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电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

附件1:外文翻译译文

网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣

网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升;费雷斯特研究公司估计,今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。相比之下,美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。因此,目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%,或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的,到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终,在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能,例如,很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么,以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定,以及网站设计。那么,什么激发网上购物?在离线的环境中营销人员认识到,消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验(因为好玩)还是目标导向(因为

效率高)。我们的网上客户的研究表明,这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。

体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。同样,有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。学者们还发现,更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。

目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的,高效的,合理的和蓄意的。因此,专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向,希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来,如“成功”“完成”。重要的是,市场调查公司发现,2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。在我们最近的一项与1013哈里斯互动在线事务委员会成员进行的网上调查中,71%的购物者说。他们最近大部分网上购买的是他们先前已经计划过的,而29%说当他们提出购买时他们已经浏览过。因此,网上购物更可能专注于目标而非体验。主要的电子商务网站的点击流分析表明,在线消费者趋向于专注目标。例如,持续时间在商店或在王章上停留,被电子商务业内人士成为“粘性”,是因为体验购物者有比以交易为导向的消费者“粘”于周围更长时间的相关强烈动机。目前,每周定期有Nielsen-NetRatings 公司提懂得数据显示,电子商务网站的“粘性”是相当有限的,当顶级网站的访问长度(重要的电子湾例外)大部分为15分钟或更少时间。一每周平均花费在Barnes和Noble的时间为典型例子,比如说10分钟,只是大约找一本书和实际完成交易那么长的时间。

为什么更多的电子零售消费者期望专注于目标?一个线索发现,时间缺乏的消费者特别可能成为网上购物者。另一个线索是早气的重量级互联网用户有强烈的每部控制倾向,并因此是目标导向的人士。此外,在线媒体随着产品信息搜索成本的显著减少而促进功利行为。我们的在线购物者的研究表明,目标导向的购物者对电子零售感兴趣是因为其4个特殊的属性:(1)便利无障碍(2)可挑剔(3)信息的实用(4)无社交。重要的是,消费者往往并明确的将这些以目标为导向的属性于更多兹有和控制联系起来。

不管网上功利购物的优势,有证据表明,一些从事体验购物或为了兴趣而购买的购买者。作为乐趣探求者而倾向于冲动地进行更多的购物对市场来说是合理的行为。为什么一些网上购物者参与体验行为呢?体验购买者告诉我们他们喜欢:(1)拍卖;(2)作为爱好的参与;(3)逢低买进;总之,这些购物者着眼于“经验”,或者网上购物能和得到产品采购时获得的一样多的乐趣。表一。

研究方法

这项研究得到了资讯科技中心组织(CRITO)在美国加州大学欧文分校的支持。该项目是我目的是了解有助于消费者拥有一个满意的、高质量在线购物体验的属性。我们在开展这项研究的具体目的是要充分了解网上购物的消费动机,姻为这些动机将影响到网站的属性和所需的购物者的经验。鉴于我们队消费者认知的兴趣和目前解决这问题的定性数据的缺乏,我们将网上买家分成9个焦点小组(总共64位消费者)。三个焦点小组包括MBA学生、职员和可能是技术“快速转发”从而成为早期网上购物的接收者的一组。此外,我们组织了两个从哈里斯互动网上招募的南加州离线焦点小组。最后,我们与哈里斯互动公司组织了四个下线焦点小组(包括在美国和加拿大的参与者)。哈里斯互动公司招募在线和离线参与者,目的是创造一个设计年龄、性别、在线经验和在线购买产品的不同小组。我们的样本包括19-81岁的参加者;他们购买CD、书籍、软件、硬件、玩具、和旅游、从事网上拍卖,消费所有常见在线购买类别。但是,除了这些主要类别外,还有各种各样的交易,包括弹药、内衣、杂货、野营设备、汽车,甚至一个参与者在网上购买了他的房子!

