英语专业文献的翻译
英语专业文献的翻译：简单句的翻译
简单句的翻译
一、转换法
英汉两种语言在造句方式和表达习惯上有较大区别，翻译中如果词类、成分一一对应直译，会使译文不通顺、难理解甚至无法交流，其最大的原因就是不会用转换法。
转换法包括词类或词性转换、句子成分转换、修饰词与被修饰词的转换等。
词类转换就是翻译处理时将某种词类的词译成另一种词类，因此句子结构也随之发生改变。
1、转化为汉语动词
最常见的是英语中的名词、动名词或名词化结构转化为汉语中的动词，其原因是英语动词发达，而汉语则是动词占优势。还有英语的形容词、副词、介词等结构转化为汉语的动词。
We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy.
我们也认识到越来越需要将某些经济部门工业化。
A successful scientist must be a good observe r, accurate, patient and objective.
一位成功的科学家必须善于观察，准确、耐心而客观。
With such knowledge one can decide which properties are relevant to one’s problem and whether the list values for specific properties are directly applicable.
有了这样的知识，我们就能确定那些性能和我们考虑的特定问题有关，以及某些特定性能所列数值是否可以直接应用。
形容词转化为汉语动词更常见的是“the ＋形容词”组成的名词性结构如“the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young”（老、弱、病、幼者）。此外还有一些作表语的形容词，包含感觉、知觉、情感、想法、信含、欲望等含义，其后常搭配一定的介词、不定式或that从句。如sure（肯定）、certain （确知）、desirable（希望），其它介词结构有aware of（知道，认识道）、suggestive of（显示）、familiar with（熟悉）、ignorant of（不知道，无视）、conscious of（感觉到，意识到）、skeptical of（怀疑）、accustomed to（适应）、content with（满意于，满足于）、doubtful of（怀疑）、suspicious of （怀疑）等。
副词、介词转化为动词的例子如：
In those years the Republicans were in.
那些年是共和党执政。
The European Community is the best instrument for this purpose.
欧共体是服务于这一目的的最好工具。
2、转化为汉语的名词
英语的动词、形容词或起形容词作用的分词可转化为汉语的名词。
Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
The new measuring machine features high efficiency, great reliability and low cost.
新型量仪的特点是高效，可靠，成本低。
In fission processes, the fission fragments are quite radioactive.
裂变过程中裂变碎片的放射性很强。
3、转化为汉语的形容词
英语中的名词、副词有时可以译为汉语的形容词。名词中一些结构如“the + 抽象名词+ of + 普通名词”的抽象名词译成形容词更符合汉语习惯。“of + 抽象名词”的强调结构也可译作形容词。如：
The testing was quite a success.
测试很成功。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。
The hard facts have shown the objectivity and correctness of the report..
铁一般的事实证明了这一报告是客观而正确的。
The matter is of no significance.
这事无关紧要。
More often than not the researchers are wrongly impressed in the absence of such detailed information.
在欠缺这种详细资料的情况下，研究人员就常常得到错误的印象。
此外，形容词或分词、名词或动词在某些情况下与汉语的副词进行相互转译。
4、句子成分的转换
英译汉有时可将英语的谓语动词、宾语、表语、定语转化为汉语的主语，也可将英语的主语转换为汉语的定语、谓语、状语等成分，目的是使译文更符合汉语表达习惯，更易于理解。这种转换在长句拆分时会自然进行。如：Electricity travels much faster than sound.
电的运动速度比声音快得多。
Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.
水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。
Serious corrosion occurs in salt water.
在盐水中会发生严重的腐蚀现象。
5、修饰词转换
修饰结构转换的例子有wire conductors（导线）、carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）、bar magnet（磁铁棒）、electric leakage（漏电）、electrical measurement （测量电）等。
二、增减法
增减法指增补法和省译法。
1、增补法（增词法）
增词法是指在必要时增补语义上和修辞上需要的词，或原文中的省略成份和隐含含义。通常是在名词前增加动词，或在形容词、名词或动词后增加名词。
After the banquets, the concerts and table tennis exhibition,…
在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，…
This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是物美价廉。
All these transformations are taking place every minute and everywhere in our daily life and production.
