新编英语教程5(第三版)期末复习资料

新编英语教程5期末复习（unit1-9独家整理）

单词：

*more or less 差不多deft blows 灵活，巧妙地

*scrupulous 一丝不苟的 clean English 纯真英语

*afield远离的 an apt phrase 一个贴切的短语

*rife 流行，普遍的 scrupulous writers 一丝不苟的作家

*malapropism 误用的词，白字

*coercion强迫

*epitomize 概括

*disprove 反驳

*expire 逝世，死

*indigent 贫困的

Unit 1 Hit the nail on the head 恰到好处

Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose.

你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。

The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous（一丝不苟的） writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle（微妙的） and delicate（细腻的） in their different shades（色调） of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once

remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?”this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it.

法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。

It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so（某某等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite a nice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…”and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you don’t like, that constitutes（构成） his limitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper.

寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常……”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。

Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses. Consider human and humane（人道，仁慈的）, for example. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct.

A human action is not the same thing as a humane action. We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights. --- There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.

一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。

We don’t have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language. A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.”Anxiety carries with it suggestions of worry and fear. What the writer meant was possibly eagerness. Anxiety has some kinship （亲属关系） with eagerness but it will not do as a substitute（替代）in this context.

语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安（anxiety ）期待着那个日子的到来。”“Anxiety” 含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。“Anxiety” 跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。

The leader of a political party in Uganda wrote a letter to the Press which contained this sentenc e:

乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道：

Let us all fight this selfishness, opportunism, cowardice and ignorance now rife in Uganda and put in their place truth, manliness, consistency and singularity of mind.

让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。

This stirring appeal is spoilt by a malapropism in the last phrase, the word singularity. What the writer meant, I think, was singleness of mind, holding steadfastly to the purpose in mind, without being drawn aside by less worthy objects. Singularity means oddity or peculiarity, something that singles a man out from other men

这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异（singularity）” 的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。

Without being a malapropism, a word may still fail to be the right word for the writer’s purpose, the “mot juste”. A journalist, writing a leader about Christmas, introduced a quotation from Dickens by saying: 即使没有出现词语误用，这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话：

All that was ever thought or written about Christmas is imprisoned in this sentence….Imprisonment suggests force, coercion（强迫）, as if the meaning were held against its will. It would be better to write contained or summed up. Epitomized（集中体现）might do, though it is rather a clumsy-sounding word. Searching a little farther for the “mot juste”we might hit on the word distilled（提取）. This has more force than contained or summed up. Distillation suggests essence and we might further improve the sentence by adding this word at the beginning:任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned )在这句话中……“Imprisonment” 暗示着强迫，威逼，这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用“包含(contained )”或“归结（summed up ）”就要好些。“概括（epitomized）”也行，尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到“mot juste (恰倒好处的词) ”，那就是“distilled”.它比包含和归结语气更强。“Distillation (提炼)”意味得到本质（essence）的东西。因此我们可以进一步把这个句子修改为：

The essence of all that was ever thought or written about Christmas is distilled in this sentence.

所有有关圣诞节的想法和文字的精华都被提炼到这句话之中。

English has a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language. There are many different ways of making a statement. But words that are very similar in meaning have fine shades of difference, and a student needs to be alive to these differences. By using his dictionary, and above all by reading, a student can increase his sensitivity to these shades of

difference and improve his ability to express his own meanings exactly.英语词汇丰富，运用灵活。一个意思有很多种表达方式。但是无论意思上如何相近的词总是存在着些许区别。作为学生就要敏感地意识到这些区别。通过查字典，尤其是通过阅读，学生对这类细微差别敏感性将逐步增强，准确表达自己意思的能力也相应提高。Professor Raileigh once stated: “there are no synonyms, and the same statement can never be repeated in a changed form of words.” This is perhaps too absolute, but it is not easy to disprove. Even a slight alteration in the wording of a statement can subtly shift the meaning. Look at these two sentences:

In my childhood I loved to watch trains go by.

(1)When I was a child I loved watching trains go by.

罗利教授曾经说过：“同义词是不存在的。句子用词改变了，句子就不再是原来的意思了。”这也许过于绝对，但是很难驳倒。措辞稍有变更，意思会有微妙的变化。看下面两个句子：（1）童年时候我喜欢去看火车开过。

（2）当我是个小孩子的时候我喜欢看火车开过。

At fist glance these two sentences are exactly the same. But look more closely and you will see that there are very tiny differences. In my childhood is a shade more abstract than when I was a child. Watching perhaps emphasizes the looking at trains a little more than to watch. This is a very subtle example, and it would be possible to argue about it, but everyone would at once agree that there is a marked difference between the next two statements:

乍一看这两个句子的意思完全一样。但仔细一看你会发现它们之间存在细微的差别。在我童年时候比当我是小孩子的时候更加抽象。而看很可能比去看更强调看火车这一动作。这个例子不是很明显，可能有待商榷。但每个人看了下面例子后一定马上同意。两者之间存在显著区别。

He died poor.

He expired（断气、死） in indigent（贫困） circumstances.

In one sense expired is a synonym for died and in indigent circumstances for poor, but when the whole statement is considered, we cannot maintain that the two are the same. The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words, but all of us can increase our skill and sensitivity with a little effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading.

（1）他死的时侯很穷。

（2）他断气时穷困潦倒。

在某种意义上，expired 是died 的同义词，in indigent circumstances 是poor 的同义词。但当看整个句子时，我们就不能坚持认为两句是一样的了。措辞的变化往往意味着风格的改变，并给读者以不同的感受。也许当好一个谴词造句的工匠比当好一个与木头钉子打交道的木匠要难一些，但是只要我们付出努力和耐心，我们就能提高自己的技能和敏感性。这样我们不仅可以提高我们的写作能力，还可以提高阅读能力。

English offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests. Consider the wide range of meanings that can expressed by the various words we have to describe walking, for example. We can say that a man is marching（行军）, pacing（起搏）, patrolling（巡逻）, stalking （缠扰）, striding(大步), treading（踩水）, tramping（流浪）, stepping out（走出去）, prancing（昂首阔步）, strutting（神气活现）, prowling（潜行）, plodding（单调乏味）, strolling（散步）, shuffling（洗牌）, staggering （惊人的）, sidling（）, trudging（跋涉）, toddling（）, rambling（散漫）, roaming（漫游）, sauntering（参观船上）, meandering（蜿蜒）, lounging（闲逛）, loitering（游荡）, or creeping（匍匐）.

英语为各种活动和嗜好提供了丰富多彩的词汇。就那走路来说，通过我们拥有的各种各样的词语的意义范围有多么广阔。我们可以说行军，踱步，巡逻，潜进，跨过，践踏，重步走，蹦蹦跳跳地走，昂首阔步，高视阔步，徘徊，沉重缓慢地走，溜达，曳足而行，摇摇晃晃地走，侧身而行，跋涉，蹒跚学步，漫步，徜徉，漫游，闲荡，悄悄地走。

The foreign student of English may be discouraged and dismayed（惊惶） when he learns that there are over 400,000 words in the English language, without counting slang（俚语）. But let him take courage. More than half of these words are dead. They are not in current use. Even Shakespeare used a vocabulary of only some 20,000 words. The average Englishman today probably has a vocabulary range of from 12,000 to 13,000 words. It is good to make your vocabulary as complete as you can, but a great deal can be said and written with a vocabulary of no more than 10,000 words. The important thing is to have a good control and command over the words you do know. Better know two words exactly than three vaguely. A good carpenter is not distinguished by the number of his tools, but by the craftsmanship（手艺） with which he uses them. So a good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the “mot juste”, the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.