网上订性研究提供了获得个人以及群体反应的概念和研究问题的优势,同时减少在群体中的个体控制团体或用它们的人格力量说服其他受访者的机会。网上焦点小组方法唤起诚实的、直接的和稍微更少的被传统焦点小组呈现的社会惯例的抑制的对话。网上定性研究是唯一适合迷人的互联网悟性受访者。者是很大的吸引力,对他们来说,时间非常宝贵。同时。网上焦点小组达到通常情况下不达成的传统面对面焦点小组,包括在

边远地区和回国的受访者。此外,在地里上位于不同地区的个人可以参加同一个会话。受访者使用自己的电脑,并且不必跑到一个焦点小组设施。

基于现存的有关在离线购物中心的目标导向与体验动机和关于猜测应用于在线环境的这些动机的文献,我们询问参与者他们购买时为了娱乐还是特殊的需求。同时,我们调查网上买家对照在线浏览执行相对较窄的产品搜索的程度。我们还要求焦点小组参与者比较在线和离线购物,增加我们对在网上购物的基本决定因素的理解,更具体的说,对于部分焦点小组集中的动机,我们的指南包含下列问题:

我想首先讨论购物。几乎每个人都喜欢购物,或不得不购物。

描述你典型的在线购物体验。

你通常在那里购物?在一天中的什么时间?多频繁?

一般来说,当思考在线购物和离线(砖和石灰)购物时会记住什么区别?

离线----什么经验令人愉快?什么令人头疼?

在线----什么经验令人愉快?什么令人头疼?

什么因素影响你选择在商店里购物还是在线购物?

有什么东西你用一种模式购买而不用梁一中模式购买的?

当焦点小组的提问有一个协议时,每个焦点小组包括作为参与者的解释和答案的唯一范围将提示后续行动到不同领域:离线协议或多或少有点时候在线焦点小组。在4个在线焦点小组中,当研究人员们都在“阴暗处”,即未呈现在参与者面前时,一个专业的主持人跑向这几个小组;研究人员们可以与这个主持人幕后沟通,提出问题或者探讨。这些在线小组以“聊天室”的格式实时举行。作为在线小组的一部分,所选的网站在参与者能够回复和交互的电脑上产生。

当在线小组录音自动生成时离线焦点小组被转录。我们分析了有系统地进行分析和标签网上购物的属性的笔录。我们同时进行了编码和理论的发展,并最终发展四类目标导向的动机和三类体验的动机。表2显示了目标导向和体验的动机特征和属性是如何对比和编码的。同时,我们寻找目标导向和经验的动机的关系或理论联系,这一过程称为“迭代处理”。

不用具体的统计小组表并符合焦点小组分析数据的管理实践的报告,我们建议达成不需要特定的大小或数量级程度的共识,特别当这样的信息对管理者有用时。但是大公司报告的定量的市场研究数据配合我们的研究结果用来支持我们的主张。不过,优势的反应并不完全指导我们的分析。特殊的反应不仅提供有关该范围内的相关调查结果的线

索,还为其他研究参与者未阐述的问题做铺垫。

表2.焦点小组参与者对网上购物的描述

目标导向的购物

特别令人印象深刻的是,目标导向的购物者提到的在线购物时体会到更多的自由和

控制的频率。因此,网上客户不是被动的市场营销接收者,而是在在线环境中体验更多控制的主要参与者。有趣的是,在线购买者常说他们觉得在线购物只在他们心中有特定采购订单时,即大多数描述网上购买为主要的计划购买的组成。实际上,很多网上买家告诉我们他们并不一定认为网上购买是“购物”。相反,他们认为是“购买”。我们特地向网上买家他们在线或离线购物哪个更冲动,从中了解到绝大多数消费者离线购物会更冲动(除了在拍卖网站更可能是体验的购物行为的地方)。网上购物一般没有冲动是由于无法理解占有商品,返回后缓解一下,更一步考虑才买下商品,且有邮回的并不是想要的商品的烦恼。

附件2:外文原文(复印件)

SHOPPING ONLINE FOR FREEDOM,CONTROL AND FUN

The number of consumer buying online, and the amount being spent by online buyers has been on the rise; Forrester Research has estimated internet sales in 1999 to be more than double that of 1998,$20 billion .In comparison,overall retail sales in the U.S. totaled $13 trillion in 1999. thus,e-commerce sale currently account for only about 1% of retail sales, and experts and scholars have argued over the possible upper limit to the percentage of consumer online spending. Will the upper limit of online spending exceed that of other direct marketing at 15%? Or will it be as much as one third of purchases in many retail product categories by 2010 as recently suggested by Forester Research?