所有这些能量的转换现象在我们日常生活和生产中时时处处在发生着。
类似于上句中由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。相关的词还有oxidation（氧化作用）、evaporation（蒸发现象）、preparation（准备工作）、processing（加工方法）、persuasion（说服工作）、tension（紧张局势）backwardness（落后状态）、antagonism（敌对态度）、modification（修改方案）等。
其他增译情况如增加重叠词、数词等翻译复数名词，增加副词或短语等翻译时态的词，增加概括词使意义清晰，增加关联词使表达符合思维逻辑，增加解释性的词突显原文含义，培加形容词或副词达到某种修辞效果等。
Air is a mixture of gases.
空气是多种气体的混合物。
He was and still is my teacher.
他过去是我的老师，现在也仍然是我的老师。
This article has reviewed the latest achievements made in cybernetics, informatics and their application in various fields.
文章综述了控制论、信息论及其在各个领域中的应用等三方面最新成果。
There is in the structure a unit of pattern containing copper, sulphur, and oxygen atoms in the same proportions as that in which they occur in the molecule.
每个硫酸铜单位晶格所含有的铜、硫、氧这三种元素的原子数的比例和每个硫酸铜分子中这三种元素的原子数的比例，二者是相一致的。
Take a handful of air and you will hold billions of atoms.
如果你抓住一把空气，你就抓到了几十亿个原子。
2、省译法（减词法）
省译法是将译不出的、不言而喻、可有可无的或违背译文语言习惯的词省略或删去，可以是冠词、代词、介词、连词、动词、同位语和复合名词等的省译。
表示类别的不定冠词a（或an）、定冠词the，及表示独一无二的事物的定冠词the通常可省略不译，但当不定冠词表示“一”、“每一”，不定冠词强调“这”“那”时不宜省略。
The crocodile is a dangerous animal.
鳄鱼是危险的动物。
表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，一般可以省略。表示地点的英语前置词若放在动词后面却一般不省略。
The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
英语连接词用得多，而汉语逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词序顺序来表示，词语之间连接词用得不多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可将连接词省译。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
I can do it, and so can you.
我能做，你也能做。
科技英语中多用名词，动词往往并不具有实际动作行为的含义，汉译时通常省译。作谓语的连系动词也常省略。
With regard to their products, they have the same concerns of the interrelationship of design, materials, and manufacturing process.
关于产品，他们同样要考虑其设计、材料和制造工艺之间的相互关系。
The result of their experiment is quite good.
他们的实验结果相当好。
英语中通常每句都有主语，人称代词作主语，往往在前句和后句中多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常可省略。此外，宾语的代词、物主代词、反身代词、及非人称或强势句子的it、there等都可省译处理。此外，从修辞角度而言，英语句子中重复出现的一些短语或其他结构，以及可有可无的词，在英译汉时可酌情省略。
But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.
但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，去未能改变过来。
I have received your letter and read it with delight.
我收到并愉快地读了你的来信。
He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.
他一看表，是七点一刻了。
There remains one more test to be carried out before putting the machine into
operation.
在运行这台机器之前，还剩一项实验有待进行。
三、重复法
英译汉时，有时为了明确、强调或生动，往往需要将一些关键性的词如名词、动词、代词等加以重复。
We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.
我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。
The robot has accomplished the assigned task and excellently indeed.
机器人完成了指定的任务，而且确实完成得很出色。
He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
Happy families also had their own troubles.
幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
为了使译文生动或富有文彩，有时采用四字对偶词组、成语等来翻译某些本来没有重复的词。如prosperity（繁荣昌盛）、vivid（生动活泼）、arrogance （骄傲自大）、rumours（流言蜚语）等。
四、倒译法
英汉两种语言在词序排列方法有所不同，在这种情况下，英译汉时就需要将原文的词或成分的位置或顺序适当加以调整，以符合汉语的表达习惯。
1、后置主语提前
后置主语，实际主语及例装句中的主语通常提前翻译。此外，汉语习惯、将具体的词作主语，将概括的范畴词作表语。
Being good in conductivity, aluminium is used as a conductor.
