土木工程专业英语翻译4390294866.doc

第一单元

Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration.

从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。它与创建新的实体、设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。

Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process.

工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。理想化的使用和发展建立可以确定行为的边界的程序，是过程的一部分。

Many problems, by their very nature, can’t be fully described—even after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering.

很多的问题，就其本身的性质而言，不能完全被描述——即使这一事实，在其开始之前。然而还必须找到对于这些问题可接受的工程解决方案，来满足预定的需求。直觉或判断是建立可能的替代策略、流程或解决方案的关键因素。。而这也是工程的一部分。

Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to our convenience and safeguard our health.

土木工程是工程的最多样化的分支机构之一。土木工程师计划、设计、施工，和维护大量的结构和公共、商业和工业使用的设施。这些结构包括住宅，办公室和工厂大厦；公路、铁路、机场、隧道、桥梁、港口、渠道和管道。在其他大多数的国家它们还包括运输系统许多其他设施，以及将为我们的生活带来便利的和维护我们的健康污水及废物处理系统。

The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John Smeaton, the builder of famous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymouth, England, is said to have begun calling himself a “civil engineer” to distinguish himself from the military engineers of his time. However, the profession is as old as civilization.

直到大约1750年，人们才开始使用“土木工程师”这一术语。约翰.斯密顿在英格兰普利茅斯附近，建造了著名的埃迪斯通灯塔的建造师，开始自称为“土木工程师"来将自己与当时的军事工程师区分开。然而，土木工程这个职业却像文明一样古老。

In ancient Egypt the simplest mechanical principles and devices were used to

construct many temples and pyramids that are still standing, including the great pyramid at Giza and the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. The great pyramid, 481 feet(146.6 meters)high, is made of 2.25 million stone blocks having an average weight of more than 1.5tons (1.4 metric tons). Great numbers of men were used in the construction of such monuments. The Egyptians also made obelisks by cutting huge blocks of stone, some weighing as much as 1000 tons (900 metric tons). Cutting tools of hard bronze were used.

古埃及人用最简单的机械原理和装置建造了许多至今仍矗立的庙宇和金字塔，包括吉萨大金字塔和在卡纳克的Amon-Ra的寺庙。这个大金字塔，481英尺（146.6 米）高，由2250000个石块组成，石块的平均重量超过1.5吨（1.4 吨）。建造如此的纪念性建筑使用了大量的人力。埃及人也作了一些重达1000吨(900吨)的石头的大块切割的方尖塔。硬青铜的切削刀具在其中使用到了。

The Egyptians built causeways and roads for transporting stone from the quarries to the Nile. The large blocks of stone that were erected by the Egyptians were moved by using levers, inclined planes, rollers, and sledges.

为了从采石场向尼罗河运输石材埃及人建造了长堤和道路。由埃及人竖设的大块石头通过使用拉杆、斜平面、滚子和雪橇来移动。

The Egyptians were primarily interested in the know-how of construction; They had very little interest in why-for of use .In contrast, the Greeks made great strides in introducing theory into engineering problems during the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. They developed an abstract knowledge of lines, angles, surfaces, and solids rather than referring to specific objects. The geometric base for Greek building construction included figures such as the square, rectangle, and triangle.

埃及人主要对如何建造感兴趣；他们对为什么这么使用没有什么太多的兴趣。相反，在公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪希腊人取得了巨大的进步于工程理论的推广。他们发展了线、角度、面，和实体的抽象的知识，而不是与特定的对象产生联系。希腊建筑施工的几何基础包括数字如正方形、矩形和三角形。

The Greek architekton was usually the designer, as well as the builder, of architectural and engineering masterpieces. He was an architect and engineer. Craftsmen, masons, and sculptors worked under his supervision. In the classical period of Greece all important buildings were built of limestone or marble; the Parthenon, for example, was built of marble.

