托福独立写作常用论证方法之反面论证

托福独立写作常用论证方法之反面论证

什么叫做反面论证？反面论证就是用已知的条件论证某一结论的反面不成立、从而推出该结论成立的论证方法。换言之，就是为了证明我们的观点正确，我们先假设它的反面观点成立，然后发现反面观点的问题或者缺陷，那么自然就可以证明我们的观点是正确的或者是更好的。一般该方法用于某一结论不好用证明直接论证的情况，或者可以在正面论证之后再补充反面论证，强调正面论证的观点的正确性。这样不但能够使论证更加有力，同时也扩充了一部分字数，一举两得。

反面论证是一种非常通用的论证方法，尤其是在论证某一事物、行为有益处或者非常必要时，反面论证能够是论证更加严谨有力。举例来说，如果我们想证明环境保护对一个国家很重要，我们会正面论述说环境保护有什么好吃时篇幅非常有限，这时，我们就可以举例来说明如果一个国家不进行环境保护的话，会出现很多问题。比如影响人们身体健康，影响生产生活，造成经济损失等等。下面我们用一个题目来具体展现如何将反面论证用在文章中。

例：It is better to take a secure job with a low pay than to take a job with a high pay but is easy to lose.

For those middle aged people who have to shoulder the responsibility of raising family, it is of great risk and high expense to lose job and thus it is wise for them to take secure job even though they can not earn much money. Take Mr. Zhang who is at the age of 46 as an example. Mr. Zhang had to shoulder the heavy burden to raise the big family. His parents were more than 60 years old and had some healthy problems. It was Mr. Zhang’s duty to pay for their medical treatment. Educational fee of his children also occupied a considerable proportion of the family bill. With this respect, Mr. Zhang was in need of a stable and secure job which gives constant financial support to the whole family. Supposing that Mr. Zhang had taken a job which was very easy to lose, once lost, he would have failed to give stable and constant financial support to the whole family and his family would have got into trouble. Even though he had got high payment, it is difficult to maintain the whole family’s life for long time.

此段论证了这样一个观点：对于需要承担家庭责任的中年人来说，应该选择那些稳定的工作，哪怕工资会很低。一开始先用张先生的例子正面论证了这一观点，随后假设如果张先生从事的是高薪容易丢的工作，那么会出现一系列问题，从反面证明了本段的论点。

那么反面论证可以用什么样的形式来表达呢？让我们来做一个总结。

1、suppose/imagine/supposing (that)

例：Supposing that Mr. Zhang had taken a job which was very easy to lose, once lost, he would have failed to give stable and constant financial support to the whole family and his family would have got into trouble.

2、otherwise

例：Parents are obligated to point out the mistakes and warn children against making the same mistake again. Otherwise, children may form bad habits and even hurt themselves and others.

3、虚拟语气

例：Young boys are often very naughty and curious about things that sometimes

can be very dangerous like fire, knives, etc. If parents did not pay attention to this, children, who actually have no awareness of potential risks, would probably injure themselves or disable others.

4、without

例：Without employee training, employees may work in a low efficiency and thus bring loss to the company.

希望考生们能熟练掌握反面论证这种方法，写出论证更严谨而且言之有物的文章。

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托福写作评分标准公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

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The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________. Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage. Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____. Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless. Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.

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