铝由于导电性能好而用作导体。
It is not hard to operate automatic machines.
操作自动机器并不难。
A very simple experiment it is.
这是十分简单的实验。
Some bad conductors are cloth, wood and rubber.
布、木材和橡皮是不良导体。
2、定语位置改变
英语中的后置定语，定语从句，及起修饰成分的介词结构、不定式结构、分词或分词短语提前，多个定语的位置改变。
The only material available is aluminium.
唯一可用的材料是铝。
Any change i n which no new substance is formed is a physical change.
凡是没有产生新物质生成的变化都是物理变化。
They have rich experience in practice.
他们有丰富的实践经验。
Metals have the power to conduct electricity and heat.
金属有导电和导热的能力。
A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements.
化合物是由两种或两种以上元素构成的物质。
Automatic thermal regulator
热度自动调节器
He wrote an article on the ancient Chinese history.
他写了一篇关于中国古代史的文章。
3、状语位置改变
英语中状语无固定位置，可前可后，还可在句中，而汉语则常放在被修饰语的前面。两个状语连用时顺序也与汉语不同。
I haven’t seen you for a long while.
我很久没看见你了。
Energy can be converted from one form into another.
能量可由一种形式转变为另一种形式。
Living things cannot live without air.
没有空气，生物就无法生存。
The sun is much nearer to us than other stars.
太阳比其它星球离我们近得多。
其它可能需要调整顺序和位置的成分还有同位语、宾语、谓语等。
五、反译法
英语在表达否定意义非常灵活而复杂，在用词、语法和逻辑方面与汉语存在较大区别。英语否定句的范围和否定重点常要仔细区分。在英译汉时，往往需要将英语中正面表达的词或句子用汉语反面来表达，或英语从反面表达的词或句子用汉语正面来翻译。
首先，英语中有全否定词，如no、none、never、neither…nor…、nothing、nowhere等，半否定词有little、few、hardly、scarcely、barely、seldom等，准否定词有lack、fail、deny、miss、neglect、avoid、decline、refuse、absence、failure、exclusion、deficiency、without、beyond、beside、against、above、beneath、short of、free from、absent、blind、foreign to、last、too…to（for）…、rather than、more than、out of结构等。此外还有丰富的否定词缀如a-、an-、anti-、contra-、counter-、de-、dis-、in-、il-、im-、non-、un-、-less等。带全否定词的否定句为全否定句，如None of us believe it is true.（我们全不相信那是真的）。带否定语气的all、both、every的通常是否定的重点，由之产生的“部分否定”，如All the chemical energy of fuel is not converted into heat.
（燃料化学能并未全部转化为热量）。某些动词如believe、consider、regard、suppose、think、remember等否定式后带有从句或宾语补足语，否定往往转移至从句或宾语补足语。如They do not consider that pure science is more important than applied science.（他们认为纯科学并不比应用科学更重要）。双重否定如Without gravity there would be no sound of any kind.（没有重力作用，就不会有任何声音）。
1、正说反译法
There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area.
人们对该地区的石油储藏情况一无所知。
The machine is far from being complicated.
这台机器一点也不复杂。
The motor refused to start.
马达开不动。
2、反说正译法
The machine has two serious disadvantages.
那台机器有两个严重缺陷。
To be or not to be, that is the question.
生存还是毁灭，这是值得考虑的。
There is no rule that has no exception.
规则总有例外。
六、被动语态的翻译
英语的被动句多于汉语，在科技文章中尤其如此。译法有以下几种。
1、用“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”、“为”、“让”等汉语被动句式译出
Sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.
二氧化硫一直被认为是这些污染物中最严重的一种。
Two systems of units are commonly used by the scientists.
两种单位制通常为科学家所采用。
2、用主动句式译出
That man can not be relied upon.
