新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版

L1 Finding fossil man

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as

sagas----legends handed

down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from.

Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

New words and expressions

recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述/ ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次

record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后

叙述：recount : emotionless 重复

describe

depict：a little emotional

narrate：temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述

saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事

legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家

anthrop：人

philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人）

anthropology :人类学

带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学geography 地理学ecology 生态学

remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远

ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先

an- 在前面

forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先

rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉

leave me rot.＝leave me along

rot to death.

soon ripe,soon rotten.

decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose 逐渐衰竭deteriorate 关系逐渐恶化

trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹

trace the problem

i follow your trace＝i follow where you go

polynesia 波利尼西亚

poly-多

polyandric: a wife with more than one husband

polygeny : a husband with more than one wife

flint /flint/ n.燧石flinting hearted

fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石cobble 鹅卵石

read of 读到

谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of

near east：近东mediterranean, south europe,north afric

far east

非限定性从句，表原因

oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.

precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart: two things or two people have the same position

oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制）

如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth.

storyteller: 讲故事的人

fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生

migration ：移民１）migrant ２）immigrant

v. migrate:迁移，迁徙

migratory bird:候鸟

none: no body

people＋s 民族

if they had any: 即便是有

his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.

find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore

modern men :the men who were like ourselves

however－anywhere you want ,加逗号

but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由

so－自由

tool:小工具

instrument:实验器械

equipment:设备

shape:成型；教育，改造

may also have:表推测

peel:果皮

leather:皮革

hide:兽皮cowhide:牛皮

without (any) trace:无影无踪

L 2 Spare that spider

Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection

we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our

belongings.

Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener

New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群

／flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分

you are the same flock.也可指人

herd多指牛群cowherd cowboy

throng and crowd swarm

owe vt.感激欠i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠issue

oblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词正式：grateful thankful

beast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容

creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．

Fraction 小部分分数，小数a fraction of rice will suffice

on one＇s behalf 代表．．．利益

I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你

好 on behalf of somebody /something

e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of ＝represent authority /C:＇WCriti/ n.权威 authorize批准 authoritative权威性的 authoritarian独裁的

－tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者 dictatorial 独裁的

authorities １．权威（可单数可复数）２．当局（复数）census /sens[s/ n.统计数

据 the fifth national population census. censor审查

censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的

acre /＇eik[/ n.英亩１acre＝４０４７square meters

football pitch 足球场 football yard football court football field be content with 满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构

He is content with status quo.

contented heart :心满意足的人

spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害，宽恕 spare me He doesn't spare himself. I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么)

Notes on the text

why, you may wonder－you may wonder why插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构

you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定

why以疑问句开头

why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human bein gs.

why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.

destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光

tear into pieces

greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemy

dear enemy

human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头

It is impossible for somebody to do something.

likely可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语

they would表示假设

devour狼吞虎咽devour the food

make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book

it虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句

前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时

If it were not for:如果这不是因为

I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.

but for 一定是虚拟语气＝if it were not for

owe感激，欠 i owe you.

引出主题

all of them put together:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是kill destroyed后置定语，重心转到spider

L 3 Mattonhorn

Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is r egarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations t hey often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature , equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shud der at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court suc h excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!

It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pi oneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamoni x, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mou ntains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridde n; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelv e months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley bo asted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could

--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his p arishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariabl y the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomf ortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sl eeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps m ust have been very hard indeed.

New words and expressions

1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n．登山运动员

climber mountaineer

词根：alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n．阿尔卑斯山脉

Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj．阿尔卑斯山的

2、 attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v．到达

to get to

to arrive at/in

to attain one's goal=realize

to attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点

attain youth 永葆青春

attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment

3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj．危险的 peril （随时可能出现的）危险

avalanche雪崩

4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v．不寒而栗

shudder:quick and sudden

tremble:long and very obvious

quiver:excitement ,maybe cold

shiver: cold and nervous

5、 go out of one's way 专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起

6、 court （multiple meanings 多义词）

1）朝廷朝臣courtier

2） courteous彬彬有礼的

3）法庭

4）娱乐场足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场golf court 5）追求

6）招致骄兵必败pride courts failure

7、 solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj．唯一的

sol-独 solo独唱独奏

solitude 孤独

I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.

8、 pioneer(1.2)/?pai+'n+/ v．开辟，倡导；n．先锋，开辟者

9、 impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v．使贫困 poor（口语词）罗素名言：

A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure complete

ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.

许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。

10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj．粗劣的

coarse throat 嗓子哑

sore throat

嗓子发炎

coarse fare 粗粮refined fair细粮

coarse and refined

in a coarse manner粗暴无礼

11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v．自恃有

用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有

He boasted that of his knowledge.

The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.) 12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n．教区居民

parish教区

13、shepherd(1.14)/'Mep+d/n．牧羊人 sheepshep 羊 herd 兽群

14、linen(1.15)/'linin/n．亚麻布床单

Notes on the text

1、Route 路线 Road 道路

2、good sports :stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋

3、regard

regard sb with sth(感情词love \hatred\horror\respect)

Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。

4、pineering days, ancient (先人时期)

5、not at all 根本不 case这回事

6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）

7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak山顶

The scenery is at the peak of the mountain.无限风光在险峰。

I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。

Summit meeting峰会

8、 attain 到达 conquer 征服

9、be of the most perilous nature

nature 特点、特性

the most perilous difficulties and dangers

学会be of the + adj+noun 结构

He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.

10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。

11、in a manner 以这样的方式

12、make sb do sth (省to 结构)

13、at the thought 一想到，mention一提到,idea 一想到

这个结构后面加介词of 原文

即 at the thought of their poor equipment

14、go out of one's way 刻意 intentionally eye catching引人注目的

15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况

16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末

17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除

18、tend to be 倾向于

19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地

20、cut off=which are cut off

21、flea ridden跳蚤

22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语还有as it were

This book is , as it were, his life portrait.

这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。

23、local当地的

24、wine低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic酒鬼

25、boast 拥有 priest牧师 shepherd牧羊

人 invariably=all the same

26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习惯，不可学）

27、course一道菜

28、must have been表推测

29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词

I am used to the life in Bejing.

I am used to living in Bejing.

30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack快餐晚餐：dinner

31、the change to

Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life.

教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。

L 4 Seeing Hands

In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of p eople who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-ye ar-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who ca n also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day sh

e came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door o

f a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so man y old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way t hey were done up in bundles.

Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific resear ch institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of th e Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen a nd, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lott o she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; an d, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a ca rpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, i ndeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive thi ngs with her skin. lt was also found that although she could percei ve things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.

New words and expressions

1、Perceive 察觉，瞬间感觉到的

to make out 费尽心机辨出

I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out . Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out.

I perceive a fly in my teacup.

2、elbow one's way (用肘)挤出

elbow one's way out of the crowed.挤出人群

L5 No Room in the Ark

The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thi nks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics a like. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films

and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strict ly scientific) link with our ancestral past.

Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfa ctory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoo logist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under cl ose and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the ni neteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved s o well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla liv es, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their in telligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first d escribed the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abo minable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly

more elusive.

New words and expressions

（good article : five stars 该文写得不错。）

the + n.(s) 表示一类: the gorilla(s)

scene 场景

in the African scene : Africa as the background

gather palace 聚集地

something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观

点） contradictory ideas about him

主题句：One thinks one knows him very well.

问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.

Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。

For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）For more than one hundred years 一百多年

西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas用him代替。另外有cat – she, dog – he .

imprisoned 关起来圈养

be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆重点句型：

He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅力

exert … on …施加（压力）

impose … on … ,例如 impose influence on , impose pressure on 上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.

或The gorilla is always fascinating to Sb.

alike adv.相同，一样 adj.只能做表语。例如：

The two are alike. 这两人真像。

形容词只要以a开头，99.99%都做表语。不能做定语词。

例如：asleep , awake ,afloat等

He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books.

stereotyped – old time 老样子 horror films 恐怖片

film (英) movie (美)

the stereotyped monster 经典模式

省略主语and (he is) an obvious (…) link with our ancestral past

link with …与…相联系

our ancestral past (n.)

through not perhaps strikly scientific

尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念

through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。

Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late.

Yet 与however ，表示转折，意思完全相同。但yet 用在句首，however加标点，可以用

在自由位置。

重要句型：

No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in …Take picture / photograph 照相

of one 定语后置，satisfactory photograph of one。主要是为了句子的平衡。One 指gorilla

in a wild state 在野生状态下

keep the … under … observation 把某事处于观察之下

keep the city clean 保持城市清洁

close and constant observation 持续不断的观察

Eg: I have to keep the boy under close control.

To control the boy very strikly.

插入语：however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇Eg: No man , however intelligent , is perfect.