希腊建筑师通常是建筑工程杰作的设计师同时也是建造师。他既是一个建筑师也是工程师。工匠、石匠和雕塑家在他的监督下工作。在希腊古典时期所有重要建筑物是由石灰石或大理石建造的；以帕台农神庙为例，由大理石建成的。

第二单元

工业操纵着许多商业交易的工业公司的员工中有它们自己的工程设计师。然而这些工程设计师的角色是多种多样的。一个公司多产，那么车间设施就必须包括车间工程师和普通员工来确保车间的适当维修和运行。在许多工厂里，这些车间工程师也同时为他们的雇主服务于设计部门。例如，如果现在的车间配置了一台新装备，不仅要提供空间，而且必须解决一些工程问题。典型的有：基础是否足够承受这些附加的荷载？是否需要一些新的设施保养服务？现今的能源供应是否足够？进一步的说，可能需要建造一栋新的建筑来容纳这些装备。因此，一个车间工程师的标准的职业行为和责任感常常领导着设计领域。

这个设计是由建设这栋建筑及公共设施的相同的组织或者组织内部的部门来完成的。由于各种各样的因素，在设计公司和建设公司之中同责任部门相比较之下，这种联合服务也有利有弊。

咨询工程师一个咨询工程师已被定义为一个熟练于运用科学原理来解决工程难题的专业人士。作为专业人员，咨询工程师应该像对他们的顾客一样也对公众负责。除了提供专业的服务，咨询工程师也经营商业交易。咨询工程由一些独资企业，合伙公司，股份有限公司运营着，它们许多都拥有大量专业员工，草图人员，和其他支援人员。不管这些工程师所在机构是什么形式的，客户接收到的终端产品仍然保留着相同的专业特性，也能满足相同的职业标准。咨询工程师通常都有许多客户，他们必须精选最佳的运营方法来满足客户和他们自己的需求。

建议和咨询这个阶段仅仅包括了咨询师基于经验和技术知识的抉择。通常，在这个阶段详细的工程设计不是其中的组成部分；但是工程师也许会建议从着手这项工程的价值和相关的技术考虑。或者这个阶段也许仅仅是基于对采取更进一步的研究来决定是否需要对现今的结构进行维修而做的抉择。

计划基于可行性的报告和其他的信息，如果业主决定继续进行这项建设工程，那么计划阶段就开始了。计划必须从设计中剥离出来考虑。例如，如果一个工厂或复杂建筑结构开始形成，计划方案包括粗略的初步草图和这项拟议工程的总平面图规划。通过这个总平面图的规划，业主可以依据他的可用资金在各个阶段和施工进度中开发这个工程。

设计这个阶段可以被细分为概要的，初步的，最终的设计。在每个阶段的最后可以和业主进行验收，或者验收应该保持连续性以使业主对一些要求的实施有个形象化的认识以及当需要的时候做必要的增建和改动。完整的设计文件包括详细的设计，详细的说明书和建设合同。然而设计师的角色并不因最终设计的完成而结束。通常，设计师在建设施工招标，签订合同，和执行建设合同中充当着业主代理人的角色。

第三单元

The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.早期的主要建筑材料包括木材以及像砖、石块、瓦片等类似材料的石材。砖层或夹层用砂浆、像焦油状的沥青或其他粘合剂年节在一起，有时希腊和罗马人用铁杆或夹钳加固建筑物。例如，帕台农神庙的柱子上就有一些钻孔，现在钻孔中的铁已经锈蚀尽了。罗马人常用一种称做白榴火山灰的水泥，他的成份是火山灰，在水中它会变得像石头一样坚硬。

Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.

被称为波特兰的现代水泥于1824年制成的，它是粘土和石灰石的混合物，他们在加热时会裂化成粉末在施工现场或附近，与砂，骨料，水，搅拌制成水泥，水泥因组成成分比例的不同会有强度和重量的差异，水泥的用途非常多，它们以浇筑、泵送，甚至喷射成各种形状，由于钢筋有很好的抗拉强度，水泥有较高的抗压强度。所以这两种材料相互补充。

Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then

used to prestress concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Prestressed concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is so economical, it is a highly desirable material.

预应力混凝土是混凝土一种强度增大的形式，钢筋屈服所需要抗拉强度的形状。然后用于使混凝土受预应力，通常运用两种方法之一。第一种实在混凝土梁中留出预应力钢筋通道，当预应力钢筋穿过通道时，通过往其中填充灰浆，一种薄砂浆或粘合剂。把其粘固在其中。另一种更常用的方法是，将预应力钢筋固定在已设计好的结构模型向相应的部分，然后围绕它浇筑混凝土，预应力混凝土用较少的钢筋和混凝土所以它很经济，是一种非常理想的材料。

第四单元

Mechanics of Materials deals with the response of various bodies, usually called members, to applied forces. In Mechanics of engineering Materials the members have shapes that either exist in actual structures or are being considered for their suitability as parts of proposed engineering structures. The materials in the members have properties that are characteristic of commonly used engineering materials such as steel, aluminum, concrete, and wood.

材料力学处理各种实体的力学反应，这些实体通常被称作构件。在工程材料的力学中，构件所拥有的形状，在实际结构中已经存在，或者正在考虑其是否适合作为拟议的工程结构的部分。在构件中的材料有常用工程材料具有的普遍特性，如钢、铝、混凝土和木材具有的特性。

As you can see already from the variety of materials, forces, and shapes mentioned, Mechanics of Engineering Materials is of interest to all fields of engineering. The engineer uses the principles of Mechanics of Materials to determine if the material properties and the dimensions of a member are adequate to ensure that it can carry its load safely and without excessive distortion. In general, then, we are interested in both the safe load that a member can carry and the associated deformation. Engineering design would be a simple process if the designer could take into consideration the loads and the mechanical properties of the materials, manipulate an equation, and arrive at suitable dimensions. Design is seldom that simple. Usually, on the basis of experience, the designer selects a trial member and then does an analysis to see if that member meets the specified requirements. Frequently, it does not and then a new trial member is selected and the analysis repeated. This design cycle continues until a satisfactory solution is obtained. The number of cycles required to find an acceptable design diminishes as the designer gains experience.

正如您从上述提到的各种材料、荷载和形状中看到的，工程材料力学是各个工程领域感兴趣的。工程师使用材料力学的基本原理来确定材料性质和构件的尺寸在没有过多的失真的情况下是否足以确保安全承担施加在其上的荷载。大体上，我们感兴趣的是构件可以承担的安全负荷和相关联的变形。工程设计可以是一个简单的过程如果工程师将荷载和材料的力学性能考虑在内通过列等式计算出合适的尺寸。设计是很少这么简单。通常，在经验的基础上，设计师选择试验的构件，然后进行分析看该成员是否满足指定的要求。经常，它不能，然后选择一个新的试验构件和重复分析。此设计周期一直继续，直到获得令人满意的解决方案。找到一种可接受的设计所需的周期数目，随着设计师经验的曾加，将会减少，。

We cannot discuss failure theory until we have defined failure. We might take the obvious definition that a material has failed when it has broken into two or more parts. However, it has already been pointed out that in most applications a member would be unserviceable due to excessive distortion long before it actually ruptured. Consequently, we will relate failure to yielding and consider that a material has failed when it will no longer return to its original shape upon release of the loads. In a simple tensile test we would then say that a ductile material has failed when the material begins to yield. Then for uniaxial stress, failure occurs when the stress reaches the yield stress, бy, in either tension or compression.