那人不可信赖。
Mr. Black was given a prize.
布赖克先生得了奖。
The innovation is highly estimated.
此项创新得到了高度评价。
3、译成无主句或增加隐含主语
Smoking is not permitted in this theatre.
本剧院禁止吸烟。
Somaclonal variations and its application is dealt with.
本文阐述了体细胞无性系变异及其应用。
This type of combination of protons and neutrons with planetary electrons is found to be existing in all substances.
人们发现质子、中子同行星般的电子一起所构成的这种组合，存在于各种物质之中。
4、被动语态惯用法的汉译
It has been found that…
已经证明；实践证明
It is known that…
众所周知，大家知道
It is (generally) agreed that…
人们（一般）认为
It is reported that…
据报道，据报告说
It is predicted that…
据估计，据预测
It is said that…
据说，一般认为
It is suggested that…
有人建议
It is alleged that…
人们断言
It is believed that…
据信，人们（大家）相信
It is declared that…
据称，人们宣称
It is assumed that…
假设（定），设想
It must be pointed out that…
必须指出
It is (was, should be ) noted that…
人们注意到，有人指出，已经发现，已经指出，应当指出
It has been shown that…
有人指出，业已证明
It is understood that…
人们理解，不用说，当然
问题
一、翻译下述句子，注意句后的提示
1.This apparatus for gel electrophoresis is chiefly characterized by its
simplicity of structure.（转换法）
2.Care should be take at all times to protect the instrument from dust and
dump.（转换法）
3.The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and
technology.（转换法）
4.Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.（增词法）
5.Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.（省
词法）
6.The fact that plastics do not rust at all is shown in this example.（倒译法）
7.This book treats besides other subjects, which are undoubtedly equally
important, of the working principles of a transistor.（倒译法）
8.The outcome of the experiment was not half bad.（反译法）
9.The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.（反译法）
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e9753853.html,rge scale fish kills have been recorded in some Swedish lakes, and these
have attributed to aluminium poisoning rather than to high acidity alone. 11.The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.（被动语态的翻译
化学专业英语(修订版)翻译
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
翻译理论概述
翻译理论知识 一、翻译的定义 学习一门新的学科，首先必须有一个科学的定义。翻译是一个包罗万象、博大精深的技艺，至今也没有一个统一规范、举世公认的定义。我们只能综合各种不同的定义来掌握翻译的本质。 1. The Definition of The Oxford English Dictionary To turn from one language into another. 2. The Definition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language To turn into one’s own or another language. 3. A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。（泰特勒，1790） 4. Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。 （奈达，1974） 5. 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980） 6. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文 明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼：2003） 7. 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 （王克非，1997） 二、翻译的分类 翻译分不同的类型。就文本而言，随着世界发展的全球化趋势，翻译的范围越来越广，涵盖各个领域，如文学、政治、文化、贸易、科技、传媒等。在这个意义上，翻译可分为文学翻译、科技翻译和实用文体翻译。 1.按语言分类：本族语译成外语、外语译成本族语/ 语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation） 2.按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）、口译（oral interpretation） 3按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译、科技文体翻译、文学作品翻译、政论作品翻译 4按处理方式分类：全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述 三、翻译的标准 翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。翻译是一种社会活动，翻译标准则是从中产生的。由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素，因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。 在我国持这一翻译原则的有玄奘、严复和鲁迅等人。玄奘是唐代著名的佛经翻译家，主张翻译"既须求真又须喻俗"(A good translation should be both faithful to the original and intelligible to the public.)，意即译文要"忠实通顺"。严复是我国清末时期的名学者。他在《天演论》(译例言)(1898)中提出了"信达雅"三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)。"信"是"意义不背本文"，"达"是不拘原文形式，尽译文语音的能事以求原意明显。"信"、"达"互为照应，不可分割开来。"雅"在今天看来是不可取的，因为这个"雅"是用汉以前字法句法，即所谓的上等文言文。鲁迅先生认为："凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。"这就是说，译文既要信又要顺(both faithful to the SL and smooth in expression)。我国当代翻译理论家张培基等人在其《英汉翻译教程》中所提出的"忠实"、"通顺"标准也属此类型。从
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
化学专业英语翻译1
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
第1 课绪论--翻译概述(1)
第1 课绪论--翻译概述（1） 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另 一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》 中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而 又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"（谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版 公司，1984，p.10）。翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很 强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言，翻译经过千 百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、 哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出 了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模 式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强