No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise.

lies buried here among the animals he loved so well

埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间

形容词做状语：lie awake , lie crouched

lifespan 寿命

how long the gorilla lives

因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以live 用一般现代时。

Organ's decay 器官衰竭

Nor 引导否定并列句，与unable并列

生活方式：group living , individual living

智力：intelligence – IQ , intelligence qoutient

CIA – the Central Intelligence Agency of America

CID – Criminal investigation Division 重案组，罪犯调查科

All this and many other thing remain (amost as much ) a mystery ( as ) they were.

as much as 同the same as

…remain a mystery the same as they were.

He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and a writer.

civilized world 文明世界

savaged world 野生世界

civilized : to get away from wild life

中文中的"文明单位"不能用civilized , 应该用model 或

pace setting unit

I'm a pace soldiery。我是排头兵。

The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climber s in the Himalayas is hardly

more elusive.

那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪人，看起来也不一定比我们研究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。（通过侧面比较，引出结论，一种有用的写作方法）

Abominable Snowman 作比较，省略gorilla

L 6 Youth

People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who creat e it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals an d agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like t heir elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and th e old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is wher e the rub is.

When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--t hat I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. F or one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and the y have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of com fort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devoti on to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, a nd the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic b eings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All t hat is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceit ed, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for pro tection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age we re a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. New words and expr essions .

sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事

get down to sth. 认真研究 get down to +名词／动名词glorious 光辉灿烂的

rub 难题

teenager 青少年

for one thing 原因之一，有一点是…连接词… for another identity 身份

air of freedom 无拘无束 air:神态、气势

dreary 沉郁的

ambition 追名逐利

cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人

violent 强烈的，暴力的

suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的

conceited 自高自大的

presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的

fatuous 愚蠢的

cliché陈词滥调

I take leave to say…

我冒昧地说…

I take leave to be frank

恕我直言。口语：

maybe I'm too bold… or . I'm bold enough… or. Allow myself to

say …

Take one's leave = take leave 离开（正式用法）Would you please take your leave?

我很烦的几种表示法：

What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk. get down to + 名词/动名词

例：我开始学习了。 I get down to my studies.

I get down to learning my book.

to- 介词

同义词： be engaged in

glorious

glory n. 光荣

（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous）

in one's glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期

in one's day

in one's golden days

in one's prime time

in the pride of one's life

rub 摩擦

at odds 有矛盾

have words with sb. 和…拌嘴

Do you get the rub?

Do you get the picture?

Do you catch me ?

Do you get me ?

What's the range?问年龄

Teenager 14到18

Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13到16

Juvenile 青少年

Youth 20到30

Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气

Finicky airs 娇气

Dreary 同: drearisome a.无味，无聊

Sterile : 枯燥无味

Monotonous: 乏味无聊

Gloomy：沉闷

Lifeless: 无生气的

have ambition for going abroad/to gao abroad.

Fish …(wealth and fame)

Chase …(fame and gains)

Pursue …

Cosmic 宇宙

Cosmonaut 宇航员 = astronaut Astro-/aster 天体Disaster Cosmic place :大都市 Metropolis: 大都市Violent nonviolence 非暴力

狂风：violent wind

暴死：violent death

vehement 猛烈的

同义词：turbulent

tumultuous

suburb 郊区urbane: 有礼貌的 short-sighted 目光短浅的

narroe-minded/small-minded

insular 绝缘，目光短浅的 provincial

conceited 自高自大的

骄傲的 conceit(n.)

pride 自豪

big-headed 头发胀的 cocky 自负的

chicken 胆小鬼 sweller 膨胀的 over-confident

people are always talking about ' the problem of youth'.

Are talking _ 到目前为止一直讨论

'the problem of youth ' 加引号，引用。

-which I take leave to doubt 插入语 "我冒昧的说"，表示怀疑

-If there is any,同样表示怀疑

straight forward 开门见山

it is older people who creat it.—强调句

let us (speaker exclusive) – Let's (speaker inclusive)

get down to fundamentals

fundamental = basic 基本的

fundamentalist 信奉正统基督教的人

after all –退一步

like – (介词) 省略了谓语 are

people are just lije their elders

glorious future 光辉的未来

splendid future光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言）where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这

hatred : 憎恨

ironical 讽刺的，用反语的 uncertain 后面省略用法

I would have been 虚拟语气

Something 重要的东西

You are somebody. 你是重要人物

So .. as …后置定语

出色： outstanding

stand out 站出来，鹤立鸡群

cut figure 崭露头角

one of the things 正是其中之一

seeking = looking for exciting 令人激动的

air of freedom 无拘无束 = carefree , freedom from care commitment 专注(to + 名词/动名词)

love = seek 追求 mean 意味着，小气卑鄙 = disgusting anxious 虎视眈眈的

polish 擦，磨 apple polisher 溜须拍马 bootlicker 拍马屁者

no devotion to 热爱（贬） material things 物质享受 to me 在我看来（插入语）

life 生机

lifeless 没生机的，死气沉沉的

link with 把什么联系起来 origin 起源 original 原本的

as if 虚拟假设

in some sence 可以这么说吧（插入语）

in contrast with 与…比较

violent 强烈= strong

lovely 生动的，完美的

后置的同位语- suburban creatures

前面用得是– cosmic beings

mediocre 平庸的

idol 偶像 idiot 傻瓜

conceited 自负

ill-mannered 粗暴

presumptuous 自以为是的

fatuous 愚蠢无比的

turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to 求助

dreary = boring cliché沉郁的

cliché陈词滥调，老生常谈

L7 The Sports Spirit

I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates g oodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they wo uld have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn' t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for inst ance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, o ne could deduce it from general principles.

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeli ng of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for t he fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are arou sed. Anyone who has played even in a school football match know s this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the atti tude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. w ho work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seri ouslybelieve--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping a nd kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

New words and expressions

goodwill n. 友好

prestige n. 声誉

cricket n.板球 disgrace vt. 使丢脸

inclination n.意愿 savage n.野性的

contest n. 比赛 combative a.好斗的

orgy n. 恣意，放荡

frankly ad.坦率地

deduce vt.推断 mimic a.与….极相似

competitive a. 竞争性的

behaveiour 行动

pick up 随意挑选 spectatotor n.观众

side n. 队

word….into…..引起……注意

patriotism n. 地方观念爱国主义

fury n.狂热

involve vt. 卷入

absurd a.荒唐的

at any rate 无论……,至少……. Notes on the vocabularies

goodwill=friendship n.友好

goodwill games:友好运动会

goodwill visit:友好访问

pay a goodwill visit to

official visit:官方正式访问

state visit:国事访问

cricket n.板球 as merry as a cricket(蟋蟀) 形容心情高兴，快乐无比

inclination n. 意愿

incline v.

be inclined to do sth 表示强烈的意愿

I am inclined to take toefl.

willing

show inclination to

follow one's inclination 随心所欲

contest n. 比赛

近义词：competition game match tournament race

contest:a group of judges

beauty contest 选美比赛

competition:socially 抽象使用

Social competition is fierce.

Dog eat dog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。

game:physically ,mentally

match:quite important

China won the 2002 World Cup match.

tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。

race:以速度见长

cycle racing 自行车比赛

car racing 赛车

orgy n.恣意，放荡

revelry in 狂欢

I revelry in my success.

on a spree

The girl is on a shoping spree.

competitive

combative-贬义词同 aggressive

competitive-褒义词／中性词

competitor-竞争者

compete with sb. for sth.

pick up 随意挑选

side 队

patriotism n.地方观众，爱国主义

patriot:爱国者 patriotic:爱国的

involve vt.卷入

involve oneself in scandal be involved in

prestige n.声誉

prestigious a.享有声誉的

Qinghua university is very prestigious.

近义词：fame renown(renowned 著名的) reputation eminence disgrace vt.使丢脸

grace,graceful-graceless

disgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful.

fame-defame

honor-dishonor

stigmaa(污点) vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him. savage n.野性的

inhuman 残忍无比 nonhuman （非人类的）

mercy-merciless

ruth-ruthless

beastly

combative a.好斗的

frankly ad.坦率地

Frankly speaking(To be frank) 坦白的说

candid 坦白的

straightly 直率的

mimic a.与……相似

mimic-只用作定语

similar-可作定语和表

语 Our ideas are similar. We have similar ideas.

alike-只作表语

Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

behaviour 行动举止

Behave oneself.规矩点儿。

attitude n.态度

spectator n.观众

audience 听众 audial 听

visual

spectacle: 壮丽景色；眼镜

viewer 电视观众

work…into…引起…注意…

into后接表示感情的词

fury n.狂热

furious a.—强于anger,annoyance,aggravation

rage---suddenly & quickly

absurd a.荒唐的

近义词 illogical irrational senseless ridiculous

r开头的形容词的反义词前面加ir

l开头的形容词的反义词前面加il

at any rate 无论，至少＝at least

Notes on the text

amazed: surprised,astound,astonished

前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表语结构。

The news surprised me.

I was surprised by the news.

I am astonished to hear the news.

You should not say"The news astonished me".

hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doing

if only:

1. 表虚拟，当"真好"讲,后面无任何主从句。

If only I had a pair of wings.我要有双翅膀就好了。

If only I could fly to the moon.