即使不包括俚语在内英语就有四十余万单词，这很可能让学习英语的外国学生感到气馁和沮丧。但千万不要灰心，因为超过半数的词已不再通用。就算大文豪沙士比亚也只使用了两万左右的词汇。今天普通英国人的词汇量在12000到13000之间。一个人的词汇量当然是尽量扩大的好，但仅仅10000的词汇量就够他说话写字表达丰富的意义了。关键是你要扎实地掌握你知道的单词。粗略地认识三个单词还不如准确地掌握两个。衡量一个木匠的好坏并不在于他拥有工具的数量多少，而是在于他运用工具的技艺如何。同样的，衡量一个作家好不好不能通过其认识单词的数量，而应通过其找到恰如其分的词的能力。这个词要不偏不倚正中要害，一言中的。

Unit Two：The Great Escape 大逃亡

单词：

*economy 节省powerful motive 主要动机

*motive 动机initial outlay 最初花费

*manoeuvre 策略the local weather too inclement 当地天气恶劣*paradox 悖论cosmopolitan 世界性的

*entail 需要organized camping 有组织的露营活动

*insularity and self-containment心胸狭窄和自我封闭itinerant 巡回者

*preponderance 优势

*wary 谨慎的

*alienate 疏远，异化

图省钱是露营的一个主要动机，因为除了开始时购置或是租借一套露营装备外，总费用算起来要比住旅馆开支少得多。但是，和一般的看法相反，这决非是仅有的，甚至不是最主要的动机。如果一位游客漫不经心地驾车驶入欧洲无数常年营地之一，花20镑租用一个空位，那么他可能会碰见一辆本特利汽车，更可能会望见一辆福特·康索尔和一辆雷诺或一辆梅塞迪斯并排停放着，不过双人自行车则不容易看到。

现代露营装备一年比一年讲究，这对那些厌世嫉俗者来说是一件有趣的自相矛盾的事情。而对于发誓用露营来摆脱烦恼的人来说，却带来了更光明的前景。学社会学的大学生来露营是另一种形式的摆脱现实，他们的目的很可能是根据观察到的露营现象去写论文。现代露营旅游的人往往讨厌住“斯普兰迪德”和“贝拉维斯塔”这样的大酒店，这并不是因为他们付不起钱，也不是为了躲避物质享受，而是因为他们害怕酒店。他们可能很富有，但给看门人和房间女服务员多少小费，心中却根本没有数；他们在家可能是主人，但不知道什么时候才能对酒店的经理表示不满。

露营使人们免除了这些忧虑。诚然，露营地本身也存在以露营装备和方式取人的势利现象，但如果有这种情况，露营者也容易理解，知道如何对付，但在露营地里根本不会有管人的“人上人”和酒店里的等级制度来使露营者的假日过得阴郁低沉。

除了以上动机外，还应再加上一个。当前崇拜汽车现象可以用与所有权相伴的独立和自由意识来解释。因此开车去露营会给这种快乐意识增加一种优雅意境。

从自己的家门出发到国内国外的山区或沙滩上露营然后返回，一切都很便利。完全在自己掌握之中的私人汽车不仅是到达假日天堂的工具，而且也是逃离假日地狱（如海滩太挤，当地天气恶劣）的方便工具，因为汽车就停在帐篷外面，或者汽车本身可能就是露营帐篷的一个组成部分。

理想主义者像反对旅行社安排一切的一揽子旅游一样反对露营的作法，说这种封闭的作法使到国外旅游者失去了了解所去国家人民的机会。他们争论说，心胸狭窄和自我封闭是并存的。但这种说法在受人欢迎的欧洲露营场地是站不住脚的。假日旅馆有只接待来自一个国家的旅游者的倾向，有时会达到排他的程度。而露营驻地则相反，是高度世界性的。在大多数地中海露营地里，德国人占优势似乎是个普遍现象，确实如此，但并没有特别的优待。禁止露天晒衣服、禁止用水龙头冲洗汽车的布告和邀请露营朋友参加舞会、乘船观光的招贴不仅印成法

语、意大利语、西班牙语，而且也印成英语、德语、荷兰语。用饭的时候，德国泡菜味和大蒜味争相散发，法国人的早点咖啡和英国人的咸肉煎蛋竞相比美。

有组织的露营活动的明显发展是否意味着较独立的自我封闭式露营的最终消失，还很难说。市政当局当然希望获得露营者的场地费和其他光临的好处，警察则对那些查不出有固定营地或住处的游荡者保持警惕。但最重要的或许是露营者自己，即他们引起了多少场野火，留下了多少垃圾。总之，他们是否弄得土地的主人和乡间的居民同他们反目。只有优良的童子军活动才能保持不朽的童子军所衷心热爱的各项自由。

Unit Three: My Friend,Albert Einstein 我的朋友阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦

单词：

*knack 窍门with a rising inflection声调有些上扬

*awry 扭曲的，错误的the staggering ...request一个令人惊鄂但又非常可爱的请求*staggering 令人震惊的no infant prodigy 非神童式的人物

*vestige 遗迹fabulous flower累累硕果

*prodigy 天才（神童） a recalcitrant problem 一个棘手的问题

*recalcitrant 桀骜不驯的in his quaint English 腔调奇特的英语

*a house of cards 纸房屋haggard and grief-lined 形容枯槁，悲痛哀伤*ineffable 妙不可言的，难以形容的

虽然阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是迄今为止世界上最伟大的科学家之一，但如果要我用一个词来描述他的话我会选择纯朴。或者有关他的一些轶事能让你理解我为什么这么说。有一次，遇上了倾盆大雨，他摘下帽子揣在衣服下面。别人问他为什么，他以令人钦佩的逻辑解释说，雨会淋坏帽子，而他的头发淋湿了却不会坏。这种直达问题核心的诀窍以及他对美非同寻常的感知就是他主要科学发现的秘密所在。

1935年，在坐落于新泽西著名的普林斯顿高级研究院，我第一次见到阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦。他是第一批被该院邀请的人，在工资方面学院任由他提条件。令院长惊鄂的是，爱因斯坦要求的薪水简直办不到---- 他要得太少了。院长不得不恳求他接受一个大一些的数目。

我对爱因斯坦很敬畏，犹豫再三才就我一直在考虑的一些想法向他请教。当我终于鼓起勇气敲响他的门时，听到一个温和的声音说：“进来。”声调有些上扬，带有欢迎和询问的语气。我走进他的办公室，看见他坐在桌子旁边，一边抽着烟斗一边算着什么。他的衣服很不合身，头发乱蓬蓬的，极具个性，向我热情地微笑着表示欢迎我的到来。他的平易自然立刻让我放松了下来。

当我开始阐述自己的见解时，他叫我把方程式写在黑板上，这样他就能明白它们是怎么展开。接着他提出了一个令人惊鄂但又非常可爱的请求：“请你漫漫地写，我理解东西不快。”这种话竟出自爱因斯坦之口！他说得很温和，我笑了。从此残留的畏惧之情都烟消云散了。

爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆市。他并非神童式的人物。事实上他说话很晚，他的父母甚至担心他是弱、智儿。上学后,虽然老师们看不出他有什么天分，但天才的迹象已经显露。例如，他自学微积分，老师们有些怕他，因为他总问些他们回答不出的问题。因此，十六岁时他就问自己是否当人跟着光波跑得一样快的时候它会好像是静止的。由这一天真的问题的引发，十年之后他创立了相对论。

爱因斯坦没有通过苏黎士瑞士联邦工艺学校的入学考试，但在一年后被录取了。在那，他除了完成规定的学业外，还自修了物理学的经典著作。他申请教学职位没有通过，终于在1902年在伯尔尼找了一个专利督察员的差使，三年后，他的天才结出了累累硕果。

在令人难忘的1905年，他创造了很多非同寻常的东西，其中就有相对论极其著名的衍生公式，E≒mc （能量等于质量乘以光速的平方），以及有关光的量子论。这两个理论不仅具有革命性，而且表面上看来是相互对立的：前者与光波论联系紧密，后者则表示光似乎由粒子构成。但这个不为人知的年轻人大胆地将这两个理论同时抛出----- 而且他的这两个理论都是正确的，至于他为何是正确的，其中的缘由过于复杂，此处就不多说了。

与爱因斯坦一同工作是令人无法忘怀的经历。1937年，我和波兰物理学家利奥波德.因费尔德问他能否与他一起工作。他听到这个提议很高兴，因为他有个关于地心引力的想法有待进一步深入探讨。这样我们不仅了解了作为朋友的爱因斯坦，也了解了作为专家的他。

他专心致志的强度和深度简直令人难以置信。着手解决一个棘手问题时，他会像动物追咬猎物一样坚持不懈。当我们的工作遇到似乎难以逾越的障碍时，他会站起身，把笔放到桌子上，用他腔调奇特的英语说着“我要显一显”（他发不准“想”这个音）。然后他会踱来踱去，用食指旋着一缕灰白的长发。

他的脸上会出现一种梦幻、恍惚却源自心灵深处的表情。没有精神高度集中的外表，没有紧锁的眉头，只要平静的内心交流。时间一点点流逝，突然之间爱因斯坦停止踱步，脸上有挂上了温和的笑容。他已经找到解决问题的方法了。有时解决方法非常简单，我和.因费尔德为自己没有想到恨不得踢自己。但神奇的推理在爱因斯坦头脑深处悄悄地进行，我们既看不见也领会不到。