的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来 又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译 理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此，学好翻 译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好 翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要，因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同 文化的民族之间进行沟通，而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner 和张培基 所说的那样：Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思 想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段，也是进行国际斗争的 必要武器。翻译是学习好外语的重要手段之一，也是探讨两种语言对应关系的一 门学科。(张培基等)
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
英语专业文献综述
英语专业文献综述 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020
Y i b i n U n i v e r s i t y 2015届本科毕业论文文献综述 题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 二级学院外国语学院 专业英语 学生姓名简汝梦 学号年级 2011级 指导教师徐文英职称讲师 年月日 文献综述 翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos Theory 摘要：英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难以处理的一种词类。目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用
下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。 关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论 导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要，所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。 历史发展：对于翻译目的论的发展历程，笔者在总结各前辈的资料中得出：在20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是: 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category
专业英语阅读 翻译文章
C o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e Commercial Operation of 600M W U n i t , "H i ro n o N o. 5Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc." Commercial operation of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station commenced in July 2004. This plant is a 600 MW coal-fired supercritical power plant. The main line-up of the plant, which features a steam turbine and a boiler, are supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). MHI set up this plant with a range of such key equipment along with ancillary facilities such as control systems, a flue gas treatment system, a wastewater treatment system, and stacks. This report gives a brief overview of the advanced technologies applied to the steam turbine and boiler of this plant supplied by MHI. 1. Introduction The Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station began com-mercial operation in July 2004. It is a 600 MW coal-fired,supercritical power plant that operates under the high-est global standards for steam conditions (24.5MPa x 600/600o C). The steam turbine has various advanced MHI tech-nologies, including the first 600 MW class two-casing turbine, high- and intermediate-pressure combined cas-ing developed by utilizing high temperature materials and cooling structures to cope with the ultra supercritical steam condition, 48 inch steel integral shroud blade (ISB), a new type of condenser, and a single shell deaerator cum storage tank. The boiler adopted in this plant has MHI's advanced technologies. They are reduced emission of NOx and unburned carbon with the A-PM burner and MRS pul-verizer. In addition, the vertical waterwall furnace that uses high temperature compatible materials and rifled tubes are adopted. Further, the plant is very much streamlined through the use of such simple systems and equipment as de-scribed below: (1) unification of air duct and flue gas duct into a single line through the adoption of a maximum capacity class fan, (2) unification of all feed water heaters into a single line, (3) unification of circulating water pumps into a single line, and (4) adoption of a plant starting system that does not rely on the boiler circulating pump. Since the plant is located in a narrow site adjacent to existing units operated using oil and gas, the overall arrangement of the plant has been improved by consult-ing with the Owner and is arranged in a more compact manner. Advanced MHI technologies have also been adopted in ancillary facilities. This includes the use of a dry se-lective catalytic NOx removal system, a high performance flue gas treatment system based on the harmonious de-sign of a double contact flow scrubber type flue gas desulfurization system with a low-low temperature dry electrostatic precipitator, an overall waste water treat-ment system, and self-supporting group stacks. In this way, MHI has drawn upon all of its competencies in es-tablishing this plant. 2. Steam turbine Figure 1Figure 1 shows an external view of the Hirono No. 5 steam turbine. Fig. 1 View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbine HIROMASA MOMMA*1 TAKAYUKI SUTO*1RYUJI IWAMOTO*3 JUNICHI ISHIGURO*1TOSHIHIRO MIYAWAKI*2TSUYOSHI NAKAHARA*4
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system. KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure. The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfills