南京大学2000-2016年历年考博英语真题翻译题汇编

2000年4月

1. 培根(F. Bacon)对作为理论思考出发点的事例有明确要求，即不仅在量的方面要求数理充分和种类齐全，而且在质的方面会具有确实性和能够启发理智的典型事例。培根在科学方法上强调要收集事实资料，又要用观念消化改造资料。

2. 加快经济结构的战略性调整，是当前扩大内需，促进经济增长的迫切要求，也是适应我国经济发展阶段性变化，应对日趋激烈的国际竞争的根本性措施。这种调整既要解决当前的突出问题，更要着眼于长远发展，提高国民经济的整体素质，促进经济再上新台阶。

3. 这几年来，我都一直密切注意贵实验室的研究动态和成果，这次能会议上与您相识感到非常高兴。希望我们以后能保持联系，以便经常交换意见与信息，随函寄上我们以往发表的成果目录，其中如果您感兴趣的著作或论文，请来信告知。

4. 12月1日的电子信函以收悉，非常感谢您再一次为我的论文提供宝贵的资料，我已把这些资料用于答辩审稿人的批评意见。另外，我又按编辑对格式的要求把文章修改了一遍，送请一位美籍教授把英文进行了润色，估计这一稿能被《社会与文化》杂志录用。

丰富奇异的创新思维想象是在丰富广泛的知识层面上产生的，不同的知识组合在一起，形成广阔的知识意义空间。意义多样的知识块之间的相关性也是多种多样的。这就容易在不同知识之间的空隙中留下使人想象的余地，使各种不同意义之间的转化、贯通和转变成为可能，使思想主体在思维空间中传播知识的不同意义予以拓展与延伸，不断激活思维的创造潜力，建立主体知识的优化结构，对于创新思维极为重要。基础知识起着制约、选择、吸收和其他筛选相关的作用，专业化和知识决定着创新思维的创新性、集中性和方向明确性。创新思维不是封闭静止僵化的，而是处于不断开放状态中。随着实践变化和认识发展的不断变化的信息，以此来赋予自身结构自我更新、自我完善发展的性质，从而促进创新思维活动功能的发挥。

从笛卡儿(Rene Descartes)等人的论述种可以看出，当时的假说演绎法主要是关于科学定律或理论的发现方法。在这种方法看来，科学探索过程表现为这样一个过程：科学研究者为了解释某观察现象的机理，先提出猜测性假说，并从这些假说中演绎出一些推论、然后又考察这些推论是否能被观察到。如果这些推论是真实的，那么便可确定该假说是真实的，进而使可认为该假说使科学定律或科学理论；否则，不可被认为是科学定律或者科学理论。

1. 实验性科学的研究是在实验室中进行的，实验室需要越来越大的队伍来操作仪器，仔细检查结果；而做数学研究除了纸张和藏书丰富的图书馆，几乎不

想要别的什么。因此那种在实验性科学中实行的具体协作工作，在数学研究

中相当罕见。

2. 改革开放20年来，我国的社会经济结构发生了显著变化，具体表现在：高度集权的计划经济体制逐步为市场体制所代替，第二三产业的总产值和就业人口比重迅速上升，非农产业的结构高度化带来了职业结构的上向移动，多元化的所有制结构开始形成，城市化水平随着社会经济的发展不断提高等。

3. 感谢大会组委会让我做八分钟的报告，并安排了半小时的问答时间。我将在报告里简要地描述一下我们关于X课题进行地研究以及我们得出地结论。欢迎在座的各位在问答阶段多提问题。至于一些具体数据，请大家参看我们的展板。

4. X协会是由多学科组成的学术团体，涵盖社会学、政治学、建筑学等领域。本协会将于2001年1月举办第四届年会，主题为“新千年的社会发展”，请于2000年12月前以电子方式将文摘提交给秘书处。尤为欢迎跨学科的论文和研讨会提案

Science depends on an individual's observing facts, collecting data, and coming to his own conclusions about how to organize the data. However, it is also necessaryfor the individual scientist to communicate his findings and explanations to others.Science is not a game of solitaire; it has many participants. In a very real sense onedoes not have a scientific explanation until he can convince other scientists that he has

an explanation. Not only must an individual make up his own mind; he must alsoconvince other scientists that his explanation is valid.