妻子的去世给爱因斯坦带来极大的打击，但他坚持认为现在比以往任何时候都是更加努力工作的时候。记得那段悲伤的日子里，我到他家和他一起工作。他整个人形容枯槁，悲痛哀伤，但他还是强打精神集中精力。为了减轻他的痛苦，我有意识地将讨论从常规的讨论引向复杂的多的理论问题。爱因斯坦果然逐渐沉浸在讨论之中。我们了差不多两个小时，到最后他的眼里已经没有一丝悲哀了。我离开时，他带着令人感动的诚挚感谢我说“这真有趣！”他从悲哀中暂时解脱，试图找到合适的话来感谢我，这也正表达了他的一种深刻的感情。

爱因斯坦是个多才多艺的业余音乐家。我们曾一起演出二重奏，他拉小提琴，我弹钢琴。有一天他对我说莫扎特是最伟大的作曲家，使我刮目相看。贝多芬“创造”了他的音乐，但是莫扎特的音乐是如此纯净，如此美丽，给人一种感觉他是“找到”这些音乐的---- 莫扎特的音乐好像一直就作为宇宙内部美的一部分存在着，等待被人发现。

正是这种莫扎特式的纯朴构成了爱因斯坦研究方法的特点。例如，他1905年的相对论就是建立在两个简单的假想之上的。其一是人们所说的相对原理，粗略地说，就是我们判断我们是在静止还是在平稳地运动。其二，无论发光体的速

度是多少，光的速度是一样的。如果你想一想一根棍子在湖里搅动出水波，你会发现这个假设是多么正确。无论是从固定的码头还是从飞驰的游艇上搅动棍子，水波一旦产生，就不受外界影响，而且它们的速度与棍子的速度一点关系都没有。

分别看这两个设想，就其本身而言，非常合理，甚至好像是显而易见的。但把他们放到一起考虑时，它们是完全对立的，如果是一个略逊一筹的人，就会放弃其中之一而被吓跑。爱因斯坦毅然坚持这两种设想——正因如此，他给物理学带来了彻底的革命。因为他证明了只要我们放弃对时间本质所怀有的信仰，它们毕竟是能够并行不悖的。

科学就像是卡片屋子，时间，空间概念在最底层。时间稍有改动就会使房子严重倾塌。正因如此爱因斯坦的工作才显得非常重要——而且颇具争议。在普林斯顿为纪念爱因斯坦诞辰七十周年的会议上，在会上发言的人中，一位诺贝尔奖得主试图表达出爱因斯坦成就的神奇性质，但他却说不出话来，只得绝望的耸耸肩，指着他的手表，用一种惊异的声调说：“都是打这儿来的。”他的无言正说出了我所听过的对爱因斯坦天才的最动人颂词。

爱因斯坦的工作都是用铅笔安静的在纸上完成的，看上去远离日常生活的喧嚣。但是他的思想太具有革命性，引起了激烈的讨论战和无理的愤怒。事实上，为了将迟到的诺贝尔奖颁发给爱因斯坦，遴选委员会不得不避免提到相对论，而假装这个奖主要是为了表彰他在量子论上的杰出贡献。

政治事件层出不穷更是颠覆了他宁静的生活。纳粹在德国上台执政后，他的理论被官方宣布为错误的，仅仅因为它们是一个犹太人提出的。他的财产被查抄，并有消息说政府悬赏要他的脑袋。

当美国的科学家担心纳粹可能会开发原子弹，寻求途径要美国当局警惕其危险性时，他们根本没有被注意。绝望之下，他们草拟了一封由爱因斯坦签名的信，并直接将信寄给了当时在任的罗斯福总统。正是这一举动导致了全力以赴研制原子弹的重大决定。爱因斯坦没有积极参加这一过程。当他听说了他的E=mc2公式引起的痛苦和破坏时，他居丧到了无以复加的地步，从此他的眼中笼上了一丝难以言传的悲哀。

爱因斯坦身上有一种另人困惑的古怪。这可由我最喜欢的关于他的一件轶事说明。事情发生在他到普林斯顿第一年的圣诞前夕，一群孩子在他房子外唱圣诞颂歌。唱完后他们敲开他的门向他解释说他们在集资买圣诞礼物。爱因斯坦听了后说道：“稍等一会儿。”他穿上外套，戴上围巾，从匣子里取出他的小提琴。接着他加入孩子们的队伍，当孩子们挨家挨户唱《平安夜》时，他在一旁伴奏。

了解了爱因斯坦和他的工作意味着什么呢？我该怎样总结呢？就像那位绝望的指指他的手表的诺贝尔奖得主一样，我也找不到恰当的言辞。它就像伟大的艺术所揭示的内容一样，就在于让人看到原来隐藏的东西。比如，当我在人际罕至的沙滩上漫步时，我想起他对宇宙简单性的不懈探索，那种情景带有一种更深刻、更哀伤的美感。

Unit Four Preparing for College为上大学做准备

单词：

*adventure 历险the receive,not the giver受用者，而非创造者

*curiosity 好奇心brawn 强健的体力

*rudiments 基本原理all exiles 侨旅

*fanatic 狂热者all schooled in church history 学过基督教历史

*underline 强调courteous 有礼貌的

*balk 阻止

*essential truth绝对的真理

*relish 品尝，欣赏

1从1884到1885，这段时间对于我来说是了不起的历险。我来到贝克莱，参加加利福尼亚大学的入学考试，但是我的希腊语，拉丁语和其他几门功课不及格，不得不推迟一年再考。这时父亲慌了。那年我十八岁，我想，他可能认为我的失败是他造成的：他以为他为我选错了学校，但是真正合适我和我这类人的学校并不存在。当时的确有些学校将来自西面八方的男孩们送进了大学，那些男孩都比我小，后来我渐渐地和那些孩子熟悉了。中小学、大学乃至世界都是为他们（那时的男孩，将来的男子汉）准备的。我常嫉妒他们，但更多时候我庆幸我和他们不一样。

2一般来说，被选中的男孩都是已经受过教育，去担当己任的。他们记住老师让他们学的所有东西，不管自己想不想学，也不管理解了没有，他们都能记住并背诵出来。在我看来，激发他们学习的动力并不是好奇心：他们很少谈论我们的学习，我提到与我们读过或听到的内容相关的事情时，他们或是神情茫然，或是无动于衷。他们学习的动力是：打败对手，独占鳌头，为学校争光，这样的学习动机是我所不解的。

3我的父母没有亲自教育我，他们把我送进学校，给我找音乐老师和美术老师。他们尽其所能为我提供各种机会；但是同时也给我自由，给我另一种生活方式：骑马、射击、养狗以及在旷野漫游。如我所示：我对形形色色的人，各种各样的职业和今生的美好的东西感兴趣；我感兴趣的，我学得很好，学习课程如果恰好和我的课外兴趣爱好相吻合，我就校内外都学。阅读的内容超过了老师的要求，而且认真投入。时至今日，这些课程我仍记忆犹新，就像我仍记得并爱着那些男女、少年，他们与我交友，让我多少了解人性的深浅；但是，给我上课的老师，我倒是没记住几个，那些我似乎和我生活无关的课程，我也忘记得差不多了。

4一些其它课程也很有意思，而且也应该能使我感兴趣，但从来没有人尝试激发我对这些课程的兴趣。这些课程就这么摆在我面前：这些是上大学必须学的，这些课程的老师没有调动我好奇又活跃的大脑，结果就是我没有认真地学这些课程，仅仅掌握了一些反复灌输的东西---学校教育的基础知识。我叩响大学之门时，我只是在某些学科上为大学学习做了准备；我急切渴望找寻一些深奥的问题的答案，这种探寻使我不断学习以提高自己，特别在一些还没有现成答案的领域

里，我知道在这些领域仍然有很多的疑问：比如，科学和玄学领域。对希腊语、拉丁语、数学和那些当时教育标准要求掌握的“知识”，我一点也不感兴趣。

5父亲发现了这一点，把我作为特殊学生送到旧金山的一所最好的私立学校，为去贝克莱而进行“填鸭”式的学习。父亲在那里为我聘请了一位老师—---伊夫林·尼克松先生，让他课外辅导我。当然，依惯例，父亲也给我很多自由：一个房间供我学习和睡觉，没有人监督和照顾我，我可以来去自由。我真的来去自由。在旧金山，我独自外出漫步，思索问题，就像以前在萨克拉门托乡间漫游一样；我最喜欢的地方是海边；在那里我重温希腊英雄的生活，重温罗马将军的生活，重温各个时代诗人的生活。有时我入迷得忘我，但是我从来不把自己当成英雄，少年时代也是如此，我的生活发生了变化。