直到我们定义失败，我们才能讨论破坏理论。我们可能把一种材料的破坏定义为明显地碎成两部分或者更多块。然而，在大部分加载情形下一个构件可能会因为过度变形而失效已经被指出，在它实际破碎之前。因此，我们把屈服与破坏联系起来，考虑当一种材料在卸载之后不能再恢复到原来的形状时这种材料就破坏了。在一个简单拉伸测试中我们会说一种韧性的材料在它开始屈服的时候就破坏了。然后对于单轴应力，当应力达到屈服极限бy时发生破坏，无论是在压缩或者拉伸情形下。

Brittle materials fail by a different mechanism and will be discussed after the theories for ductile materials have been presented.

脆性材料失效机制与韧性材料不同，在韧性材料理论被阐述之后将会进行讨论。

第五单元

A structure consists of a series of connected parts used to support loads. Notable example include buildings, bridges, towers ,tanks, and construction. Structural analysis consists of a variety of mathematical procedures for determining such quantites as the member forces and various structural displacements as a structure responds to its loads. Estimating realistic loads for the structure considering its use and location is often a part of structural analysis.

结构是由一系列相互联结的部分组成并用来承担荷载。典型的例子包括：建筑、桥梁、塔、水箱、大坝等。建造任一这些结构都要求有计划、分析、设计、和建造。结构分析包括各种各样的决定大量构件的材料强度和数学工序，还有各种各样的结构排布以支撑它的荷载。考虑结构的用途和位置以评估它的实际荷载也经常是结构分析的一部分。

In the real sense an exact analysis of a structure can never be carried out since estimates always have to be made of the loadings and the strength of the materials composing the structure .Furthermore, points of application for the loadings must also be estimated. It is important, therefore , that the structural engineers develop the ability to model or idealize a structure so that he or she can perform a practical force analysis of the members.

在真正意义上，在组成结构的材料的荷载和强度没有被评估之前，一个正确的结构分析永远不会被执行。而且，荷载的应用也必须评估，这是很重要的，因而，结构工程师将有能力去模型化或理想化一个结构。从而使工程师能推演构件的实际受力分析。

Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on the intent of the designer. The two types of joints most often specified are the pin connection and the fixed joint. A pin-connected joint allows some freedom for slight rotation, whereas the fixed joint allows no relative rotation between the connected members . In reality , however ,all connections exhibit some stiffness toward joint rotations, owing to friction and material behavior . When selecting a particular model for each support or joint, the engineer must be aware of how the assumptions will affect the actual performance of the member and whether the assumptions are reasonable for the

structural design. In reality ,all structural supports actually exert distributed surface loads on their contacting members. The resulants of these load distributions are often idealized as the concentrated forces and moments, since the surface area over which the distributed load acts is considerably smaller than the total surface area of the connecting members. The ability to reduce an actual structure to an idealized form can only be gained by experience. In engineering practice, if it becomes doubtful as to how to model a structure or transfer the loads to the members, it is best to consider several idealized structures and loadings and then design the actual structure so that it can resist the loadings in all the idealized models.

依照设计师的意图，结构构件以各种各样的方式联结在一起。两种常常详述的连接方式是铰接和刚接。铰接点允许构件间有微小的自由转动，儿刚节点则不允许相连构件间的相对转动。实际上，所有的连接方式都显示出对连接处旋转的阻碍作用，因为有摩擦力和材料引力。当给每个支撑或连接方式选择一个代表性模型的时候，工程师必须注意到那些假定怎么样影响构件的实际表现和那些假定对于结构设计是否合理。实际上，所有的结构支持的都是相互连接构件的表面均布荷载。这些荷载的作用效果常常理想化为集中荷载和集中弯矩，尽管作用在构件表面上的均布荷载比连接处的荷载小很多。能减少一个理想化形状的某一确定构件的能力只能从经验中获得。在工程实际中，如果怎样来模拟一个结构或将荷载传递到杆件难以确定是，最好考虑几个理想结构，然后设计实际结构使得它在所有理想模型中都能抵抗荷载。

第七单元

混凝土和钢筋混凝土作为建筑材料在每个国家都被广泛的使用。在许多国家，包括美国和加拿大在内，钢筋混凝土在土木工程建设中是一种主导的结构材料。钢筋混凝土被全球广泛使用源于钢筋和混凝土中的砾石、沙子和水泥等组分的广泛可用性，以及混凝土施工需要的技术相对较低，并且与其他建筑形式相比，钢筋混凝土更经济。混凝土和钢筋混凝土被用于桥梁、各种房屋、地下结构、水箱、电视塔、海洋石油勘探、工业结构、水坝乃至船舶。

钢筋混凝土构件的施工涉及到按照构件形状支模具。模具必须要有足够的强度用以承受湿混凝土的自重和静力水压，以及工人、混凝土手推车、风等所加的各种外力。在混凝土浇筑过程中，钢筋被放置在模具中并占用一定空间。在混凝土硬化后，模具被拆去。

防火等级在建筑物中的人群被撤离以及大火被扑灭期间，建筑物的结构必须能够承受一定的大火的不利影响，并保持稳定。在没有特殊防火装置和其他设施时，混凝土建筑就固有1到3小时的耐火等级。刚结构或木结构的建筑必须设有防火材料以达到相似的耐火等级。

刚度如果建筑物在风中摆动或者当人经过时地板会震颤，那么居住在其中的住户可能就会被打扰。由于混凝土结构有巨大的刚度和质量，振动很少是问题了。

较少维护在属性上，混凝土构件比刚结构构件或木结构构件需要更少的维护。如果密实的加气混凝土用于暴露在大气中的结构的表面，并且如果在设计时考虑到提供适当的、与结构相分离的排水系统，那么混凝土需要较少维护就特别属实了。

法语工程词汇-字典词典-建筑土木工程报价用语

法语工程词汇-字典词典-建筑土木工程报价用语

. 工程报价用语 LCF/ALGERIE/ORAN ================================

目录 1、土方 (1) 2、下部结构 (1) 3、上部结构…………………………………………………………………………… .1 4、圬工-抹灰 (2) 5、面层………………………………………………………………………………2～3 6、防水…………………………………………………………

(3) 7、木门窗....................................................................................... (3) 8、金属门窗…………………………………………………………………………3～4 9、铝合金门窗及幕墙……………………………………………………………4～5 10、暖卫洁具………………………………………………………………………...5～7 ～洁具 (5) ～龙头和配件………………………………………………………………… 5～6 ～管子 (6) ～饮用水/内部消

防………………………………………………………………...6～7 ～排污排废 (6) 11、电………………………………………………………………………………7～10 ～电器设备 (7) ～电线及护管.............................................................................. (8) ～配电盘…………………………………………………………………… …… 8～10 ～干管 (10) 12、油漆和玻璃…………………………………………………………………..10～11

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩 53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专著monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语翻译

(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. (1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。 (2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction. (2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。 (3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. (3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。 (4)Reinforce concrete structures consist of a series of individual members that interact to support the loads placed on the structure. The floor of concrete buildings is often built of concrete joist-slab construction. (4)钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成，这些构件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形式。 (5)A series of parallel ribs or joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists apply load to the beams, which in turn are supported by the columns. (5)一系列的平行梁肋或次梁抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载，次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上，主粱则支承在柱上。 (6)The slab transfers load laterally to the joists, and serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. (6)楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁，并且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成T形截面梁，将荷载传递给与次梁正交的主粱。 (7)Some floors of have a slab-and-beam design in which the slab spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. (7)一些楼层被设计成梁板结构，即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上，主粱再将荷载传递到柱上。 (8)Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage or temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. (8)混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。因此，当荷载、受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时，混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。 (9)The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form or mould in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. (9)钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子，其必须具有足够的强度以抵抗湿混凝土的重量和流动压力。 (10)The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting

土木工程专业英语常用词汇

土木工程专业英语常用 词汇 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程） reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体 unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩torque 扭矩 stress 应力 normal ~ 法向应力 shear ~ 剪应力strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the