The reasons for the necessary of convincing others of a position are threefold.First, by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation, the scientist has tospell out in a clear manner what the data are, what the explanation is, and what thereason are for believing the explanation. The scientist himself may gain new insightsfrom this intellectual activity. In spelling out a position, a scientist on many occasionsfinds new and unexpected problems in his explanation, and he may thus find furtherwork necessary to clarify his position. In order to present a position to others, ascientist must evaluate his position objectively. Insights accompanied by feelings ofexhilaration are not enough. They are not always associated with valid explanations.During the objective evaluation and formulation, the scientist may convince himselfthat an interpretation which he thought valid is not. Of course, evaluation does notalways lead to disenchantment with the tentative explanation. The scientist may, to hisdelight, find that he can extend the explanation into unexpected areas, or that slightmodification will enable him to do so.

1. 理论之间的竞争主要表现为不同学派之间的竞争，因此一个学派为了使自己的理论保持生命力，不得不在选择课题、培养人才、扩大自己的研究成果等方面投入更多的精力，从而促进了科学的发展。

2. 经济、社会、文化权利是人权的重要组成部分。多年来，中国政府提倡人权

的普遍性原则和中国的具体国情，在依法保障人民的公民权利和政治权利的同时，努力实现人民的生存权和发展权，较大地提高了人民享受经济、社会和文化权利的水平，使中国的人权状况呈现了前所未有的全面改善和不断发展的态势。

3. 2001年2月3日的电子信函已收悉，信中告知我的题为《二十一世纪全球环境变化趋势》一文的文摘被大会组委会接受，谨在此表示感谢。今致此函询问

会议的具体时间和地点以及是否有减免注册费的可能性。望早日得到您的答复。

4. 随函寄上我的简历及由我的系主任和另外一位教授写的推荐信。希望我的条

件符合到贵系做博士后研究的要求。贵系在物理学界享有世界声誉，如能得

到这一研究机会，将会对我及我所在的实验室的今后的发展极为有利。如需

进一步了解我的情况，请尽管同我或两位推荐人联系。

2001年11月

Economics involves the study of topics. Economic factory are major concerns in government’s decisions about how much to spend and for what purposes, and howmuch to raise in taxes and who should be taxed as well as in their evaluations of theconsequences of war, peace, and dismount. Urban slums, job discrimination, unequaleducational opportunities, and civil rights have important consequences for all of usfor both those who are discriminated against and those who are not. As a still moreglobal level, economic factors are involved in birth, health, death, populates growth,and the dynamics of history.

In fact, probably without exception, each topic in economics not only touchessomewhere on your own personal life but it also important to some current economicproblems of government on social policy and is, at the same time, involved in thelong-range concerns of human history. The common thread that runs through all ofthese topics, binding them together into a coherent body of study, is that one way oranother each deals with the way society produces and uses goods and services.Practically nothing that we eat, wear, or use comes to us directly from nature.

A loafof bread is the end result of long series of operations that begins with planting andharvesting grain and proceeds through milling, baking, and shipping to the point at which the housewife can pick the loaf off the grocer’s she lf. The driver filling his lankat a services station is taking the final step in a long chain of treatment, refining andstorage. The same is generally true of all goods.

The process of bridging the gap between the original resources of nature andneeds of the final consumer is production. Production includes any activity that makesgoods and services available to people. It is not restricted to work on tangible physicalcommodities, but encompasses services as well Doctors, lawyers, teachers, andbarbers are productive, as are actors, musicians, entertainers, and others who performservices for our benefit.