2. 作为条件句＝as long as，后面须有主句。deduce:推导

the background of the 1936 Olympic Games :二战时在德国柏林举行，希特勒举办的目的为

了宣传他的national supremacy(民主优越性)。然而，事与愿违，本届奥运会出现了

一位独领风骚的田径大王－美国黑人运动员，杰西·欧文斯，他共获得4枚金牌，

让希特勒disgrace(颜面尽失)，后人评论

"the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake",而

且称为political tragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧视，导致极端的仇恨，引发二战。

neagly all 基本肯定

green: 绿地

aroused:被激发起来

frankly: 真正的

mimic warfare:模拟战争

battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose l ife,machine guns

sport field—play to win,coach ,do your best ,sweat,lose life,h and leg foot

fury over 对…愤怒

virtue:quality

L 8 Education

Parents have to do much less for their children today than they use d to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes c an be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and deliver ed by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at t he restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room. It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupati on, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employm ent and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good mone y, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textil e areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, b ut this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of m arried women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children dra wing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that h e still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works eco nomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great val ue if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet t hem when they return from school.

New words and expressions

laundry n.洗衣店 customary a.通常的，司空见惯的

can vt.把....装罐 factor n.事实，因素

preserve vt.腌制 draw vt.挣得

pursue vt. 从事，进行 substantial a.相当的

trade n.手艺accrue vi.增长

occupation n.工作

Notes on the vocabularies

laundry n.洗衣店 I go to the laundry.我去洗衣服了。

can vt.把....装罐

can (美国常用) tin(英国常用)

can the fruit 水果罐头

ready-made food to heat it

preserve vt.腌制

preserved vegetables 腌菜 nutritious

bean curd:豆腐

保存－preserve reserveconserve

reserve 预定 I'd like to reserve two tickets.

Please reserve a table for six.

conserve 常用于深林的保护避免造成不必要的浪费

preserve 保存目的是使其保有鲜活力，保鲜

pursue vt. 从事，进行

I'm pursuing English.我正在学英语。

China pursues the opening policy.中国实施开放政策。

还有'追求'的意思 He is pursuing the girl.

A cold pursues me.感冒使我精神不振。（幽默的说法）

pursuit-名词更加正式 in the pursuit of

trade n.手艺

tradesman 手艺人 craftsman 手艺人

spokesman 发言人

statesman 政治家 politician 玩弄权术的人

Jack of all trades,master for none.各行都懂一点，但都不精。Two of a trade never agree.同行是冤家。

occupation n.工作具有最宽泛的含义

occupy v. I'm occupied.我正忙着。

近义词：employment profession

employee employer 强调雇用和被雇佣的关

系 unemployment 失业

profession:宗教词 preach布道 pray祈祷

该词被赋予了崇高的含义，常形容highly skilled 如IT ,engineer customary a.通常的，司空见惯的

custom n. 风俗某一个种族或部落所遵循的原则

When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。

beijinger 哪国人哪个地区人都加个er

convention(usually accepted):世界都认可的规范和习俗tradition:沿袭或流传下来，大到国家，小到一个家庭

factor n.事实，因素

draw vt.挣得

draw money 赚钱 The novel draws well.小说很畅销。

best-seller 最畅销 Movies draws well.很卖座。

land money land:得到 I land very profitable work.我得到个肥差。

substantial a.相当的

只作程度词

considerable 相当的 fair sizable

I draw considerable money.我赚大钱。

considerate :体谅的 He is very considerate.

accrue vi.增长只能作不及物动词 interests accrue 利息增长

accumulate pile build up amass 都可作及物动词

grow ：增长（不及物动词），种庄稼

Notes on the text

do much less much far 放在比较级之前表示程度

词 I'm far better.

used to:过去（一般习惯的动作）

I used to walk for a while after supper.

and :表示结果

workshop:作坊专题研讨会同义词symposium

much less :越来越不像表示程度词 much more 越来越像ready-made: 现成的作but方式状语

The meal is ready-made.饭好了，可以吃了。

go to: 拟人手段

cooked:熟食 fast food snack canned:罐头食品 preserved:腌制的

bake:烤 baker:面包师 delivered:传送 doorstep

works=factory (机械的，大型的) plant(大型工厂) mill(加工木头的工厂) company(泛指)

canteen:食堂（self-help） cafeteria(高档的，餐馆的自助

餐) dining-room:学生食堂

if ever :即便有的话也是不多

补全句子：….if ever,he can see him……

paternal society:父系社会

follow their father's occupation 子承父业

wide choice:大量的选择机会

coeducation:男女同校 primary school:私塾

wage-earner:赚钱的人

bread-earner:养家糊口者

In your family ,who is the bread-earner?

相对而言，wage 给labours 而salary 给白领阶层

good money 赚大钱

acquires:获得（easily get）

Man acquires the ability to speak.强调自然获得

obtain 费尽劳力

feeling of economic independence:经济独立感

sence of honor/pride/responsibility/master/humor/guilt superiority complex:优越感 complex:情节 inferior complex:自卑感

textile areas:纺织业地区如英国的Manchester

it has long been customary 早就习以为常

maternal society:母系社会

working mother:职业母亲

more than doubled:远远超出了以前的两倍

but this practice has become so widespread that the working mothe r is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life,the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the la st twenty-five years.

the number of married women……years

是个省略谓语的独立主格句,主语与主句的

主语不同。

something 后置定语 be of 结构

smething valuable greatly/smething greatly valuable

prevent from

L9 Curiosities of Animal Life

Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have on ly to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats t o see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to s ome recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will ela pse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring t he time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the ec ho-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid ob ject will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature o f the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively si mple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other we ll-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. L10 Thoughts in Wilderness

In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fe ar them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowin g that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a f ew original, creative men in our political life—if only to create so me enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are a sked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum afte r another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes yo u might think the machines we worship make all the chief appoint ments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Bet ween midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache,I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and regis tered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of ou r time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.

L11 Spies in Britain

Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disgu ised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcom e everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was thei r passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, a nd could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conj uring.

While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the k ing himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the comman der of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter a t Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipli ne was slack: the Danes had the selfconfidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proc eeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected wome n as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish h orde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.

So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing th e Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger as sailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmis hes--and within a month the

Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a u nique epic of royal espionage!

L12 The Language of Hollywood

What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner em ptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surf ace details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptin ess of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of th e plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; th e people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censor ship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of th ese pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the enter tainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from b eing credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of ef fects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, ba nal, childish ?

L13 Thames Waters

Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which O xford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and res earch endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to t he roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber pa st Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines ar e hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a pop ulation which has no interest in learning and knows no studies bey

ond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camsh afts.

Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce so me interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the univer sity, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend to live in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a p lanet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherev er the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the only fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphe re of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of bein g lost which hangs over some of the colleges.

L14 How to Grow Old

L15 The Consumer Social and the Law

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, eith er in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Pri marily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and credi tor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple c oncept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligatio ns to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to proble ms and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of an yone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, h e instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.He gives the bank specimens of his signature, an d there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's si gnature has been forged.It makes no difference that the forgery ma y have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its custom er's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adoptedby some banks, of printing the customer' s name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank whic h will lose, not the customer.

L16 The Search for the Earth’s Minerals

The deepest holes of all are made for oil,and they go down to as m uch as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get th e oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are onl y borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of th. ground great leng ths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fi tted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so e very so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has bee n cutting through. Once we get down to the oil,it usually flows to t he surface because great pressure, either from gas or water,is pushi ng it. This pressure must be under control,and we control it by mea ns of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavo ur to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a c ontrolled manner.

L17 Learning to Live

The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is pass ed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working co ncept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'mea sure' it.

In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations . This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 19 44 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and gra mmar schools, with the exception of a small number of independe nt foundation schools, became available to the whole population. S ince the number of grammar schools in the countrycould accommo date at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child populatio n of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be hea vily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specializa tion, by introducing problems which were not based on specificall y scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an att empt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, jud ge, analyse and syntiesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which arewithin his range of competence and understanding.

Lesson 12 The Language of Hollywood

to compensate sb. for his loss

to compensate for sth. 弥补financial compensation 经济补偿

to compensate for his loss financially用经济手段补偿

impressiveness n. 感染力，令人难忘impress v. 印象impression n. impressive a. impressionable a.