Ultimately, the degree to which online shopping fulfills goal-oriented and experiential consumer needs will impact the amount of shopping dollars that consumers will choose to spending each environment. While many writers are touting the unique capabilities of the online medium to provide interactivity and personalized experiences, for instance, few have focused systematically on what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online in the first place. Clearly understanding what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online can and should inform strategy. Technology and marketing decisions as well

as website design. So ,what motivates online shopping? In the offline environment, marketers recognize that consumers shop differently depending on whether their motivations for searching are primarily experiential (for fun) or goal directed (for efficiency). Our research of online customers suggests that these two motivations generalize to the online environment as well.

Experiential behavior is especially likely in categories where shoppers have an ongoing, hobby-type interest. Collectors and hobbyists enjoy the “thrill of the hunt”as much as the acquisition of items for the collection. As well, having time available and desiring stimulation results in more experiential shopping behavior. Scholars have also discovered that the higher playfulness associated with experiential behavior results in a more positive mood, greater shopping satisfaction and a higer likelihood of impulse purchasing compared to goal-focused shopping.

Goal-oriented or utilitarian shopping has been described by various marketing scholars as task-oriented, efficient, rational, and deliberate. Thus, goal-focused shoppers are transaction-oriented and desire to purchase what they want quickly and without distraction. Retailing consumers describe utilitarian shopping as "work" and evaluate the results of their effort by terms commonly associated with work performance, such as "success" and "accomplishment."

Importantly, marketing research firms have found that two-thirds to four-fifths of Internet buyers engage in narrowly defined searches for specific products online.* In an online survey we recently conducted with 1013 members of the Harris Interactive online panel, 71% of shoppers said their most recent online purchase had been previously planned, while 29% said they had been browsing.

when they made their purchase. Thus, online shopping is more likely to be goal focused rather than experiential. Click stream analysis of major e-commerce sites also suggests that online consumers tend to be goal-focused. For example, duration time spent in a store or at a site, termed "stickiness" by e-commerce insiders, is strongly correlated with motivation, as experiential shoppers "stick"around longer than do transaction-oriented consumers. Currently, weekly data provided by Nielsen-Net Ratings regularly show that the "stickiness" of e-commerce web sites is quite limited, with the length of visits at top sites (with the significant

exception of e-Bay) being largely 15 minutes or less. A typical weekly average time spent on Barnes and Noble, for instance, is 10 minutes, just about long enough to find a book and actually complete the transaction.

Why are more e-tailing consumers expected to be goal-focused? One clue is the finding that time-starved consumers are especially likely to be online shoppers. Another clue is that early and heavy users of the Internet tend to have a strong internal locus of control and thus are goal-oriented personalities. Moreover, the online medium facilitates utilitarian behavior as search costs for product information are dramatically reduced.'" Our research with online shoppers suggests that goal-oriented shoppers are interested in e-tailing because of four specific attributes: convenience and accessibility; selection; availability of information; and lack of sociality. Importantly, shoppers frequently and explicitly associate these goal-oriented attributes with increased freedom and control.

Despite the preponderance of utilitarian online shopping, there is evidence that some online shoppers engage in experiential shopping, or shopping for fun, a behavior desirable to marketers as fun-seekers tend to be impulsive and to make more purchases." Why are some online shoppers engaging in experiential behavior? Experiential shoppers tell us they enjoy: auctions;involvement with a hobby/product class; and bargain hunting. In sum, these shoppers focus on "the experience" or fun of online shopping as much as they do on product acquisition (see Table 1).