1. 一般来说，理论争论的双方总是较易发现对方的错误，较难发现自己的错误。通过争论双方不仅可以在问题的角度、方法等方面短长互见，更重要的是人们往往能通过争论把两种对立理论有机的结合起来，进而建立更科学更系统化的理论。

2. 中国公民依法享有从事科学研究、文艺创作和其它文化活动的权利和自由。为使公民的文化权利得到切实保障，国家颁布实施了一些列文化法律、法规。并通过不断努力，发展各项文化事业，满足了广大人民群众不断增长的文化生活需要，也为公民的文化权利的实现创造了良好的条件。

3. 我对贵系实验室目前所作的研究课题非常感兴趣，随函寄上我的简历及由我的系主任和另外一位教授写的推荐函。希望我的条件符合到贵系作博士后研究的要求。如需进一步了解我的情况，请尽管给我或两位推荐人写信或打电话。

4. 我们从事此项研究领域已多年，因而对贵方的研究资料非常感兴趣。如有可能，我方愿意用我们已发表的论文和报告以及已收集到的有关资料进行交换，此外，特致函询问有否相互交换访问学者的可能性，望早日得到您的答复。

2002年3月

1. The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a formof electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longerwavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters throughthe layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x—ray part of the spectrum, eventuallybecoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape intospace, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light andheat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, ithits the Earth.

2. It is uncontroversially true that things might have been otherwise than they are.

I believe,and so do you, that things could have been different in countless ways. But what does thismean? Ordinary language permits the paraphrase: there are many ways things could have beenbesides the way they actually are. On the face of it, this sentence is an existential quantification. Itsays that there exist many entities of a certain description, to wit, “ways things could have been”. Iprefer to call them possible worlds.

3. An observer from another planet might well be struck by the disparity between theenormous power which our age has concentrated in its external life and the inner poverty whichour art seeks to expose to view. This is, after all, the age that has all

1. 我一直认为，真正的哲学应该是创造性的。一个哲人有时可能会写一点笔记，不时还要编些史料，但其根本必须是说出别人没有想到或想到而说不出来的东西。所以，衡量哲学家的惟一尺度，只能是看他是否向人类思想宝库提了什么有价值的论见。此乃学术正果。

2. 在先秦时期的百家争鸣中，道家虽没有儒家和墨家那样众多的徒属，以及显学的地位，但这个学派对宇宙、社会和人生的独特领悟，却是其他各家所不能取代的。正因为如此，在历史的发展中，道家才呈现出永恒的价值与生命力。

3. 你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们自己的理论。

4. 语言是人类社会所特有的一种信息系统，它的传递与接受总是在现实环境中发生的，并受到现实环境的影响和支配，这种现实环境是人们进行社会交际的基础，社会中凡是使用语言的人每次都是在特定的环境中实现交际的。具体地

说，它就是说话或写作的社会环境、自然环境、作品的上下文、说话的前言后语等等。我们称之为语言环境，简称语境。

5. 他是现代语言学的奠基人。是他重新组织起对语言和语言本质的系统研究，并提出语言研究的新视角、新方法和新方向。是他使20 世纪的语言学取得了如此伟大的成就，他也因此成为举世公认的了不起的现代思想家。让我们记住他的名字——索绪尔（Sau-SSure）。

2003年3月

The recovery of US economy during the first quarter of this year has been sospectacular that it is creating a new set of risks for financial markets. The great risksare now facing the US economy center on monetary policy and the oil market.