The movie is impressive. He is impressionable. 情绪化的impressionable age 易受影响的年龄

give sb. an impression/be under an impression 都带假象，turns out to be xxx leave sb. an impression 真的是grandiose a. 浮夸的；壮观的pretentious a. 做作的=affective

show 表演，炫耀ostentatious 做作的，爱表现的mask vt. 掩盖，伪装gas mask 防毒面具 a mask ball 化妆舞会

mask my real intention of going on an outing. 掩饰了我真正的郊

游企图

mask pill conceal 掩盖（企图等抽象事物） hide and seek 捉迷藏

shield 盾veil 面纱；掩盖，隐藏screen 屏幕；遮盖，隐藏riot police 防暴警察t riviality n. 琐事，细节trivial a.琐碎的humanity credibility n. 可信性

credible 可信的incredible 不可信的creduious 轻信的believable 可信的eatable=edible 后者是拉丁构词

motivation n. 激发力motivate v. 激发

The intrest in english motivates me to learn it. Intrest is motivation.

drive/spur激发/stimulate刺激needless to say beyond doubt/question without doubt

past question undoubtedly disgraceful a. 不光彩的，丢人的grace n. 优雅graceful a. 优雅的信达雅graceful 雅censorship n. 审查census

predetermine vt.预先规定

prewar/postwar prelaw a. 法律预科的 entertainment n. 娱乐

The movie entertains me.=The movie is an entertainment.=The movie is so entertaining.

entertain you lavishly burden n. 负担

drag 累赘hollow a. 空洞的hollow-headed 没知识

=hollow-hearted hallow 神圣的banal a. 平庸的cliche

陈词滥调，a. 平庸的 stale 陈旧的，平庸的

corny 陈腐的hackney 破旧的，陈腐的n. banality inner 内在的emptiness 空洞the characteristic of 特色是……(无特色句) =What charcterizes…特色恰恰是。。。（强调）

critical essay

This is compensated for... 被弥补 impressiveness 浮华

usually takes the form of 经常以什么形式出现appear in the form of: 以这种形式出现

truly 表示真的grandiose a. 浮夸His works usually take the form of poetry.

Nothing is spared.= no effort is spared 用尽一切，不遗余力的spared 剩下

to make the setting 表目的setting 布景costume 戏服costume play 古装戏surface details 表面的细节essential=inner 本质的，内在的characterization 刻画，描述

absurdity 荒谬triviality 细节

unperson 僵化的人humanity 人性credibility 可信度motivation 激情

censorship 审查制度code=rule 规则，法规is an important factor 很重要的一个因素

infamours notorious disgraceful 臭名昭著的

nor 否定并列

It isn't too heavey...to... 不是一个太重的负担，而不能够承受

at times=sometimes 有时候

childish 幼稚的bannal 平庸的hollow 空洞的representation 体现when 状语从句of what human import=what human import is...of……be of 结构All this skill,all this effort,all this energy...is of what human import...？

....所有这些东西，如果故事这么平庸，那么这些努力有什么意义呢？

import 这里是重要性的意思human import 人类的重要性

=How important is all this skill,all this effort,all this energy...to human... L13 Thames Waters

in character 本质上ruthlessly 无情地hither an thither 来来往往throng 挤满era 时代transform 改变make up for 弥补endowments n. 才能

resemblance 相似verge 边缘pathetic 可怜的Thames 泰晤

士河Oxford 牛津城cattle n. 牛calf n. 小牛，牛犊Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛队cow n. 奶牛ox n. 斗牛，公牛太监牛

Cambridge 剑桥城destroy v. 破坏（具体意思）ruin 毁坏（名声，名誉，抽象意义）the scandal ruins...

over smoking ruins my health.

I'm ruined.=I'm down and out.=I'm down fall.=I'm broke. ruth n.

怜悯，同情sympathize v. 同情ruthful a. 有同情心的mercy n. 怜悯merciless 无情的，残忍的

marble-hearted flinty-hearted 无情的heartless benefaction n. 为教堂的捐款beneficiary 受益人benefactor 施主

donation n. 捐款donator 捐款者

endowment n.为研究、学校的捐款/上天捐给你的才能，智慧

I'm endowed with courage. 我浑身是胆。

gift,talent 天赋，资质

I have a gift(talent) for... make up for 其他手段make up for the test 补考I will do a make up. 我要去补考。

compensate v. 经济手段nature 本质essential/in character suffer 经受I suffer a cold.

to,with,from 表原因

I'm tired from standing. roar n.轰鸣，吼叫，怒号; vi. 吼叫，怒号；v.滚动，咆哮

The man roared the boy into silence.

The man looked the boy into silence. shift 轮班职工

I'm on day/night shift.. export 出口import 进口lumber 隆隆地前进loads of 大批（车辆）show of 一群（鱼）

hither an thither=here and there throng v. 挤满distributor 配电盘camshaft 凸轴轮

seat 中心Beijing is the seat of China. hub n. 中心heart n. centre trans- 越过去，穿越transpacific a. 横渡太平洋的，太平洋彼岸的

translate v. 翻译 transport v. 运输t ransplant v. 移植，移种change （部分）改变transform 完全改变

Wealth transforms his character(nature). epoch 时代epoch breaking 划时代的

era/age new era 新时代usher in the new era 走

进新时代usher 领进 resemble v. 相似

He takes close/strong resemblance to his dad. theatre 教坛，教室。meter=metre

verge 边缘（抽象）He is on the verge of disaster. 大难临头brim n. 边，轮缘the brim of a cup/hat brink n. (水的）边缘； cliff n. 悬崖，绝壁the edge of knife 刀刃

margin n. 页面的空白/水周围的边缘Water margins 水浒传fringe n. 边缘extinct v.

rarefied a. 高雅的；稀薄的rarefy v. 稀薄，稀少

rarefied fashion; rarefied style; rarefied taste 高雅的... pathetic 可怜的sympathetic a. 有同情心的（想人所想）

pity n. pitiable 可怜的lamentable a. 可悲的deplore v. 表示悲痛deplorable 可怜的The peace which Oxford once knew...拟人用法拟人personification

There is/are great changes in our family.

=My family experienced/witnessed/saw so many changes in the past 20 years. The peace...has been swept...

should always have... 注重加重语气swept away 扫掉了The harmony in my family is swept away. in character 本质上academic to commercialized Industrial Revolution 工业革命

courts=classrooms/teaching area

shake to...随着。。。振动而摇摇欲坠I woke up to a large sound noise. taking the next shift-school bus lumber 轰轰隆隆地穿越loads of motor-engines 大批内燃机引擎

are hurried 表状态thronged=crowded population 一般不可数 knows no studies 什么都不懂，对学业一无所知follow the crowd 走风潮，随大众 doomsday 末日

theoretically 理论上而言an old seat of learning and tradition 学术和传统的中心

old-new tradtion--wealthy might be expected to...虚拟语气some interesting children driving force 推动力

That one hundred flowers are blossomed. 百花齐放It might have been thought that... 虚拟语气，表明事实正好相反

It 形式主语指that从句

radiate out 辐射：spread；that is everyone can be one.

That is everyone possibly can be trained/educated.

transform the lives of the workers 彻底改变工人的生活That...引导从句；this has not happened 作主语

may be the fault of the university 或许是大学的失误

tend to 身不由己which the certainly not (era) of the 20th century

and (live) upon a planet which... bear 拥有little resemblance (几乎不)相似

war-torn 饱受战争折磨poverty-hit area 贫民区

ideal理想状态far from reality 脱离现实Utopia n. 乌托邦，理想的完美境界

get down to the roots; so far away from me the fact remains that it is the theatre at

which...强调句型which 古式用法，It is...that is... on the verge of extinction 处于灭绝的边缘

disaster/collapse/bankruptcy/death/despair I was on the verge of despair.

and... the only fruit of...唯一的果实

the dust in the streets 街上的灰尘反语，表讽刺and a pathetic sense of...一种可悲的感觉hangs over 弥漫，悬挂L14 How to Grow Old

oppress vt. 忧郁，压抑depressed in low/high spirits

I'm a little down. feel blue justification n. 正当理由

reason-whyYou have the justification to beat back

justifiably ad. 无可非议的

resonable/unquestionable/unmistakable/explicable cheat sb. out of money 骗某人的钱cheat in test deceive 欺骗情感hoax=play trick 玩笑性质的欺骗 abject a. 可怜的，下贱的，卑鄙的 pathetic 可怜

ignoble a. 不体面的，可耻的，卑鄙=disgraceful=infamous impersonal a. 超越个人感情影响的impersonal interest 广泛的爱好impersonal verb 无主动词:It is raining hard.

ego n. 自我egoism 个人主义altruism 利他主义 ego-trip 利己行为egocentric a. 自我中心者的r ecede vi. 退去retreat 撤退the economy recedes

bit by bit 渐渐地=little by little

increasingly ad. 日益，不断I am increasingly

wealthy/fat/moneyed/moneyless.

merge vi.融合merger n. 兼并merge oneself into the mass 打成一片The beams merge into darkness.落日的余晖融入黑暗passionately ad. 激昂的dispassionate

fervent/ardent 炙热的，热情洋溢的visible a. 易觉察的vision n. visual a. visible to the naked eyes 可以被肉眼看到的invisible man 隐形人

visibility 能见度painlessly ad. 毫无痛苦地do sth. painlessly 不费吹灰之力effortless/trouble free painstaking a.费力的，辛苦的

waterfall n. 瀑布She wears waterfall. 她有着披肩长发。vitality n. 精力vigor 精力，活力animation 活泼，又生气weariness n. 疲惫感worn out a. 疲倦的

=dog-tired/fatigued/drained 课文注释5星级

killed in battle/in action 在战争中阵亡battle 前不加定冠词bitter 心情压抑，痛苦=painful in the thought 一想到

=thinging at the thought/idea/mention/sight of 一...到cheat of 剥夺rob of/divest of/deprive sb. of sth.

joys and sorrows/ups and downs/thick and thin 人生的酸甜苦辣in him to do：对他而言，在他看来in him 插入语

waters 水域

L 17 The Consumer Society and the Law

intelligence n. 智力intelligent a. cute/smart intellectual a. 智力的n. 知识分子

Man are intellectually superior to animals.

pass on 衡量He passes on. 他去世了=judge to pass on one's intelligence p ass away；die pass for:被认为,不能用被动只能用主动

reliance n. 依赖，依靠rely=depend rely on He relies on his parents. parasite 寄生虫reliant reliable

self-reliant 自力更生的=self-dependent

working a. 起作用的pill 药丸dose 剂The pill dose/works 有功效的efficient 人效率高effective 指物有效果的

a wide variety of 各种各样的variety various样式很多的，不同的variant变化的variation 变化very colored/formed 五颜六色的/各种形状的multi- multifunctional a.多功能multinational 多国的

as a result of 由于...结果consequence n. 结果in result 后面一定不用of He performed well,in result he got a pay rise. in consequence ad.结果

act n. 法案pass/bill/motion an act pay bills 帐单act 幕Today we got an act of god.倒霉。He always put on an act. 摆谱

foundation n. 基金foundation school教会学校Peking Normal university 北京师大missionary

available a. 可用的Is water available? 有水喝吗？Are you available for a chat/party? 你有空吗？Is your bicycle available? avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy. avail myself of 利用...机会make use of take an advantage of accomodate vt. 容纳This hall can accomodate 600 people.

accomodate oneself to 适应accommodating a. 非常友善,乐于助人accommodation n. 住所，英语用单数，美语用复数boarding and lodging 食宿

at most 顶多

counteract vt. 抵消counterclockwise 逆时针转

counterintelligence n. 反情报，反间谍 counterrevolution n.反革命neutralize a. 中和

specialzation n. 专门化specialize speciality major I specialize in chemistry.

synthesize vt. 综合syndrome 并发症，综合症synchronize v. 同步

verbal a. 文字的

competence n. 能力competent a. 胜任的imcompetent a. 没有能力的performance 实际的行为

New words and expressions

intelligence 智力

intelligent cute intellectual a.智力的 n.知识分子

pass on 衡量

(1)He passes on(=pass away=die)委婉语

(2)衡量judge:to pass on 如:to pass on one's intelligence

(3)pass for 被认为不能用被动,只能用主动

(4)pass 过了 pass grade

reliance 信赖,依靠

(1)rely=depend He relies on his parents.(parasite:寄生虫)(drag:负担)

(2)reliant reliable值得信赖的 self-reliant自力更生

(=self-dependent)

working 起作用的

pill:药丸 dose:剂 Dose is working. efficient:指人效率很高,做事麻利effective有效果的

The pill does.

a wide variety 各种各样a wide variety of goods . various variant：变化的variantion变化 very colored/formed

mult- multifunctional multinational multilateral talks bilateral：双边会谈

as a result of 由于…结果

As a result of his good performance, he got pay rise. Pay cut 减薪consequence in result后面一定不能出现of

He performed well; in result he got a pay rise. in consequence act 法案

pass bill motion pay bills act：第1幕，第1

场 Today we got an act of got.

He always put on an act.摆谱

foundation 基金 Peking Normal University 北京师范大

学 missionary

available 可用的

Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you available?

Are you available for a chat?

Is your bicycle available?

avail I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy. avail myself of 利用…的机会

make use of ；take advantage of

accommodate 容纳

The hall can accommodate 600 people. accommodate oneself to 适应

accommodating accommodation：住所 boarding and lodging

at most 最多 at least

counteract 抵消

counteractclockwise逆时针转counterintelligence反情

报 counterrevolution neutralize

act against

specialization 专门化

specialize speciality major

I specialize in chemistry. specialization 专业化

synthesize 综合 sympathy syndrome 并发症 synchronize同步分verbal 文字的 oral 口头 verbal expression ;oral expression competence 能力

competent incompetent没有能力的 performance 实际的行为Notes on the text

British education system 第1段只有一句话主语-the fact 谓语-does not prevent us 同位语

从句 nor：否定连接 passed on：衡量 useful ,working两个词相近 placing 和finding 并列

place….on….放置…..在上面=put reliance依赖

引号里表示抽象的东西

superior inferior

even though we are not sure ….is，

nor what is passed on….,and placing…文中更为高级

even though he stole,I find him a kind hearted man.

The fact that he stole,does not prevent me from finding him a kind hearted man.

tests第1段形成文章的主题。

sample：样品，受试者 subjects puzzle 拼字游戏

of various kinds- various kinds of puzzles and problems

ability toability in 后面跟名词 ability to：不定式photograph He has ability to take a photos. ability in photograph y

have taken 主句是将来时一般都用if we take

第一个动词：take 第二个动词：allow

如果一个写作者要强调两个动词的先后顺序，就可以用完成时替代

if I master English,I will go abroad. I have master……predict：预测

he will reach—后置定语

occupation：职业 representative

make full use of his ability 人尽其才 potential

it will allow us ：我们就会，我们能够 it—test 客观性

we can—主体在"我"，主观性强

科普性文章一般用passive

We can obtain the results. The results are obtained.

became of became：系动词 be of importance

secondary schooling 中学教育

谓语：became available except

主题一定是围绕"intelligence"开始

secondary schooling ：12-18岁 higher education：19-23 岁elementary high school：junior high school, senior high school nine year compulsory education high tax all free compulsory courses ：必修课 optional/selective courses grammar schools：文法学校 technical schools：技校

since:由于 accommodate:容纳 approximately:about

test eleven-plus:11岁以上 selection:选拔制度

Narrowly:狭隘的 academic—只侧重书面考试

quite rightly:有理由认为 heavily weighted

highly-academic 高度学术性的学校 test oriented 应试教育academically biased homes biased:偏侧重于

scholal:学者，学术 scholastically biased homes :书香门第

My mom is biased toward my sister.

were felt to be :被人们感觉到

The weather is felt to be uncomfortable.强调感受

intelligence testsdevised :被设计 specialization:专业化intelligence tests 侧重 universal ability 应试的方向问题assess:评估的意思general ability:综合能力 random:随意progressive:递进 gravity 重力

think:思想-----reason:推理-----judge:判断-----analyse:分析

-----synthesize:综合

更侧重于practical

连缀，两个以上如果做名词修饰，可以置后连缀词可以做后置定语

complementary:互补 question:质问

西方教育强调free talk 第1段做为重点

ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds

have taken it will allow us

This became of particular importance 系表结构+of结构grammar school became available to

eleven-plus were felt…...to be heavily weighted in favour of ……

highly-academic academically biased

scholastically-acquired think,reason,judge,analyse,synthesize

Lesson 18 The Social Foundation of Science

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is c arried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits al l those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamen tal nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them s ecret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are s ought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents ca n be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but k ept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical indust ries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goe s to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtai ning technical or scientific books from libraries because they are u nwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trac e the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

New words and expressions

weigh 起作用

igh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight. How much do you w eight?

much.这相当重要=matters

in favor of load in favor of

ghed against load/be loaded against

plaintiff

) efficient高效的 effect：come into effect, take effect

(1) 称重：I we

What is your weight?

(2)起作用：It weighs

(3)对谁有利： weigh in favor of be weighed

be loaded in favor of

(4)对谁不利：be wei

The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant.(被告) 原告：effectiveness 成效

work.,effective(有效果的

in so far as 因此

since, in that, as for as sb, is concerned

赞成：agree ,support ,stant by your side

inquiry 调查研究

investigation(case)

examination(有症结所在作为前提)

check(不清楚有无毛病)

research(科研)

inquiry into(scientific)

inquire into sth. 对案件调查(scientific,a case)

inquire about(formal)

inquire after sb. 惦记某人

considerably相当地程度词

considerate:体贴的，考虑周到的

=sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative

considerable+sth.

I make considerable money.(=substantial)

positive 确实的

The result is positive. His words are positively right.

He is positive in the class.(active)(活跃、积累) positive:成阳性的patent vt. 获得…专利权

My invention is patented=I’ll/I’d like to patent my invention.

获得专利：take out a patent 专利局 patent office 专利人：patentee专利许可者：patentor

(adj.)明显的，显著的=obvious It is patent that he loves the girl. seek for 寻求

seek for freedom/seek truth求是/seek for true love/seek for justice 寻求正义/

seek after（指人）He is much sought after.他很抢手，红得发紫The book is sought after. 畅销

分词:sought

chance 偶然性的

It is my chance discovery.

Chance companion 萍水相逢

偶然发现的东西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there.

extent 程度

to some extent

agent 情报人员

be likely to…可能it/sb.+likely/it+possible 可能性：likelihood weight against 不利heavily 副词

general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性 atmosphere:氛围，气氛 it —research

One …,the other the tack of freedom of the individual research wo rker.

只有并列结构可以省掉谓语

My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse.

lack of freedom 没有自由度(个体区别)

general atmosphere(大环境)

research worker:研究者

In so far as 由于，因为

limit=prevent:阻止，限制 engaged in---后置定语 limit from 阻止effective 有效的fellow scientists 同行often enough 平凡contact with 保持联系(v.)contact me (n.)keep contact with me vary v.变化It varies from one family to another. 家家情况都不同be of 结构general 普遍的fundamental 基础的

such…that

a positive advantage 主语to them 对他们而言

it---not to keep them secret (形式主语)

be open to any advice and suggestion 请多斧正yet—转折processs 研究过程

such research---general and fundamental

are sought for 被追求

with complete secrecy 表示状语

until 直到

apply to 应用于

chance discoveries:偶然的发现

part 作用

highly predictable 高度可预测性

nature 本性，特点

have great difficulty in obtaining

technical or scientific books from libraries…..

willing to do sth.

Have taken out 借书

for fear (一见这个词就是虚拟语气)唯恐，担心=in case,lest

+(should) do

Have a difficulty in在这里=unwilling to do sth. 不愿做

I have a difficulty shopping with you.= I am unwilling to shop with you. 第一句强调客观性，第二句强调主观性

trace踪迹

so as not to(口语)

trace=find 发现trace the route:寻觅踪迹

undertaking(carry out) 从事Cheshire郡=county

The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher. 主语it—resarch lim

limit from :阻止 contact 交流 effective有效的 fellow scientists 同行

often enough 平凡 firm公司

contact with保持联系 (v.) co

touch keep in tuch

vary变化=is diffient

be of 结构 general普遍的，基础的 fundamental基础such…..that

a positive adv

to them 对他们而言

it---not to keep them se

be open to any advice and suggestion

yet—转折 process研究过程

are sought for被追求表示状语：with complete secrecy

until:直到 industries:各个行业

where…..---表原因 chance di

part：作用 they do---chance discoveries

highly predictable高度可预测性 go to达

such….that如此,以至于 nature本性，特点

for instance 比如说（插入语）

have great difficulty in obtaining t

他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍

difficulty=trouble have a difficulty=un

they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做

enter进入，签名sign签名=have sth. d

have taken out借书 for fear(虚拟)唯恐，担

have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做…..

I have a difficulty shopping with you.(强调客观性)

=I am unwilling to shop with you.(更强调主观性)

as 作为 for fear唯恐（一见这个词，就是虚拟

in case , lest+(should ) do

so as not to (口)

trace=find:发现

undertaking(=carry out) 从事 Cheshire:郡

to such an extent 达到如此的效果

The student goes to such an extent that at he is rude to his teacher L19 English Social Differences

A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a pr ofessional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricit ies, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride an

d shoot and cast a fly. H

e should have relatives in connection in th

e diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentl eman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing o

f politic al economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learnin

g and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for s ociety is not the virtues of the type so muc

h as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider s ufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He att ends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in t he necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is p assionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and meth od of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity c alled 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualitie s he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and th e narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imag

i native realism which admits that this is a new world to which he m ust adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he form ely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare. the army and navy and at leas t one.

New words and expressions

professional n. 职业的

cultivate vt. 培养

hobby n. 业余爱好

eccentricity n. 怪癖

cast a fly 垂钓

diplomatic service 外交部门

govern vt. 治理

adequacy n. 适当

grave a. 严重的

sufficiently ad. 充分地

inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信

devoted a. 热心的

excessive a. 过分的incurable a. 不可救药的

neotism n. 裙带关系

discount vt. 看轻

mystic a. 神秘的

entity n. 存在，本质

narrowness n. 狭隘

quality n. 品质

estate n. 社会阶层

realm n. 王国

realism n. 现实主义

adjust vt. 使适应

privilege n. 特权

relevant a. 有关的

difference n. 差异

1.professional n. 职业的通常略写为prof [反]amateur

[辨异]profession, occupation, job

profession "专业"，强调

highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer, architect

occupation: normal and general,everybody can have an occupation job不仅指工作，还可以表示干活，例如家务活。

You did a good job.

[注意]technical/vocational school 职业学校 vocation 职业

2.cultivate vt. 培养 [同]nurture, develop, foster

cultivate a hobby/habit

He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教养。

3.hobby n. 业余爱好

[辨异]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion

mania 颠狂，狂热，癖好 hobby n. 业余爱好

pastime 消遣

diversion 消遣，指转移注意力，换换脑筋。

4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd

eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的

concentric 同轴的，同心的

[辨异]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque

eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的

outlandish异国风味的,奇异的,古怪的

outlandish clothes奇装异服You are oddball.你太怪异不合群了grotesque 怪诞的，艺术、美术、文学中的怪诞派、怪异的作品5.cast a fly 垂钓[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠闲垂钓) cast a net 撒网，为了生存捕鱼lure 诱饵v. 引诱

6.diplomatic service 外交部门

airline service航空公司

travel service/agency 旅行社

diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官

He is a diplomat. 他是一个左右逢源的人。

He is a philosopher.

他是一个夸夸其谈的人。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f26248706.html,ern vt. 治理

government/governing body 政府

governor 州长

governess 女家教

benevolent government 仁政 benevolent a. 慈善的

8.adequacy n. 适当 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate

He often doubts his adequacy as a father.

=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father.

他常常怀疑他是不是够格做父亲。

[辨异]deficient, sparse, meager

deficient没有足够的，缺乏的

sparse 稀少

meager 贫乏的,不充分的,不足的 suffice vi 足够vt.使满足The food is meager for winter.

9.grave a. 严重的 n. 坟墓

[同]solemn, serious, severe

have one foot in the grave 来日不多了

grave situation 严峻的形势 gravity 地球引力，严重

10.disbelieve vt. 不相信

dis- 多做动词的反义词

disappear 消失

disbelieve 不相信

11.devoted a. 热心的

[同]committed, dedicated

devote v.

devote oneself to sth

be devoted to sth

[注意]to后面一定要用名词或动名词

He devoted himself to researches.

He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。

She is devoted to her children.

她太溺爱孩子了。

这里，devoted相当于spoil, pamper

12.excessive a. 过分的

[同]immoderate [反]moderate

Excessive studying bores/tires me.

过多的学习使我厌倦/疲惫不堪。

Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health.

过度吸烟有害健康。

Excessive smoking is dangerous.

extreme 极端的

13.incurable a. 不可救药的

cure 治疗

cure sb 为某人治病

cure sb of 治某人的……病

curable 可治疗的

to breathe one's last 奄奄一息

He is beyond cure/remedy.

他不行了/不可救了。

引申为他不可救药了。=He is rotten to the core.

People heat him to death.

人们都恨死他了。

I'm hungry to death.

我都快饿死了。

[注意]不能说成I starve to death.

14.nepotism n. 裙带关系It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man in the high position or promoting the people closest to

him

backdoor "后门"

15.discount vt. 看轻

count 数

I count on him. 我看重/器重他。

discount 打折以物做宾语

I discount what he sales.

contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做宾语

16.mystic a. 神秘的,带有宗教色彩

mysterious则不带宗教色彩

occult 神秘的，玄妙的

supernatural 超自然的

metaphysical 形而上学的

Garden of Eden 伊甸园

nether world 阴间

heavenly world 天堂

17.narrowness n. 狭隘

He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狭窄。

He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted. 他目光短浅。

narrow escape 九死一生

18.quality n. 品质

He is a man of quality. 他是一个高尚的人。

a lady of quality 贵妇

19.estate n. 社会阶层，房地产

class, hierarchy, stratification 都有阶层的意思。

real estate 不动产

personal estate 动产

estate agent 房地产商

20.realm n. 王国(抽象概念)

kingdom 具体概念

mental realm 思想境界

literature realm 文学界

flim/movie realm 电影界

[辨异]estate, domaln, sphere

estate 社会阶层

domain n. 领域

domain name 域名

sphere 球，球形，球体，球面，范围，领域

realism n. 现实主义

realistic 现实主义的性格

realist 现实主义者[反]idealist理想主义者

21.adjust vt. 使适应

adjust oneself to new environment

be adjust to

He is well adjusted. 他好相处。

22.privilege n. 特权，英国英语常用

有特权的人，例如

mp(member of parliament)议员

privileged class 特权阶层

underprivileged class 弱势阶层

privileged car/cab 专车

23.relevant a. 有关的

be relevant to 和…

24.difference n. 差异

make no difference 没关系

It makes no difference wheather you come or not.

make difference 关系重大

different from（英式英语）=different than (美式英语)

Notes on the text

1.A gentleman is, rather than does.