Research Methodology

This research was supported by the Center for Research on Information Technology in

Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. The purpose of the project is to understand the attributes that contribute to consumers having a satisfying, high-quality online shopping experience. Our specific purpose in undertaking this research was to fully understand consumer motivations for online shopping, as these motivations will affect the web site attributes and experiences desired by shoppers. We undertook 9 focus groups of online buyers (64 consumers altogether). Three focus groups included MBA students and staff, a group likely to be technology "Fast Forwards"'^ and thus early adopters of online shopping. In addition, we conducted two offline focus groups in Southern California recruited from Harris Interactive's online panel. Finally, we worked with Harris Interactive to conduct four online focus groups (including participants from across the U.S. and Canada). Harris Interactive recruited both online and offline participants with the aim of creating groups who were diverse with respect to age, sex, online experience, and products purchased online. Our sample included participants aged 19 to 81; they purchased CDs, books, software, hardware, toys and travel, and engaged in online auctions, all common online buying categories. However, outside these major categories, a wide variety of purchases were made, including ammunition, lingerie, groceries, camping equipment, cars; one participant had even purchased his house online!

Online qualitative research offers the advantage of obtaining individual as well as group reactions to concepts and research questions, while minimizing the opportunity for individuals in the group to dominate the group or persuade other respondents by the force of their personalities. The online focus group methodology evokes dialogues that are honest, direct, and somewhat less constrained by social conventions present in traditional focus groups. Online qualitative research is uniquely suited for engaging Internet savvy respondents. It is especially appealing to those for whom time is at a premium. In addition, online focus groups reach audiences not generally reached by traditional face-to-face focus groups, including those in outlying areas and respondents who are home bound. Individuals located in geographically diverse areas can participate in the same session. Respondents use their own computers and do not have to travel to a focus group facility."

Based on existing literature on goal-focused and experiential motivations in offline shopping and speculations about these motivations applying to the online environment, our study asked participants if they shop for entertainment or for specific needs."* Also, we

investigated the degree to which online buyers perform relatively narrow product searches as opposed to browsing online. We also asked focus group participants to compare online and offline shopping, which increased our understanding of the underlying determinants of online shopping. More specifically, our guide for the portion of focus group focusing on motivations contained the following questions:I want to start by talking about shopping. Just about everybody likes to shop, or has to shop.

? Describe your typical online shopping experience. (Probe:)

? Where do you usually shop from? At what time of day? How often? What types of things do you usually shop for online?

? Do you go t o a specific site to shop, or do you search for items first?

? How often do you shop for entertainment vs. shop for a specific need?

? In general, what differences come to mind when thinking about online shopping and offline (brick-and-mortar) shopping. (LIST ON EASEL)

? Offline: What makes experience enjoyable? What are the headaches?

? Online: What makes experience enjoyable? What are the headaches?

? What are the factors that influence whether you shop in a store vs. online?

? Are there items that you bu y in one mode that you wouldn't buy in the other?

While there was a protocol for the focus group questions, each focus group covered unique ground as participants' comments and answers would prompt follow-up into different areas; the offline protocol had to be adapted somewhat for the online focus groups. In the four online groups, a professional moderator ran the groups, while hoth researchers "lurked," being present without being visible to participants; researchers could communicate with the moderator behind-the-scenes, suggesting questions or probes. The online groups are held in real time in a "chat room" format. As part of the online group, selected web sites were "spawned" on participant computers, where they could respond to and interact with the web site.

Offline focus groups were transcribed while online group transcriptions were automatically generated. We analyzed the transcripts by systematically categorizing and labeling attributes of online shopping." We undertook coding and development of theory together'* and ultimately developed four categories of goal-oriented motivations and three

电子商务的发展【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 The development of e-commerce Material Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true. The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world. But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ee7830690.html, and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ee7830690.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online. Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada. And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned

电子商务英文文献

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译文: 跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒 摘要 互联网的兴起,往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。我们研究距离 事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的 一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。分析结果表明,相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。然而,语言相关的交易成本的增加。此外,网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。在 平衡,没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数 字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1%可以增加多达7%的跨境电子 商务。我们还表明,在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。 关键词电子商务/引力方程/欧盟 1.介绍 本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。互联网的兴起,更一般地,数字通信技术,具有LED许多观察家宣布,距离“死”(Cairncross,1997)。在这方面,它不在乎信息所在的位臵因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距 离有关。在传统的线下实物商品贸易,证据却指向距离成本增加(disdier和头,2008)。贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。问题是是否将贸易从线 下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。Blum 和Goldfarb(2006)表明,即使是纯粹的信息产品,距离仍然起着重要的 作用。他们认为这是文化上的差异,随着物理距离的增加。除了信息成本的影响, 可能会有副作用,对贸易模式的影响。网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水 面积,为供应商和消费者,在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。这两

外文文献(市场营销策略)

Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:

电子商务英语专业外文资料翻译--电子商务战略

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 电子商务战略 电子商务战略也许有益于发展组织在倡议一项电子商务活动实施之前考虑很多问题,其中涉及到该组织的任务,发展目标和组织结构。涉及的主要问题包括:资源扩张 - 主要目标是通过网上销售商品和提供服务产生的收入以抵销营运成本吗?如果是这样,组织期望或希望生成的收入是多少?这些战略问题将允许该组织把多少资金用于电子商务活动。如果该组织是以一个接近电子商务为主要手段不仅包括生产商品的总费用、服务成本和宣传开发新产品,而且希望扩大其收入基础,以支持其他项目的花费,那么它可能需要建立一个电子商务平台和制定策略以吸引顾客。该组织可能把运用电子商务活动作为资源的一种扩张,并使用经营策略和完整的营销手段。这导致了一个问题,该组织是否适应这种发展方式,并符合其慈善组织的地位的问题。将把电子商务活动置于扭曲的免税地位的发展组织吗?该组织在与法律冲突的情况下承担责任吗?如果他们出售的出版物和其他意味着“传统”的产品那么大多数开发组织已经面临的这些问题。 资本成本 - 是指该组织愿意把多少资金用于电子商务活动?电子商务平台可以是高价,这取决于复杂的程度。一个发展组织开展电子商务活动应考虑是否要承担比预期的要高的费用和预期销售水平可能的成本回收。这项活动收到来自捐助机构或合作伙伴组织的财政援助的可能是什么?发展组织根据其财政能力追求电子商务活动的多种选择可能决定他们的网上销售活动。这些选项可以分为1)技术的硬件和2)网站设计和维护。该组织将根据其组织的规模和计算需求决定是否要投资建立自己的内部服务器,或者寻找一个第三方愿意在其服务器托管网站。是把第三方作为组织发展的重点,还是把它作为私有公司/ ISP吗?关于设计和电子商务网站的维护,是组织聘请内部的技术人员来处理设计,开发和维护,还是聘用比较划算的外部人处理这些任务呢?开发一个电子商务网站产生的高水平的收入将响应商界的电子商务平台上的变化。开发组织可能要考虑使用信用卡安全加密软件进行付款,某种程度上的成本的增长还受益于增加顾客在事务处理过程中建立的信心。该网站设置醒目,希望吸引客户,可能增加更高级别的图形和设计网站开发成本吗?淘金的合作伙伴目前没有承担上述所有资金成本,但可能

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目:Electronic Commerce 外文文献: Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond. 1. What is Electronic Commerce? Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet. Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails

网络营销策略外文文献翻译

文献出处:Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.

跨境电商外文文献综述

跨境电商外文文献综述 跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务,跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层,消息层、业务流程层和内容层。于伊朗的电子商务的要求,每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗,建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型,实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目

标。关键词:电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链跨境电商外文文献综述 1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B,描述了企业间的电子商务交易,如制造商和批发商,或批发商和零售商之间。的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口,可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关,可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此,首先,简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后,区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层,业务处理层和内容层。的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性,从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口

在的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位,最后结束。 2.背景在本节中,除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况,还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。B2B电子商务在伊朗如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤,它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路,铁路,海上和空中的方式来完成。因此,这个国家的中部和战略作用,使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天,在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成,商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天,伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的,商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电

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