1. 天下极神奇、极壮丽、极鲜美文字，多在道藏。偶捡一二，眼界遂异。运思运笔，率尔改常。世间何高语佛藏，曾不及此。

2. 语言时空论是语言学这门科学的一个观点。它以时空差异关注语言的流变现象，因为语言的流变基本上是由时间和空间延展在强度和性质上的差异表现出来的。它寻求以客观和精确的方式来描述和提示语言的基本概念、内在关系以及流变机理，追索有关语言的现实知识。它观察语言流变的原则和规则，不是为了证明语言是按照某种原理和规则进行流变的，而是为了更好地理解语言的真实。

3. 近年以后今后数年，对中国经济体制改革影响最大的事情，莫过于加入世界贸易组织。特别是近两年的各项改革，几乎无一不是在适应世贸组织的要求，且改革的步伐明显加快，改革也开始越来越深入到计划经济的最核心领域。因而，可以说，中国经济体制在经过了20多年的渐进改革之后，终于开始大步迈向市场经济的轨道了。

4. 实验室工作的惟一任务就是使学生养成初步的实验能力。要达到这一目的，最好的办法就是让学生在解决简单的实验问题中获得一些经验。

5. 一般情况下，本刊安收到投稿的时间先后顺序，对每一篇作品按照规定的标准进行审阅，然后决定发表或退稿，同时向作者发出通知。审阅将在收到作者投稿后2个月完成。如果作者在投稿后3个月内未收到录用通知或退稿信，可自行考虑投寄其他刊。

2003年11月

Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniquesand determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments ofproduction and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis ofnewly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are, and therewill be, many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sightfor the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a majorbreakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress forproduction and technology sooner or later.

Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on anunprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fieldsof material production an entirely new look. In particular, the development ofelectronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automationin production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number ofwork-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products thanbefore. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendousadvances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin?Mainly through the power of science ,the power of technology.

Therefore, we maintain that the development of modern science and technologyhas linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productiveforces, science and technology are coming to p1ay an even greater role than everbefore.

15 年前“知识产权”这一词基本上还未存在于美国学者和管理者的词汇中。而今这词在研究政策和方向的讨论中不断出现。学术界里知识产权这一新的重要性反映了人们对研究性大学与其周边社会之间关系的观点发生了变化。直到近来，大学里的研究都还是没能达到经济效用的需求，研究生的教育一直把学术研究作为最终目标。20 世纪80 年代后期和90代初发生了两大重要事件：柏林墙的倒塌导致军事研究经费的减少，以及人们开始强调要保持联邦预算平衡。这两件事给大学的这种安于脱离社会的心态造成了重大影响，它们开始担心联邦政府对教育经费的投入会减少。大学对此的反应是开始强调纳税人在研究拨款中的收益，并向企业寻求对研究更多的支持。知识产权便在这两项努力中起着重要的作用。人们对学校知识产权开发的兴趣日益增加，这对学生和教育方法的影响有着不可预测的影响。有人认为申请专利和技术转让可能会减弱学生对科研全心的投入,然而，刚好相反，知识产权激发了学生的兴趣并让他们更认识到其科研成果潜在的商业价值。

2004年3月

1.Ethics is a moral compass. Ideally, it should coincide with enlightenedself-interest not only to avoid jail in the short run but to avoid social upheaval inthe long run. It must be embedded early, at home, in grade school, in church. It ishighly personal. I doubt it can be taught in college

2. It comes as a surprise to most people that somet hing as familiar as “word” doesnot have a simple, straightforward definition. Speakers have no difficulty inrecognizing words. And yet to identify words is one thing, and to state the criteriaby which speakers identify them is another. As a matter of fact, there is abewildering multiplicity of different definitions, because “word” is such a basic concept Linguists used to define the word in purely or at least predominantlysemantic terms.

1. 科学家还需要许多年才能研究出对付“非典”的有效方法。医生和专家认为，在现阶段，教育和预防不失为解决这一问题的最佳方法，具有立竿见影的效果。

2. “第五次网络与社会发展国际研讨会”将于2004年12月在中国南京举行。组委会将在7月1日前发出正式邀请通知。凡得到邀请的代表可以申请往返国际旅行费补助。此次会议不收注册费，凡对会议主题感兴趣的各界人士均可参加此次会议，但非会议邀请者在会议期间的食宿自理。