6伊夫林·尼克松先生给我的生活带来了变化。他是第一个使我对必须要学的课程产生兴趣的老师—不是对自己感兴趣，而是对外面世界感兴趣，对意识文化的世界产生了兴趣。他是诗歌狂人，尤爱古典诗歌，他朗读或背诵希腊诗歌的时候，诗歌中的希腊人就栩栩如生；浪漫的情怀和优美的语言就像我耳畔的歌，我渴望像他一样，不当英雄，更不当诗人，而成为希腊语学者，这样就可以奏响这美丽的语言。生活充满了意义，充满了目标，充满了欢乐。但是，我少年的模仿和勇气远不是以使那些伟大的、变化无穷的诗篇再现生命。我写了一点诗，仅是为了学写诗的技巧，不想去做伟大是事，或者成为伟大的人--尼克松先生曾经这样说。

7他过去常常说：“我是无名之辈，小人物，是荷马、但丁、莎士比亚、凯撒、教皇们、将军们和政治家们为之歌颂、战斗、工作的芸芸众生中的一员，是一切美好的语言和行动的鉴赏者。”

8是所有美好创造的受用者，而非创造者，这是一个全新的、崇高的角色。伊夫林·尼克松是其出色的代表。他是英国人，我听说他曾在牛津大学拿过两个第一，之后以为健康的原因来到了旧金山。旧金山有一群这样的人，他们各有各的故事，在牛津和剑桥他们既是学者也是运动员，他们炼就了强壮的肌肉和肺活量；然而，学者经常需要伏案工作，不需要也很难保持发达的肌肉和肺活量，肺部疾病迫使他们离开牛津、剑桥。

9他们告诫说：“远离大学的田径运动，不要练出今后日常生活用不着的发达肌肉。”

10在学校里尼克松先生教我希腊语、拉丁语和英语。在他家里，他为我开启了另一类课程的美妙和意义，而这些课程恰是我大学入学必考的。我为他而学习，我更是为自己而学习。他看出来了，他看出我渴望找到问题的答案，他笑了。

11他大声说：“我不回答你的任何问题，大人们回答不了小孩淳朴的问题，

我们只能强调突出你的问题，让你自己为寻求答案而痴迷，再假设我们的问题，来激励你，鞭策你去寻找答案—一个或二个，然后告诉我们！这就是年轻的意义，去回答成年人不能回答的问题。”当我显出沮丧和犹豫的神情时，他就会像恶魔一样向我吼叫。

12“去吧，孩子，世界是属于你的，一切都还没做呢，一切都还不为人所知，最伟大的诗篇还不曾创作出来，最好的铁路也还没有建造出来，最理想的国家蓝图还没有勾画出来。一切都等待着你们去完成—--是的，一切。”

13他一次又一次地这样说。最后，为了激励我，他把礼拜六七点到八点这段时间定为我们的特别时间，这样我就可以和他那帮朋友一起待到很晚，他的那些朋友是受过教育的、想法相互冲突的痴迷之人，有四或十人，都是英国人，全是牛津和剑桥的学者，到美国养病。他们对所有的学科感兴趣，谈论起那些学科，他们都满腹经纶，很有学者的严谨风范，但是显然难就任何话题达成共识。他们中友极端的保守者，有自由主义者，还有极左分子：威廉·欧文，我想肯定他是罗伯特·欧文的后裔，那是英国早期社会主义第一人；这些人中至少一人是罗马天主教徒，他向我传授基督教精神使我难忘。他最得意的观点是：清教徒信奉的是回约，是公正的教派，但是对基督的有关爱和宽容的教诲却知之甚少；他们中还有清教徒，他们都学过基督教历史，当辩论激烈，难分伯仲时。他们会引用确切的权威之言，而且经得起原文的检验。我记得有一次那位天主教徒引用了监督教皇的诏书。结果引发了激烈的争论，面对挑战，他竟逐字逐句地引用了拉丁语原文。我很惊讶：他们怎么知道那么多，他们又是怎么知道？然而，我更惊讶于他们竟然也有不知道的。除了确凿的事实，他们对任何事都不能达成共识，他们学富五车，才高八斗，他们不承认有绝对的真理。

14我听到的是自由而又有激情，是妙语连珠而又慎思周密的谈话。他们的大脑利如锐器；他们的态度平和恭谦；从不两人窃窃私语，也不插趣打诨，他们总是当众谈论问题；他们在就某事进行阐述时，每个人（不管立场如何）都会积极地说出他所知的事实，或者他所记得的某位哲人的观点，或者某位诗人的精彩片语，使讨论更加透彻了明，精彩纷呈；即使意见相左，他们也会保持温文有礼的态度；他们津津有味地品着加州红酒，他们抽着雪茄，房间都弥漫着浓浓的烟雾；他们坚持自己的观点时，陈词激昂，感情真挚，却决不有失风度，这才是真正的谈话。我以前从来没有听过这样的谈话，后来听过，那也是少之又少，而且

绝对没有周六晚上旧金山的谈话那般精彩，这些谈话为我上大学做了准备。

我默默地坐在后面倾听，对我而言，这些谈话既精彩睿智、学识渊博，又包含对

不知之事的清醒认识，揭示了大学毕业生是一无所知的真理，真的，他们有证据，知道世上历代智者对万物的论说，但他们不下最终定论。绝对没有。我必须自己到大学里学习，寻求更多的知识，我十分渴望这样做，看起来我必须马上进大学，以前我的脑袋就忙于思考问题，那时就更是如此，觉得脑袋里到处是洞洞，就像空瘪的肚子，饥饿难耐。我的问题很清楚：我似乎不仅仅是饿了，而是为着某些特别食物而饥饿，我的好奇心不再像以前那般模糊混沌了。

Unit Five Why Nothing Works ? 为何样样失灵？（为何什么都没用？）

单词：

*attribute to归咎于gadgets仪器

*savant 学者primitive design原始的设计

*corollary 必然的结果turned out 生产

*shoddy 低劣的the intimate sentimental and personal bonds

*forestall 先发制人亲密的情感和人际关系

*do the trick 达到预期have withered away 已经消亡

*seaworthiness 适于航海

*evoke 引起

*fashion方式，方法

*alienation from

1根据著名学者摩非所发明的法则，“任何东西如果有坏的可能，它就一定会坏掉。”摩非法则的推论为劣质商品问题提供了依据：任何东西如果可能会失效，它就一定会失效；任何东西如果可能解体，它就一定会解体；任何东西如果可能停止运转，它就会停止运转。虽然摩非定律永远不会被推翻，但是它的效应通常却是可以被延缓的。人类生存多半想能确保物品出厂后相当一段时间内不会坏掉、解体、失效或停止运转。要想预防摩非法则对产品产生效应需要智慧、技术和承诺。如果这些人为的输入得到专门的质量监控仪器、机械和科学的抽样工序的辅助，那就更好了。然而，单单是质量监控仪和抽样调查将永远不能制胜，因为这些物件也受制于摩非法则。质检仪器需要维修；计量器也会出故障；X光和雷射光束需要调整。无论技术如何先进，保持高质量需要智慧、活跃的思想和行动。

2回忆一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文化也许有助于说明我的意思。博物馆里展览着简单的工业化前的社会所用的手工物品，只参观一次就足于打消质量得依赖技术这种观点。手工物品也许设计简单甚至原始，但其制作意图却是要终生耐用。我们敬慕“手工制作”的标签并愿意多花钱购买当今数量递减的手工艺人推出的珠宝、毛衣和手袋，就是承认了这一点。

3波摩印地安人的篮子编得如此紧密，以至于用它来盛开水而滴水不漏；爱斯基摩人的皮船具有一系列无与伦比的综合优点，既轻巧结实又经得起风浪。这些东西的质量源泉是什么？仅仅因为它们是手工制作的吗？我认为并非如此。不熟练不经意的手做出来的篮子或船只也会和机器制的篮子或船一样迅速分崩离析。我宁可认为我们之所以敬慕“手工制作”的标签，是因为它让人联想起的不是生产者和产品之间的技术关系，而是一种生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。贯穿史前时期，保证产品最高程度的耐用性和持久性的是这一个事实：生产者和消费者不是同一个人就是同样的个体或是近亲。男人们制作自己的长矛、弓、箭以

及抛掷尖物；女人们编制自己的篮子和网兜，用动物皮毛、树皮或纤维做自己的衣服。后来随着技术的发展以及物质文化变得更复杂，族人或村子里的不同成员采用技艺分工，如制陶术、编蓝术或制船术。尽管许多物品是通过实物交易获得，生产者于消费者之间的关系仍然是亲密持久充满关爱的。

男人不可能为自己做一把飞到一半尖头就会脱落的长矛；女人也不会用烂草编织自己用的篮子。同样一个妻子缝制的毛皮风雪大衣是给丈夫在零下60度的温度下出去为家人打猎穿的，那么针针线线都会密密细缝、十分牢固。如果造船的人是开船人的叔伯、父亲，他当然会利用当时的一切技术，制造出最经得起大风大浪的船只。

相比之下，人们很难去关怀陌生人或给陌生人使用的产品。在我们这个工业批量生产和批量营销的时代，质量是个不断出现的问题，因为那种曾经使我们对彼此负责、对产品负责的亲密情感和个人关系已经消亡，并被金钱关系所取代。不只是生产者与消费者素不相识，从事生产和分配各阶段工作的男男女女---- 从管理人员到生产线上的工人，从办公室助理人员到销售人员，彼此都互不相识。在较大的公司也许有成千上万的人全都在为同一产品工作，却从不对面相遇或知道对方的名字。公司越大，劳动分工就越复杂，漠不关心的关系就越严重，因此摩非法则的效应也就越大。公司的发展使得工资单上的行政官、工头、工程师、生产工人和销售人员层层增加。由于每个新雇员为整个生产程序所负责的分额在减少，他们与公司及其产品的疏远就可能增加，同时还以来可能忽视或甚至故意破坏其质量标准。

Unit Six:Where is the News Leading us? 新闻将我们引向何方?