绅士不是通过行为做到的。这里的意思是绅士是与生俱来的，是骨子里的东西。

2.in a professional way=professional

3.be allowed：绅士这一阶层受社会的约束，不是随便什么都可以做的。

practise:从事

practise law= to be a lawyer

practise medicine= to be a doctor

vocation: 职业

=to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse

He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must no t practise a vocation.

这句话的意思是：绅士是绝对不能脱离他的阶层，不允许

mix with the masses(与大众为伍),否则就会很庸俗。

4.ride:骑马 navy:海军 army:陆军

5.rule:治国

6.political economy:政治经济学

less about:更不要提=not to mention/not to speak of

I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂数学，就更别提英语了。

7.learning:学术sport:指前面说的" ride and shoot and cast a fly"

8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:

社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物不无美德，而是他们是否胜任其职务。

set for society:做后置定语virtue:品德

the type= the kind= the class 阶层

so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but

His success is not by talent so much as by energy.

他的成功不是来自天赋而是来自勤奋。

It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them.

重要的不是时间而是如何利用它。

It is the man that behind the gun tells.

胜败在人而不在武器。

adequate:能力

function:功能

9.arise= appear,常搭配副词here, there

want：需求

pursue: 追求

10.attend to= be concerned with 关注

attend to 后面只能跟名词、动名词

While I am out/away, please attend to my house.

当我不在时，请帮我照看一下家。11.in finance and method of production:金融和生产方法

12.widespread: 普遍的

discounting ability:轻视才能entity 特质

character= nature

in a gentleman's mouth:在绅士的嘴里

the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己传统上所拥有的品质

13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社会职责

be loyal to 对……忠诚narrowness 狭隘

have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the real m:已把自己放到这个王国中

的基本社会阶层的对立面上去。

range: 排列range against: 作对

incapable of that imaginative realism:无法接受充满想像力的现实

14.admit= demand 要求

institution= custom 社会习俗

he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作为……的权力

took as= regard as 看待

took as of 是古英语用法，相当于今天的took as

he is taken as a black sheep.

他被看作是害群之马。

right:权利

he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通过提供证据说明此项权力与社会福利直接有关才能得到

15.Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochi n with the Star of India in 1903

1903:派往印度的总督Curzon勋爵授予印度本土国王Cochin"印度之星"。

invest in:投资 invest with:授予 Lord:爵士，勋爵

L20 Man, the Unknown

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory up on the physiological and mental state of the workers has been com pletely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of t he maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It h as expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human bein gs who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensi ons of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtainin g the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of hu man beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way o f living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dw elling,they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities o f life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark,

narrow streets full of petrol fumes,coal dust, and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxi-cabs, lorries and buses, and thronged cease lessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

New words and expressions

physiological a. 生理的

mental a. 精神的

neglect vt. 忽视

expand vi. 扩张

consideration n. 考虑

effect n. 影响

descendent n. 子孙，后代

mode n. 方式

existence n. 生存

impose vt. 强加

with no regard for 不关心

deprive vt. 剥夺

skyscraper n. 摩天大楼

tenant n. 租户

gigantic a. 巨大的

civilize vi. 使文明

luxury n. 豪华 dwelling n. 住所

monstrous a. 畸形的

edifice n. 大厦

petrol fumes 汽油味

monstrous a. 畸形的

edifice n. 大厦 petrol fumes 汽油味

ceaselessly ad. 不停地

1.physiological a. 生理的

physics/physical+ biology/biological

motel 汽车旅馆 motor+ hotel

smog 烟雾 smoke+ fog

biochemisty 生化 biology+ chemistr

anthrax 炭疽热

2.mental a. 精神的

mental work 脑力劳动

mental worker 脑力劳动者

physical/manual work 体力劳动

mental ground 思想境界

mental outlook 精神面貌

mental/natural age 心理/真实年龄

mental patient 精神病人

mental hospital 精神病院

mentality n. 智力

3.neglect vt. 忽视

[辨异]neglect, ignore

She is neglected at the party. 宴会上人们都没有注意到她。（客观）

She is ignored at the party. 宴会上人们都不理她。（主观，人们明明看见她了可是都故意不理她。）

4.expand vi. 扩张

expansion n. 扩充，开展，膨胀，扩张物，辽阔，浩瀚consideration n. 考虑

take all into consideration 把一切都考虑在内

My father/dad doesn't give the consideration to me.

我父亲根本就考虑不到我。

5.effect n. 影响

[辨异]effect, influence, impact

effect (直观的，可以目睹的)影响

influence （潜移默化的，看不见的）影响

impact （突然的，瞬时的）影响

6.descendent n. 子孙，后代

descend v. 下去ascend v. 上升

ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗

I'm a Chinese descendent.

我是炎黄子孙。

offspring n. 儿女，子孙，后代没有复数

posterity n. 子孙，后裔没有复数

successor n. 继承人，继任者

7.mode n. 方式

mode of existence 生存方式

live a mouth-to-hand existence 生活过得不富裕

make ends meet 勉强维持生活

8.impose vt. 强加

impose on （注意介词是on）

wield(挥舞) on

My dad is imposing. 我爸爸威严无比。

9.with no regard for 不关心

The boss ran his business with no regard for the welfare of the wor kers. 老板开工厂从不关心工人的利益。

10.skyscraper n. 摩天大楼

towering building 高耸入云的，象塔一样

highrise 高层的，高层建筑的

The is no scarcity of skyscraper in New York.

纽约到处都是高楼大厦。

11.gigantic a. 巨大的（体积）

giant adj. 巨大的，庞大的

Yaoming is a gaint.

giant panda 大熊猫

huge adj. （体积）庞大

vast adj. （面积）巨大

volume n. 体积titanic=colossal

12.civilize vi. 使文明

civilization n. 文明

civil adj. 全民的，市民的

savage adj. 野蛮的，野性的

13.luxury n. 豪华

luxuriant adj. 丰产的，丰富的，肥沃的，奢华的

The lady bought so many luxuries. 这个女人买了很多奢侈品。

14.dwelling n. 住所抽象概念 only used in formal

city dweller 城市人

residence n. 居住，住宅 inhabitant 居民

resident adj. 居住的; n. 居民 reside+at比较正式

inhabit v. 居住，栖息n. 民族部落torrid area 热带

新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版

L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. New words and expressions recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 portray：描述 saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人 fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民１）migrant ２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.　读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

【第二次修订完全版】新概念英语第二册笔记pdf(96课全)

目录 Lesson 1 A private conversation 私人谈话 (4) Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐 (11) Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 (16) Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行 (21) Lesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞 (25) Lesson 6 Percy Buttons 珀西.巴顿斯 (31) Lesson 7 Too late 为时太晚 (38) Lesson 8 The best and the worst最好的和最差的 (44) Lesson 9 A cold welcome 冷遇 (49) Lesson 10 Not for jazz不适于演奏爵士乐 (55) Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another礼尚往来 (60) Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck 再见，一路顺风 (64) Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys 绿林少年 (68) Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？ (74) Lesson 15 Good news 佳音 (80) Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求 (85) Lesson 17 Always young 青春常驻 (90) Lesson 18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！ (96) Lesson 19 Sold out 票已售完 (99) Lesson 20 One man in a boat 独坐孤舟 (104) Lesson 21 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？ (110) Lesson 22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封 (115) Lesson 23 A new house 新居 (119) Lesson 24 It could be worse 不幸中之万幸 (122) Lesson 25 Do the English speak English? 英国人讲的是英语吗？ (125) Lesson 26 The best art critics 最佳艺术评论家 (130) Lesson 27 A wet night 雨夜 (136) Lesson 28 No parking 禁止停车 (143) Lesson 29 Taxi! 出租汽车！ (149) Lesson 30 Football or polo？足球还是水球？ (154) Lesson 31 Success story 成功者的故事 (159) Lesson 32 Shopping made easy 购物变得很方便 (165) Lesson 33 Out of the darkness 冲出黑暗 (171) Lesson 34 Quick work 破案“神速” (177) Lesson 35 Stop thief! 捉贼 (180) Lesson 36 Across the Channel 横渡海峡 (186) Lesson 37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会 (193) Lesson 38 Everything except the weather 唯独没有考虑到天气 (198) Lesson 39 Am I all right? 我是否痊愈? (203) Lesson 40 Food and talk 进餐与交谈 (208) Lesson 41 Do you call that a hat? 你把那个叫帽子吗？ (213)

裕兴新概念英语第一册笔记完整版[1]

裕兴新概念英语第一册笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg. It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。） ?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法 这个短语经常被译作“对不起”，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作“劳驾”。1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I bor row your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿 eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示“对不起”。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思 ?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1)adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答） ?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示“什么事”。 ?eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ ?is v. be 动词现在时第三人称单数 ?be : is am are ?is 用于单数名词或单数第三人称代词。 ?eg. He is a student. 他是一个学生。 ?eg. That?s an egg. 那是一个鸡蛋。（That?s= That is）

新概念英语第一册笔记(完整版)

新概念英语第一册 笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg. It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。）?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法 这个短语经常被译作“对不起”，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作“劳驾”。 1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I borrow your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示“对不起”。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者 I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思 ?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1)adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答）?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示“什么事”。 ?eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ ?is v. be 动词现在时第三人称单数 ?be : is am are ?is 用于单数名词或单数第三人称代词。 ?eg. He is a student. 他是一个学生。 ?eg. That?s an egg. 那是一个鸡蛋。（That?s= That is） ?eg. This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 ?your 你的，你们的（物主代词后面加名词）?your key 你的钥匙 ?eg. This is your key. 这是你的钥匙。 ?eg. That is your book. 那是你的书。 ?your room 你们的房间 ?eg. That is your room. 那是你们的房间。 ?pardon 原谅，请再说一遍 ?pardon=pardon me=I beg your pardon? 能再说一遍吗？ ?eg. Is this your pencil? 这是你的铅笔吗？ --Yes, it is. 是的，它是。（it 指代 pencil） ?thank you 感谢你（们） 2）you 代词（你，你们） 主格-----作主语 ?eg. You are a good student. 你是一个好学生。 宾格------作宾语

新概念英语第二册笔记_第40课

Lesson 40 Food and talk进餐与交谈 Was Mrs. Rumbold a good companion at dinner? Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold. Mrs. Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating. I tried to make conversation. 'A new play is coming to "The Globe" soon,' I said. 'Will you be seeing it?' 'No,' she answered. 'Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. 'Will you be staying in England?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner. 'Young man,' she answered, 'if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner!" 参考译文 在上星期的一次宴会上，女主人安排我坐在兰伯尔德夫人的身旁。兰伯尔德夫人是一位身材高大、表情严肃的女人，穿一件紧身的黑衣服。当我在她身旁坐下来的时候，她甚至连头都没有抬一下。她的眼睛盯着自己的盘子，不一会儿就忙着吃起来了。我试图找个话题和她聊聊。 “一出新剧要来‘环球剧场’上演了，”我说，“您去看吗？” “不，”她回答。 “您今年去国外度假吗？”我又问。 “不，”她回答。 “您就呆在英国吗？”我问。 “不，”她回答。 失望之中我问她饭是否吃得满意。 “年轻人，”她回答说，“如果你多吃点，少说点，我们两个都会吃得好的！” —、单词讲解New words and expressions host 1)n．待客的主人 hostess 女主人 the host nation 东道国，主办国 例: China is the host nation of the 2008 0lympic Games. 中国时2008奥运会的主办国。

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

The modern city 现代城市 In the organization of industrial life the in?uence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the arti?cial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants of?ces and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edi?ces and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ?一理理的 代 ?人造的?生存?方式隺加规模 I 平庸的 ?一倒夺巨?大的?大厦南满拥塞without any idea of 完全忽视without giving any consideration to

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第82课

Lesson 82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？ 【New words and expressions】（7） monster n. 怪物sailor n. 海员 sight v. 见到creature n. 动物，生物peculiar adj. 奇怪的，不寻常的 shining adj. 闪闪发光的oarfish n. 桨鱼 ★ monster （1）n. 怪物 a one-eyed monster獨眼怪物 eg：A dragon is a fabulous monster . 龍是一個傳說中的怪物 （2）巨大物、（做形容詞）巨大 eg：The spaceship was a real monster . 巨大的宇宙飛船 a monster pumpkin 南瓜 monstrous adj. 畸形的, 怪異的, 巨大的 a monstrous iceberg 巨大的冰山 monstrously adv. ひどく、非常に ★ sailor （1）n. 海员、水手 eg：His father is a sailor . （2）乘船的人（與adj. 連用） a good sailor 不暈船的人←→ a bad sailor 暈船的人 sail（同音詞sale）（1）n. 帆put up a sail 揚帆 （2）n.航行、航程go for a sail 乘船去航行 eg：It’s a forty-minute sail from Dove to Calais . 從多佛到加來需45分鐘的航行 in full sail 以全速；set sail 啟航 （3）v. 揚帆、航行，（使）行使 eg：The yacht sailed around the cape . 那艘遊艇繞岬航行。 eg：He sailed his boat into the harbor . 他將船直接駛向港口。 eg：Can you sail a yacht ？你會駕駛遊艇？ sail close to the wind 幾乎犯法;冒風險 sailing n. 航海；sailing boat （英）帆船（美：sail boat）★ sight （1） v. 见到 eg：They sighted land at last . 他們終於看見陸地了 （2）n. 視力、視覺 near sighted ＝short sighted 近視 far sighted ＝long sighted 遠視 lose one’s sight 失明 （3）n. 視野 go out of sight 從視線消失、看不見了；come in sight 映入眼簾in sight 看得見，被見到；在望，在即 eg；I caught sight of his tall figure in the crowd . 在人群中我看見他高大的身影。

(完整版)新概念英语第一册笔记完整版

新概念英语第一册笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg.It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。） ?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法 这个短语经常被译作―对不起‖，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作―劳驾‖。 1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I borrow your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿 eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示―对不起‖。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1) adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答） ?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示―什么事‖。? eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ --我准备把它带给我的姐姐。 I‘m going to take it to my sister.

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记 1 fossil man (化石人) Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 fossil man adj. 化石人 recount v. 叙述 saga n. 英雄故事 legend n. 传说，传奇 migration n. 迁移，移居 anthropologist n. 人类学家 archaeologist n. 考古学家

新概念英语第二册笔记_第67课

Lesson 67 Volcanoes 火山 【Text 】 Haroun T azieff, the Polish scientist, has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro. Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. It threatened to surround him completely, but T azieff managed to escape just in time. He waited until the volcano became quiet and be was able to return two days later . This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. Tazieff has often risked his life in this way. He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. 【课文翻译】 波兰科学家哈罗恩·塔捷耶夫花了毕生的精力来研究世界各地的活火山和深洞。1948年他去了刚果的基伍湖，对一座后来被他命名为基图罗的新火山进行观察。当火山正在猛烈地喷发时，塔捷耶夫有办法把帐篷搭在离它非常近的地方。尽管他设法拍了一些十分精彩的照片，但他却不能在火山附近停留太长的时间。他发现有一股岩浆正向他流过来，眼看就要将他团团围住，但塔捷耶夫还是设法及时逃离了。他等到火山平静下来，两天以后又返回去。这次他设法爬进了基图罗火山口，以便能拍摄照片和测试温度。塔捷耶夫经常冒这样的生命危险。他能告诉我们的有关活火山的情况比任何在世的人都要多。 New words and expressions 生词和短语 【生词讲解】 1. volcano n. 火山 (volcanoes) an active volcano 活火山 a dormant volcano 休眠火山 violently adv. 猛烈地，剧烈地 manage v. 设法 brilliant adj. 精彩的 liquid [5likwid] adj. 液态的；n. 液体 escape v. 逃脱 alive adj. 活着的

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记打印版本

Lesson 1 A private conversation 【New words and expressions】 ★private ① adj. 私人的 private life 私生活private school 私立学校 ② adj. 普通的private citizen 普通公民 I‘m a private citizen. (citizen n. 公民) private soldier 大兵《Private Ryan》《拯救大兵瑞恩》) public adj. 公众的，公开的(private的反义词) public school 公立学校public letter 公开信 public place 公共场所privacy n.隐私 It‘s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的) ★conversation n.谈话 have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式subject of conversation 话题 They are having a conversation. talk 内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人 Let‘s have a talk. dialogue 对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈 China and Korea are having a dialogue. chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的―侃‖，无关紧要的事。 gossip 嚼舌头, 说长道短 ★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧cinema n.电影院 ★seat n.座位 have a good seat/place，这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair. take a seat/take your seat 坐下来, 就坐 Is the seat taken? 这个位置有人吗? 请坐的3种说法: Sit down, please. (命令性) Take your seat, please. Be seated, please. (更礼貌) 作为动词的seat与sit的区别 sit(sat，)vi. 就座He is sitting there.他坐在那儿。 seat vt.让某人就座Seat yourself. seat sb. 让某人就坐，后面会加人 You seat him.你给他找个位置. When all those present(到场者)_D_ he began his lecture.A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated sit down 坐下；be seated=take a seat 就坐 ★angry adj. 生气的 ★angrily adv. 生气的angry =cross I was angry. /He was cross. annoyed: 恼火的; be blue in the face 脸上突然变色 程I was annoyed. 度I was angry/cross. 加I was very angry. 深I am blue in the face. (脸色都青了,相当生气) ★attention n. 注意 Attention ,please. 请注意(口语) pay attention 注意pay attentio n to … 对……注意 You must pay attention to that girl. pay a little attention 稍加注意pay much attention 多加注意pay more attention 更多注意pay no attention 不用注意pay close attention 特别注意 ★bear(bore, born) v. 容忍 ① vt. 承受，支撑，承担，负担 Can the ice bear my weight? Who will bear the cost? 谁来承担这笔费用？ ② vt. 忍受(与can/could连用于疑问及否定句中) She eats too fast. I can‘t bear to watch/watching her. How can you bear living in this place?