3. 互联网的迅速普及，带动了一大批像亚马逊(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f47827187.html,)这类几乎互联网的公司的兴起。亚马逊自成立一来一直出于亏损状态，但其股价最高时竟达到237.50美元，这使得许多老牌的绩优公司相形见绌。该如何解释这种现象呢？

4. 我从贵校网站上查到你们这家世界著名实验室的资料，并注意到你们尚可接受2004年的博士后申请。我一直对约·史密斯研究小组的课题非常感兴趣，已在这一领域发表了10篇论文(详见简历中的文章目录)。我将于2004年6月参加博士论文答辩，非常希望在拿到博士学位后能有机会加入史密斯教授的小组继续从事这方面的研究工作。

5. 太空垃圾时人类自己酿成的苦酒，发射后的火箭、失控的卫星以及他们被撞毁后的碎片，都会变成这种危险的东西。根据1997年的估计，目前这种较大的碎块已有3500多万块，而小砂似的颗粒，则可能有几十亿之多。更可怕的

是，他们平均每年以10％的速度在增加着，而且大多在离地面200千米的空间乱飞。

2005年3月

1. Academic circles had long recognized that regulatory agencies were often “captured” by a regulated industry. The pub lic would become aroused by therevelation of an abuse in a responsive to the public interest, or at the least highlycritical of the industry. But eventually, public attention would turn to otherproblems, and only the regulated industry itself would maintain an interest in whowas appointed to the agency and what decisions it rendered. In the long run,people sympathetic to the regulated industry would be appointed to the regulatoryagency, and rulings would be made in the interest of the industry rather than inthe interest of the public.

2. In recent years there was has been considerable discussion of the relation betweenscience and the humanities. The differences in attitudes are related in part to thedifferent objective of science and the humanities. In gross terms, one objective ofscience is to achieve precise and parsimonious statements about the structure andprocess of the animate and inanimate world. Ideally, these statements allow us todescribe, understand, and predict something about that world. As stated earlier,elegance or aesthetic appeal have their place in the world of the scientist, butthese qualities can be expressed in terms of the beholder by arousing somesensual experience, emotion, or feeling. Some of these feeling are quite complexand intricate, and need developing—an activity that requires a great deal of talent.There are a number of ways in which the humanities and science are alike. One ofthe principle likenesses is the motivations for both groups.

1. 美国在1940年代崛起为军事和经济强国，他们在各个领域的卓越成就，让东方人为之神往。话虽如此，美国人却又一次转向中国文化，以丰富他们的生活。这个趋势方兴未艾。

2. 青少年人格上的缺陷反映的是教育思想和教育观念的偏差，而教育思想和教育观念的偏差往往又在传统文化观念上的误区相对应。

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其上的时间有关系。它唯一要求的是永恒，以便使广阔无垠的无限量、无终端的世界以及无限延伸的空间充满获活力。(康德)

5. 吾人在世，不可厌“今”而徒回思“过去”，梦想“未来”，以耗误差“现在”的努力；又不可以“今”境自足，毫不拿出“现在”的努力，谋“将来”的发展。宜善用“今”，以努力为“将来”之创造。

2006年3月

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endorse背书;赞同 endow赋与 endure忍受,忍耐,持久 energy精力,活力 enfold围绕,笼罩,包封 enforce加强,力劝,迫使 engage从事,忙於 engender酿成,产生 engrave刻,铭记(於心) enhance增加,提高 enjoin命令,禁止 enjoy欢喜,享受 enlist服役,从军 enrage激怒,使暴怒 enrapture使狂喜 enrich使丰富,充实,装饰 enroll入学,登记,入伍 enshrine奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud覆盖,遮蔽 enslave奴役 ensnare诱入陷阱 ensure保证 entangle使困惑,使陷入 enthrall迷住 entice吸引,引诱 entitle给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance使出神,使神魂颠倒 entreat恳求 entrench挖壕沟以保护,确立 entrust交托 envelop包围,围绕 environment环境 environs周围,郊外 envisage想像,设想 envision拟想(未来) envoy使者

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