单词：

*aggressive 有进取心的addressed a question 问问题

*solid 可靠的distortions in the world 不寻常的事

*scrutinize 仔细检查downside news 负面新闻

*ingredient 组成部分eruptive 突发的

*deplete 耗尽，用尽underinformed 了解不够

*roundup 综合shaping the world塑造世界

*envision 设想

*caricature 讽刺画

*transmit 传送

1 Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman to the core –though , aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.

不久前，我应邀参加了一次有关美国报业的作用的公共研讨会。还有另外两位嘉宾也出席了，一位是知名的节目主持人，另一位是美国一家主要报纸的编辑，他勇敢坚定，咄咄逼人，深谙撰写可靠新闻的之道，堪称一位彻头彻尾的新闻界人士。

2 The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.

据我所知，本次研讨会旨在审查传媒的使命，提出完成使命的最佳方式。

3 During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues. Why, he asked, are the newspapers and the television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?

在公开讨论时，观众席中的一位男士向两位嘉宾提问，‘为什么报纸和电视新闻都充斥灾难？为什么新闻界的男男女女对悲剧、暴力和失败有如此关注?’

4 The anchorman and editor reached as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it

主持人和编辑的反应是，好像他们为坏消息的存在受到了责难。他们回答说，新闻界人士只负责报道新闻而不创造或修改新闻。

5 It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question. The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition –the way newsmen are accustomed to respond to daily events?

我认为他们没有回答那位先生的问题。那位先生的问题。那位提问的先生并没有责怪他们，让他们为世上的不实复杂。他只是想弄明白为什么报道的最多的是扭曲的现实。新闻传媒的运作理念似乎凡是新闻皆坏事。为什么？难道突出负面新闻是传统？是新闻业内人士对日常事件的习以为常的反应？

6 Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the world news, for this is where the problem begins. News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours - 24 hours at most. Any sniper kills some pedestrians; a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.

或许看一下我们如何定义新闻一词会有所帮助，因为这是问题的起因，新闻应该是报道过去十二小时，最迟二十四小时内所发生的事情。然而突发事件往往是具有爆炸性的：一名狙击手枪杀几名行人，一名恐怖分子劫持飞机上250名人质，欧佩克宣布原油价格上涨25%，英国货币又贬值10%一辆载有放射性废料的卡车与一架水泥搅拌车相撞。

7 Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture. Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of involved in the making of historical change for the better.

然而，一味聚焦这些报道，则是失真的画面。人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和。每个文明进步最重要的组成元素是进步，但进步不是一蹴而就的，不具被爆发性。一般来说，它是一点一滴逐步发展的，在某个特定的时刻是微不足察的，但是所有微小的进步都参与了历史性巨变的实现，是社会更加美好。

8 It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are underinformed about positive developments and overinformed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.

这就是人类活生生的历史，绝大多数的新闻媒体没有予以充分的反映，才导致我们对社会的正面发展了解不足，对灾难却知之甚多，这又使人产生失败和绝望的情绪，而这些情绪阻碍社会进步。爆发性新闻大餐叫人忧心忡忡，大大消减了自由社会所需的人的动力，绝望和愤世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验。

9 I am not suggesting that “positive” news be contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events--- whether or not they come under the heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.

我并非暗示可以编造“积极”的新闻来抵消头版上灾难报道的作用，也没有把对亲年基督会作用的深刻报道定义为“正面”新闻。我要传递的观点是，新闻媒体的职责是搜索及报道重大事件，无论他们是否有关冲突、对抗或灾难。这世界既有光明的一面又有阴暗的一面，两个方面都要引起人们的关注和思考。

10 My hope is that the profession of journalism will soon see its responsibility in a wider perspective. The time has come to consider the existence of a large area of human happenings that legitimately qualify as news. For example, how many news articles have been written about nitrogen-fixation --- the process by which plants can be made to “fix” their own nitrogen, thus reducing the need for fertilizer? Scientists all over the world are now pursuing this prospect in the hope of combating famine. How much is known about the revolutionary changes being made in increasing the rice harvest in the Far East? There are literally dozens of similar important development in the world that are worthy of inclusion in any roundup of major new stories.

我希望新闻界人士能以更广阔视野来看待传媒的责任。已经到时候了，该认识到人类事件中可以作为新闻来报道的领域是及其宽广的。举例来说，有几篇新闻报道过固氮作用——这是使植物锁定自身的氮气，从而减少对化肥需求的过程？全世界的科学家都在为这一前景而努力，希望借此解决饥荒，对远东地区水稻产量提高的巨大的进步又了解多少？事实上，世界还有许多类似的重要发展，这些都值得做重要的新闻综合报道。

11 The anchorman and editor were right in saying that newsmen and women are not responsible for shaping the world. But they are responsible for affecting our attitudes. We are only what we think we are; we can achieve only those goals we dare to envision. News people provide us with the only picture we have of ourselves and of the world. It had better be a true portrait – and not a caricature – for it is this picture on which we will base our decisions and around which we will plan our future.

主持人和编辑说新闻界人士并没有责任来塑造世界，这是无可厚非的。但是他们有责任

来影响我们的观点。我们认为自己是怎样的，那我们就是怎样的。我们只能实现那些我们敢于设想的目标。新闻界人士为我们提供我们对自身以及这个世界认识的写照——这种写照最好是逼真的肖像，而不是扭曲的漫画像，因为我们就是根据这一写照来做决定，筹划未来的。

12 The journalist, to paraphrase Walter Lippmann, is the public’s philosopher. “ The acquired culture,” Lippmann wrote, “is not transmitted in our genes. The good life in the good society, though attainable, is never attained and possessed once and for all. What has been attained will again be lost if the wisdom of the good life in a good societ y is not transmitted.”

按照华特里普曼的说法，新闻记者都是大众的哲学家。他曾经写道：后天习得的文化并非基因遗传，美好社会的甜美的生活虽然可得但却不是一旦拥有就永远不会失去。如果美好生活正的智慧没有被传下来，所得一切也将会化为乌有。

13 With an accurate report of the good life in the good society, we can begin to use the news as Bernard de Chartres suggested we use history – boosting ourselves up on our experiences, “like dwarfs seated on the shoulders of giants,” enabled, thus, “to see more things than the Americans and things more distant.”

美好社会的美好生活有准确报道。伯纳德德查特斯建议我们这样善用历史，借鉴经验教训，鼓舞我们的士气，“就像矮子站在巨人的肩膀上”使得我们“比前人看得更远，看到更多”。我们也可以这样善用新闻报道。

Unit Seven Things:The Throw-Away Society 物品：一次性社会

单词：

*dramatic 显著的humanoid 有人特点的

*clutch 抓紧deride 嘲笑

*transience 短暂的，临时的at a rapid clip以极快的速度

*embed(in/with/usu.pass.)镶嵌crucial关键的

*boutique 时装店paper explosion 迅速地增长

*sumptuous 丰盛的

*devil-may-care不在乎

*mentality 心理，智力

*supplant 取代

“Barbie,” a twelve-inch plastic teen-ager, is the best known and best-selling doll in history. Since its introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll population of the world has grown to 12,000,000— more than the human population of Los Angeles or London or Paris. Little girls adore Barbie because she is highly realistic and eminently dress-upable. Mattel, Inc., maker of Barbie, also sells a complete wardrobe for her, including clothes for ordinary daytime wear, clothes for formal party wear, clothes for swimming and skiing.

