状况比年轻患者差得多。已发现有几种严重的疾病对老年乳腺癌患者的生存有
不利的影响。患过糖尿病、肾衰、中风、肝脏损伤以及有癌症病史的老年乳腺癌患者
比没有患过这些疾病的患者可能死亡要早一些。同样，除了老年乳腺癌患者患有的身
心问题外，这些问题可能与其所处的医疗条件，交通不便、社会关心程度下降，以及
许多可能恶化康复调理的身体因素紧密相关。
如果患者提早出院，治疗以日渐护理为主。患者和家属面临的挑战是在家庭和社区内。因而，利用社区护理病历管理者可能会有助于影响患者和家属来适应这些与
乳腺癌诊治有关的许多挑战。社区病症护理管理的目标是在降低护理成本、提高生活
质量的同时提供全面的评估、护理计划、护理信息、护理转送、直接护理服务，以及
在连续保健的不同阶段协调并监控服务质量。文献综述了多样的研究结果，报道了社
区病症护理师采用护理干预的成效。总之，社区病症护理师通过帮助管理乳腺癌患者
所处的医疗条件，给病人提供支持和教育、帮助她们日常生活、熟悉了解保健体系等，给老年乳腺癌患者一个积极的影响。