十二英寸高的塑料小人“芭比”曾是历史上最著名最畅销的洋娃娃，自从1959年问世以来，全世界的芭比娃娃的数量增长到1200,0000人—比洛杉矶，伦敦和巴黎任何一个城市的人口还要多。小女孩热衷芭比娃娃是因为他很像真的而且可以任意更换衣服，作为芭比娃娃的生产厂家，Mattel公司还出售芭比的整体衣柜，包括日常便装，正式晚装，泳装和滑雪衫。

Recently Mattel announced a new improved Barbie doll. The new version has a slimmer figure, “real” eyelashes and a twist-and turn waist that makes her more humanoid than ever. Moreover, Mattel announced that, for the first time, any young lady wishing to purchase a new Barbie would receive a trade-in allowance for her old one.

最近Mattel公司推出一款更高级的芭比娃娃，这个新产品身材更苗条，有仿真睫毛，又可以扭转弯曲的腰肢，所有这些特点使其更加人性化。此外，M公司还首次宣布，任何一个购买芭比娃娃的女士都可以获得旧芭比娃娃的折价优惠。

What Mattel did not announce was that by trading in her old doll for a technologically improved modes, the little girl of today, citizen of tomorrow’s super-industrial world, would learn a fundamental lesson about the new society: that man’s relationships with things are increasingly tem porary.

M公司所没有宣布的是，通过折旧芭比娃娃来销售新款芭比娃娃，今天的小女孩，明天工业化社会的公民就会得出这样一个对社会的基本认识：人类和物品的关系越来越短暂。

The ocean of man-made physical objects that surrounds us is set within a larger ocean of natural objects. But increasingly, it is the technologically produced environment that matters for the individual. The texture of plastic or concrete, the iridescent glisten of an automobile under a streetlight, the staggering vision of a cityscape seen from the window of a jet— these are the intimate realities of his existence. Man-made things enter into and color his consciousness. Their number is expanding with explosive force, both absolutely and relative to the natural environment. This will be even more true in super-industrial society than it is today.

我们周围人造物品的海洋外围还有更广阔的自燃物品的海洋。但是这个技术制造的环境逐渐影响着人类。塑料或混凝土结构，街灯下霓虹闪烁的汽车，从飞机窗口俯瞰到的缓慢移动的城市—这些人类的亲密伙伴。人造物品进入并影响了人类意识，其数量急剧增长，无论是就绝对而言还是相对而言。这种现象在将来的超级工业化社会会更加突出。

Anti-materialists tend to deride the importance of “things.” Yet things are highly significant, not merely because of their functional utility, but also because of their psychological impact. We develop relationships with things. Things affect our sense of foreshortening of our relationships with things accelerates the pace of life.

唯心主义者试图否认物品的重要性，但是物品是非常重要的，不仅因为它有实用功能，还因为其对精神的影响，我们发展和物品的关系，物品影响我们对关联和断联的意识。他们在情景结构中的作用，我们和物品关系的缩短加快了生活的节奏。

Moreover, our attitudes toward things reflect basic value judgments. Nothing could be more dramatic than the difference between the new breed of little girls who cheerfully turn in their Barbies for the new improved model and those who, like their mothers and grandmothers before them, clutch lingeringly and lovingly to the same doll until it disintegrates from sheer age. In this difference lies the contrast

between past and future, between societies based on permanence, and the new, fast-forming society based on transience.

此外，我们对物品的态度反映了基本的价值评判。有的小女孩兴高采烈的把她们的芭比娃娃换成新款高级的娃娃，有的小女孩象她们的母亲和祖母年少时一样，终日抱着同一个娃娃，形影不离，爱不释手，直到长大后娃娃从生活中消失，没有什么比这更具有戏剧性的对比了。这种不同在于过去和未来的对比，对于永久的社会和新的变幻无常的社会的对比。

That man-thing relationships are growing more and more temporary may be illustrated by examining the culture surrounding the little girl who trades in her doll. This child soon learns that Barbie dolls are by no means the only physical objects that pass into and out of her young life at a rapid clip. Diapers, bibs, paper napkins, Kleenex, towels, non-returnable soda bottles—all are used up quickly in her home and ruthlessly eliminated. Corn muffins come in baking tins that are thrown away after one use. Spinach is encased in plastic sacks that can be dropped into a pan of boiling water for heating, and then thrown away. TV dinners are cooked and often served on throw-away trays. Her home is a large processing machine through which objects flow, entering and leaving, at a faster and faster rate of speed. From birth on, she is inextricably embedded in a throw-away culture.

观察一下旧芭比换新芭比的小女孩身后的文化就可以看出人类和物品间的关系越来越短暂，这些孩子很快会知道有很多物品以极快的速度进入并离开他们的生活，不只是芭比娃娃。纸尿裤，围裙，纸巾，手绢，非循环使用的苏打汽水瓶—所有这些在她家被迅速使用，有的被无情的丢弃。玉米松饼放进一次性的烤罐，菠菜放进塑料袋中，这种塑料袋可以一起放进沸水锅中加热然后丢弃。电视上的烹饪节目也经常使用一次性的碟子。她的家就是一个大型处理机器，通过这个机器，物品以越来越快的速度不断流动，进入又离开，从出生开始，她就被包围在一次性的文化中。

The idea of using a product once or for a brief period and then replacing it, runs counter to the grain of societies or individuals steeped in a heritage of poverty. Not long ago Uriel Rone, a market researcher for the French advertising agency Publicis, told me: “The French housewife is not used to disposable products. She likes to keep things, even old things, rather than throw-away curtain. We did a marketing stud y for them and found the resistance too strong.” This resistance, however, is dying all over the developed world.

对一次性物品的使用让人想到了粮食问题和祖祖辈辈生活在贫困中的人，不久前，法国广告代理公司P的一位市场调查员U R 告诉我:“法国的家庭主妇并不习惯于使用一次性的产品，她们喜欢把东西留着，即使是旧物品也不会丢。我们代表公司宣传一种一次性的塑料窗帘。我们队她们作市场调查，却发现她们的抵制情绪很强。”这种抵制在其他发达国家越来越少了。

Thus a writer, Edward Maze, has pointed out that many Americans visiting Sweden in the early 1950’s were astounded by its cleanliness. “We were almost awed by the fact that there were no beer and soft drink bottles by the road sides, as, much to our shame, there were in America. But by the 1960’s lo and behold, bottles were suddenly blooming along Swedish highways… What happened? Sweden had become a buy,

use and throw-away society, following the American pattern.” In Japan today throw-away tissues are so universal that cloth handkerchiefs are regarded as old fashioned, not to say unsanitary. In England for sixpence one may buy a “Dentamatic throw-away toothbrush” which comes already coated with toothpaste for its one-time use. And even in France, disposable cigarette lighters are commonplace. Form cardboard milk containers to the rockets that power space vehicles, products created for short-term or one-time use are becoming more numerous and crucial to our way of life.

因此，作家E M 指出在十二世纪五十年代初期，很多区瑞典观光的美国人都被瑞典的干净所震惊“让我们敬佩的是路边没有一个啤酒瓶和软饮料瓶，而自惭形秽的是，美国到处都是。但是到二十世纪六十年代，看看吧，各种瓶瓶罐罐凸现在瑞典的高速公路上……怎么了？跟美国一样，瑞典已经变成一个购买，使用一次性物品的国家了。在当今的日本，一次性的纸巾非常普遍，手绢已经老土了，而且也不卫生。在英国，花七便士就可以买到已经挤好牙膏，一次性使用的牙刷。即使在法国，一次性的打火机也很普遍，从牛奶只喝到为太空提供动力的火箭，它们对我们的生活起着越来越重要的作用。

The recent introduction of paper and quasi-paper clothing carried the trend toward disposability a step further. Fashionable boutiques and working-class clothing stores have sprouted whole departments devoted to gaily colored and imaginatively designed paper apparel. Fashion magazines display breathtakingly sumptuous gowns, coats, pajamas, even wedding dresses made of paper. The bride pictured in one of these wears a long white train of lace-like paper that, the caption writer notes, will make “great kitchen curtains” after the ceremony.

刚上市的纸衣服或者类似纸的衣服将一次性文化更推进了一步。时尚饰品店和工薪阶层服装店已经陆续出现一个全新的部门，这个部门专门负责那些色彩艳丽设计特别的纸衣服。时尚杂志展示了价格惊人的纸长袍，纸外套，纸睡袍，甚至纸婚纱和礼服。图中的新娘穿着仿蕾丝纸做成的白色长袍裙，标题写道：这条裙子在婚礼结束后可以做成“不错的厨房窗帘”。

Paper clothes are particularly suitably for children, Writes one fashion expert: “Little girls will soon be able to spill ice cream, draw pictures and make cutouts on their clothes while their mothers smile benignly at their creativity.” And for adults who want to express their own creativity, there is even a “paint-yourself-dress” complete with brushes. Price: $2.00.

纸衣服是最适合孩子的。一位时尚专家写道：“小孩子会乱溅冰激凌，而且他可以在纸衣服上画画，或者贴剪纸画，而母亲在一旁微笑的赞许其创造力。”对于想展示创造力的成年人，可以买一种配有刷子的“自助衣服”，价格两美元。

Price, of course, is a critical factor behind the paper explosion. Thus a department store features simple A-line dresses made of what it calls “devil-may-care cellulose fiber and nylon.” At $1.29 each, it is almost cheaper for the consumer to buy and discard a new one than to send an ordinary dress to the cleaners. Soon it will be. But more than economics is involved, for the extension of the throw-away culture has important psychological consequences.

新编英语教程第五册课后练习试题答案解析

新编英语教程第五册课后练习题答案 Answers to the exercises in Unit 1 II. Paraphrase 1.A writer who is particular about the exactness of an expression in English will never feel happy with a word which fails to express an idea accurately. 2. To a certain extent, the process of finding the right words to use is a process of perfection where you try to search for words that may most accurately express your thoughts and feelings, and words that may most effectively make your listeners and readers understand your thoughts and feelings. 3. Finding the most suitable word to use is in no sense easy. But there is nothing like the delight we shall experience when such a word is located. 4. Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to fully understand our subject matter. III. Translate 1.After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point. 2. It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project. 3. What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention. 4. His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems. 5. The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet. 6. It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise. 7. Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely. 8. Rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a balanced diet. Language Work III. 1. clumsy-unskillful 2. deft-skilful 3. loose-vague 4. subtle-tricky 5. precise-accurate 6. shift-alteration 7. vague-ambiguous 8. scrupulous-conscientious 9. ignorance-want of knowledge 10. disadvantages-drawbacks 11. cultivating-developing 12. mistaken-erroneous 13.unimportant-trivial 14. dark-dim 15. flexible-adaptable 16. fine-subtle 17. sentimental-emotional 18. essence-quintessence 19. coercion-compulsion 20. fascinating-absorbing

新编英语教程3第三版翻译答案解析

Unit 1 1. 他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。 They all believed that his chances of success were slim. 2. 我不知道她为何总带有一种闷闷不乐的神情。 I don’t know why she always has an air of sadness. 3. 等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排。After all students were seated, the president of the students’ union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary. 4. 胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之。 Please take good care of our stomach which is a vital organ of our human body. 5、他认为总经理如此重视那些日常琐事是荒唐的。 He considered it absurd for the general manager to attach so much importance to those routine trifles. 6. 她的研究涉及多种语言和文化，富有挑战性。 Her study was full of challenge, which was concerned with many languages and cultures. 7. 根据安排，全体工作人员依次值晚班。 As is scheduled, all staff should take turns to do late duty. 8. 想到要远离父母独自生活，她深感不安。 She felt upset at the thought of leaving her parents and having an independent living in a remote area.

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料 I. Use of English(20%)—交际英语，共10道选择题，每题2分，共20分。 II.Reading Comprehension (40%)—阅读理解，4篇文章，共20道选择题，每题2分，共40分。 III.Vocabulary and Structure(30%)—词汇与语法，共30道选择题，每题1分，共30分。 IV.Cloze Test (10%)—完形填空，共10道选择题，每题1分，共10分 I. Use of English (10×2) Directions:In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. —Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the railway station? —____________ A. No, I couldn?t. B. Sorry, I don?t know. I?m new here. C. I couldn?t tell you. D. You can?t ask me. 2. — What day is today? — _____________. A. Today is March 24. B. Today is not bad. C. Today is sunny D. Today is Saturday 3. —How do you do? Glad to see you. — _________________________ A. How are you? Me too. B. How do you do? Glad to meet you. C. I am fine, thank you. And you? D. Nice, how are you? 4. —I?m sorry. Bob?s not in his office. — _________ A. Can you take a message for me? B. Are you sure for that? C. Would you like to leave a message? D. Can you phone me? 5. — How long have you lived in London? — __________. A. I moved here from Paris B. My whole life C. I?ve worked here for almost 10 years D. I?ve never traveled there 6. —Good night and thanks again.

大学英语综合教程3第三版答案

大学英语综合教程3第三版答案

大学英语综合教程3第三版答案 【篇一：新标准大学英语综合教程3答案(全版)】 >unit1 active reading(1) 4. b c c d c a 5.productive attendance resistance ambitious acceptance script impressive 6.attendance ambitious productive impressive resistance script acceptance 7.mortgage deck surf coastal;defy lengthy 8.b a b b b a b b active reading(2) 4.triple cemetery rear biography cram budding finite elapse 5.elapsed;cemetery rear;crammed triple budding;biography finite 6.a b a a b b a a 7.a b b a a b b b a language in use 6.(1)我们都觉得在校时间不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。当然，下一年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。我们谁都不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因此同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。以前每天下午5点以后，图书馆就空无

一人了，现在却要等到天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜熬出了眼袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却很自豪，好像这些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的奖章。 （2）明天行吗？明天只是个谎言；根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。明天甚至压根儿就不存在。你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的规则又可以全部套用。明天只是现在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。你的时间会流逝（时间就在我们说话的当下滴答滴答地走着，每分钟顺时针走60秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，它就会走得更快些），而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，上面写满了“本可以做”“本应该做”“本来会做”的事情。 7.(1)students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university .some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. （2）after a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease .although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days ,and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule. unit2 active reading 5.definite perpetual whirl blaze giggle prompt tumble 6.prompted definite whirl perpetual blazing giggling tumbled 7.blinked barren tag torture resemblance napkin

新编英语教程5(第三版)

1) The reason why little girl like Barbie very much is that she looks like real people and can be dressed up in a perfect way. 2) Man-made objects, though out-numbered by natural objects, play a more and more important role in people’s life. 3)The number of man-made object is increasing steeply, compared with the number of natural objects as well as its actual number. 4) The little girl of today would gladly use their old Barbie to exchange the new version of Barbie whereas their mother or grandmother would be reluctant to throw away their dolls until they fall-apart simply, because they are too old nothing could be more obvious than the difference between them. 5)The societies and people that are used to poverty reject the practice of using one product only for once or a short time and then replace it by a new one. 6) It is meaning that less for a man who is fairy old to say that he wants to develop a hobby in this or that form. 7)It is sensible that you further develop the hobby; you already have instead of trying to cultivate a new one. 8)Taking up a hobby and living a more regularized way of life are the most effective way to save them from their boredom. 9)The long hour’s work in the office or factory provides these people with the money so they can live their lives and gives them a strong desire for the simplest pleasure. 10)In fact, it is highly likely that those people who take their work as their pleasure are need to divert their effort from work from time to time urgently. 11)The ability to do the right thing at the right time is essential to a good leader. 12) A leader must be good at exercising his authority (this is a quality that a leader must have) and be able to demonstrate to the people that he does. 13) A leader should find out what the people want to do or have, and guide them to achieve it. 14) If we are not powerful, determined and brave, we can’t except to f ind a good leader, no matter how skilled we are in shopping images, we can’t make him to be what he is not, he is only a representative of all of us. 15) John Dewey has said seriously that the degree that someone’s behavior can influence the custom is the same as the degree that his body talk can influence his mother tongue. 16)The result from a serious study of the custom which is not influence by the outside shows that what Dewey said is just an objective description of the fact. 17) If we still think that our culture is superior to those of the people who we regard as uncivilized, underdeveloped or irreligious, the study anthropology must be meaningless. 18)W e must realized that all the beliefs are based on the same thing, the intangible and should be treated equally along with our own. 19)I believe that people in the society high above me are selfless, pure, noble and very intelligent. 20)But it is difficult for a man of the working class to improve his social status, especially when he was full of objectives and imaginations 21)It is physically strong, and they profited a lot by exploiting my strength, but I only lived a poor life. 22)He was no longer strong enough to make money by selling his strength and had nothing left to him, he had no other choice, but to slide down to the bottom of the society and die there in misery. 23) After 100 years, the black people is still suffering in the isolated part of American society, and he feels like an outcast in his own country. 24) We can see very clearly that as far as the black people are concerned, America didn’t fulfill its promise. 25) We are here to demand the fulfillment of the promises which can guarantee us our freedom and justice. 26)This is not the right time to calm down and adopt gradualism, waiting patiently for a solution.

新编英语教程5册Unit1的答案

新编英语教程5册Unit1的答案

Comprehension I. Judge which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the article. A. To be able to use the right word is an important component of one’s mastery of the English language. B. To facilitate one’s own process of cognition and one’s communication with others, one must be able to choose the right word from the extensive vocabulary of the English language. C. It is more important to know exactly the meaning and use of a relatively small number of words than to know vaguely a larger number. II. Determine which is the best choice for each of the following questions. 1. “Clean English” in the first paragraph mea ns . A. English of a dignified style B. English free from swear words C. English which is precise and clear 2.The word “realization” in the sentence “Choosing words is part of the process of realization…” means . A. articulating sounds B. fulfilling one’s goals C. becoming aware of what one thinks and feels

新编英语教程(第三版)unit6练习册答案

Reference for Unit 6 workbook exercises Blank Filling A. 1.changed, promising https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e5673743.html,ing, qualified 3.determined 4.spoken, leading, surprising 5.frightening 6.demanding 7.pleased, soiled https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e5673743.html,plicated 9.interested, exciting, soaked 10.tiring, tired B. 1.giving 2.Fascinated, rising / rise 3.singing, to do, making

4.keeping, playing, to be, to see, climbing 5.opening 6.to take, shopping, doing, to do 7.to have remembered, to tell, preparing, to do 8.to watch, to read, reading, watching 9.missing, to tell 10.to be taken 11.swimming, cleaning, to do 12.waiting, seeing, missing, to find, to be C. 1.for 2.to 3.of 4.on 5.read 6.across 7.about / for 8.in 9.until / till 10.opinion 11.by 12.keep 13.excellent 14.time 15.pleasure 16.from 17.yourself 18.in 19.filled 20.trains

英语总复习虚拟语气综合分类解析(1)

英语总复习虚拟语气综合分类解析(1) 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1．If I ____ a candle, I would light the world bright. A．am B．are C．be D．were 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果我是一根蜡烛，我将点亮这个世界。if I were 如果我是…，were虚拟语气，be动词都用were,故选D 考点：if条件句的虚拟语气 点评：if条件句的虚拟语气，是中考要求掌握的知识点，分为三种情况： 表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用一般过去式（be用were），主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might +do;2.表示与过去的事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might+have done;3.表将来的事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用should+动词/did/were to do，主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might +do。 2．If I ___ you, I ___ be afraid . A．was, wouldn’t B．were, won’t C．were, wouldn’t 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：根据语境可知此句的含义是如果我是你，我就不害怕。考查的是虚拟语气的基本用法。条件用过去时，主句要用过去将来时，故选C。 考点：虚拟语气 点评：虚拟语气其实就是if引导条件状语从句时，词义为“如果”，不过这个条件是无法实现的。从句中的谓语动词通常用一般过去时表示，则主句中的谓语动词用过去将来时。 3．If I _____ one million dollars, I________ travel around the world with my parents. A．have; will B．had; will C．had; will D．had; would 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：如果我有一百万美元，我要和我的父母环游世界。结合语境可知主句描述的是将来动作，用将来时态。从句中是对将来的虚拟，故用过去时态。选D。 考点：if引导的条件状语从句 点评：虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。其主要有三种结构： 1、与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形” 2、与过去事实相反

综合英语教程第三版 (邹为诚)

unit1响尾蛇伤 我们在西波顿种植西瓜和香瓜供应市场。我家有一块瓜地和花圃在紧靠甘蔗地的谷仓背后。一天，我从工具棚里拿了把镰刀想去砍个西瓜自己吃。他们是不许我拿这把刀的，因为它的刀刃比我的胳膊还长。但它是切西瓜的最好工具。一刀下去，西瓜就一分为二了。 我正沿着瓜地边走边拍打着想找一个熟瓜，突然感觉脚好像被针一样的东西扎了一下。我为是踩在一堆蒺藜草上了。 转眼一看，却发现是一条响尾蛇。我知道响尾蛇在袭击之前都要发出响声以示警告的，而我对那响声的熟悉程度决不亚于我熟悉鹌鹑。后来我才明白它是没有时间警告，我肯定是一脚踩在它的嘴巴上了。我边往家飞奔，边大声喊叫，满脑子想的都是自己肯定要死了。妈妈赶快解下围裙用上面的带子绑在我的膝盖上部。她扶我到前屋的沙发上躺下，让玛莎照看我。当时在场的既没有一个男人也没有一匹马。最近的住宅是豪威尔先生家，但他家没有马。再远点的是吉姆·安德森家，穿过田地抄近路也有半英里的距离。妈妈冲向安德森家。安德森的一个儿子跳上马就直奔城里，在安德森家打工的克拉克的儿子用车把妈妈送回家。回到家，妈妈发现围裙带已被玛莎解开了，因为我直叫系得太紧。妈妈给我重新绑上，她用力很猛以致于我失声叫了起来。 然后，妈妈又到门廊朝那条通往城里的路张望。这条路位于安德森和豪威尔两家领地中间，一直延伸到小山顶端，因此从这里你可以看见所有路过的人或物。我总是远远就能辨认出我们的马车和汤姆，尤其是爸爸赶车的时候。这时，如果得到允许，汤姆就会因为急于吃到马槽里的东西而撒腿跑起来，爸爸也总是允许它这么做的。 赫伯·安德森的意见是首先找爸爸，如果他不在就找麦肯斯医生，再不成就找菲尔德或别的医生。 妈妈一边盯着看谁的马先出现，一边不时地进屋安慰我。 终于，妈妈说道：“你爸爸来了。” Read more 误解 这是个古老的故事，的确是要说到1864年的事。那时，英国军队驻扎在牙买加的一个团养了只官兵都喜爱的大猴子。那是只善于思考、极有主见的猴子，他的行为习惯和举止总是令军官们开心不已。他的居所对着军官食堂的窗户，尽管身上系着很长但不重的链子，他照样自得其乐，淘气逗人。比如有一天，他觉得一位年轻军官羞侮了他，便立即把食堂窗户敲得惊天动地。军官们只好把他的居所移到一个不太招眼的地方，但他依旧自娱自乐。任何活生生的东西，只要胆敢闯入他链长所及的范围内，就免不了被折腾得手忙脚乱一阵子。而那些倒霉的鸡鸭，却经常误入他的领地。那就会被他一下子抓住，有时竟被他扼杀，不过更多的时候，他都是恶作剧地对这些痛苦的阶下囚实施全身或半身拔毛手术，然后再放开。 然而，有一只鸡却让他突然强烈地喜欢上了。他是逮住了它，但他即不拔毛也不扼杀，反倒是百般怜惜、抚爱有加。这种毫无顾忌的举动使那只不幸的鸡恐怕是宁受拔毛之刑吧。猴子拧它，揉它，抚摸它，搂抱它，把它举得高高地，令它展翅起舞，又把它放开一会儿，可当它试图逃脱时又顽皮地将它两腿一抓。可那只鸡怎么地都不领情，反倒是完全误解了猴情猴意。但猴子却始终不渝，牢牢地紧握着这个心肝宝贝不放松。他满以为忠贞不渝的柔情蜜意即能赢得芳心归，没想到讨好卖乖了一番却不成功，因而更加大献殷勤：不一样地抚摸，更挚着地摩挲，更卖力地搓揉，还逗得它更欢快地舞蹈。可万分钟情也未能赢得回眸一顾。终于，在猴子极其亲昵的拥抱中，鸡给整死了，至死也未能理解猴的一片赤诚。 猴子处于极度悲伤之中。可想而知，他好不容易发现心爱之鸡，而这心爱之鸡未能回报丝毫之柔情，竟弃他而去！可悲复可怜！他开始着手祭奠的仪式，每一动作都表现出他沉痛

新编英语教程第三版李观仪Unit课文及译文参考

Unit 1 恰到好处 Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective （模糊的形容词）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose. 你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous（一丝不苟的） writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle（微妙的） and delicate（细腻的） in their different shades（色调）of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so（某某等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite a nice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that

新编英语教程5(1-12)课文翻译

Unit 1 恰到好处 你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常……”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。 一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。 语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安（anxiety ）期待着那个日子的到来。”“Anxiety” 含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。“Anxiety” 跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。 乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道： 让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。 这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异（singularity）” 的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。 即使没有出现词语误用，这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话： 任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned )在这句话中……“Imprisonment” 暗示着强迫，威逼，这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用“包含(contained )”或“归结（summed up ）”就要好些。“概括（epitomized）”也行，尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到“mot juste (恰倒好处的词) ”，那就是“distilled”.它比包含和归结语气更强。“Distillation (提炼)”意味得到本质（essence）的东西。因此我们可以进一步把这个句子修改为： 所有有关圣诞节的想法和文字的精华都被提炼到这句话之中。