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主语与谓语动词的一致教学提纲

主语与谓语动词的一致教学提纲
主语与谓语动词的一致教学提纲

主语与谓语动词的一

主语与谓语动词的一致

江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611

英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化,这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致,简称主谓一致。

在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外,其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es,其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言,主谓一致问

题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问

题可依照不同的原则,即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。

1.语法一致,即主语为单数,就使用单数形式的动词,主语为复数,就

使用复数形式的动词。

1.1.单数及复数名词的辨别。

某些名词单数词尾,却用作复数,如:people (人们), police, cattle, poultry (家禽)等。

People have the right to defend themselves.

The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl.

The poultry have been fed.

某些名词复数词尾,却常用作单数,如:news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。

Mathematics / Maths(数学学科)is the science of pure quantity.

(Her mathematics / maths(数学能力)are / is rather shaky.)

The news is favourable this morning.

某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是单数词尾,如:fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。

In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat.

A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born.

Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born.

某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是复数词尾,如:means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。

All means have been tried.

Every means has been tried.

1.2.避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。

容易产生干扰的同位语:each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。

Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time.

Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths.

We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)

对照:Each of the houses is slightly different.(each作主语)

Many students in our class, especially David, are fond of music.

Playing football, one of his hobbies, has brought him many friends.

常见容易产生干扰的前置修饰语:more than one, many a, every以及被同化为相当于many / much / most意义的口语中常用短语:a lot of, lots of, a (great / good / large) number of, a great / good deal of, the majority of, a large quantity of 等。正式书面语中的 large quantities of…的谓语动词为复数形式。

A lot of / Lots of problems are caused by unemployment.

A lot of / Lots of trouble is caused by racism.

Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs.

对照:Many famous pop stars have been ruined by drugs.

The majority of the damage is easy to repair.

A /The majority of criminals are non-violent.

对照:The majority was /were in favour of the proposal.

A (large) number of books have been stolen from the library.

对照:The number of my telephone is 62239988.

The number of students in the school is large.(以上两句中的The number的意义分别是号码、数量)

Large quantities of oil have been discovered in that area.

常见容易产生干扰的后置修饰语:with…, together with…, along with…, as well as…, but / except…, besides…, in addition to…, apart from…, other than…, instead of…, rather than…, like…, unlike…,等。在one / two/ some / much /…(表示部分)+of the…(表示整体)的结构中of the…属于后置修饰语。数学中运算方式的表达也存在这类修饰语问题。

Peter, rather than his children, is to blame for the accident.

The children, rather than their father, are to blame for the accident.

The Minister, as well as / as much as the trades unions, is responsible for the present impasse.

He, like / unlike his brothers, is interested in reading.

Nobody but / except/ apart from a few teachers knows about it.

A library with a great many books was given to the state.

Professor Smith, along with his assistants, is working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.

One of my ear rings is lost.

30 divided by 6 is / equals 5.

1.3.不定代词everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something 作主语视为单数。

Everyone thinks it wrong.

neither / none或 neither / none of+复数代词或复数名词作主语,正式英语中按语法一致的原则,用单数形式动词;口语中可以按语义一致的原则,用复数形式动词。any / either 或any / either of+复数代词或复数名词在否定意义的句子中有时也遵循以上原则。none (of +不可数名词) 用作单数。

Neither of them /the girls are / is likely to come.

None of the drivers has /have turned up.

None of the money is mine.

I sent cards to Marvis and Margery, but neither (of them) have / has replied. I doubt if either (of them) are / is coming. (I don’t think either of them are / is coming.)

I’ve ordered the coal, but none (of it) has arrived yet.

I’ve ordered the tickets, but none (of them) have / has arrived yet.

1.4.关系代词作主语时动词与先行词一致,使用强调结构强调主语时动词与所强调的主语一致。在类似a / this /that kind of book(s)结构中,kind作主语;books of this / that kind (=these / those kind of books) 结构中,books作主语。动词与主语的形式一致。

She is one of the girls who live in the countryside.

She is the only one of the girls who lives in the countryside.

It is I that / who am to blame.

Cars of that sort/ kind/ type are tremendously expensive to run.

That sort/ kind/ type of car(s) is tremendously expensive to run.

Those sort/ kind/ type of cars are expensive to run.(随便的口语形式。)

2.语义一致,即主语数的形式与其所表达的意义出现矛盾时,可以按其意义确定动词的形式。

2.1.集体名词作主语。在美国英语中单数集体名词总是与单数动词连用,除非句中其他相关成分明确具有复数意义时。在英国英语中如果把集体名词看作不可分割的整体,则与单数动词连用,如果把集体名词看作集合在一起的许多个体,则与复数动词连用。所以在美国英语中单数集体名词与单数动词连用的现象更为常见。

The team are playing magnificently, aren’t they?

The family all live together.

Her family is composed of three generations.

The audience are requested to remain in their seats during intermission.

The audience is / are requested to remain seated during intermission.

The audience was / were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.

The committee has / have decided to dismiss him.

The committee has / have considered your request.

The committee are divided in opinion.

The public is / are not allowed to enter the court room.

The public consists of you and me.

The government (内阁政府) is made up of senior members of the four main right-wing parties.

The government (内阁官员) have been discussing the matter for a long time, but they have shown no sign of reaching agreement.

The government welcomes / welcome the proposal.

2.2.以and连接的并列名词作主语。并列名词一般表示一个以上的人、物、概念,可以看作所两个两个以上的并列句的简化,所以通常看作复数。

Tom and Mary are ready.

(=Tom is ready and Mary is ready.)

在这种情况下即便是不可数名词作主语,谓语动词仍用复数。

Dutch (beer) and American beer are lighter than British.

(= Dutch beer is lighter than British and American beer is lighter than British.) 但当并列名词指同一个人、物,或可以看作一个概念时则与单数动词连用。这种并列称作同位并列。同位并列名词往往共有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格等修饰语,而非同位并列名词仅仅在意义十分明显不至于引起误解时才共用冠词、物主代词、名词所有格等修饰语。

His lawyer and former college friend, Max Fairford, was with him at his death. (律师、大学时代的朋友为同一人,共用His修饰)

A poet and an artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (诗人、画家为两人,为避免误解,各有冠词修饰)

The sixth and last paragraph was written by Mr. Smith.(第六章即最后一章)

The sixth and the last paragraph were written by Mr. Smith.(第六章及最后一章)

Whisky and soda is my favorite drink.(威士忌与碳酸饮料混合而成的饮品)

Care and patience is needed for the job. (把细致、耐心看作一种品质)

(Both) imagination and patience are needed for the job.(把想象力、耐心看作品质的不同方面)

A cart and horse was seen in the distance.(一架马拉的车)

2 and four is / are 6.(一组数/两个数)

Bread and butter is served for breakfast.(涂了黄油的面包,一种食品)

以both…and连接的并列名词作主语看作复数。

Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop.(两种商品)

Both industry and agriculture have been greatly developed in recent years.

以and连接的并列单数名词作主语被every, each, many a, no等修饰时,与单数动词连用。

No teacher and (no) student has come yet.

Soon every boy and (every) girl was talking about the concert.

Each boy and (each) girl has a different point of view.

2.3.当单词、短语作名词的同位语或修饰语而省略该名词,以单词、短语代替该名词时,应按其代替的名词意义确定动词的形式。

(团体、机构、国家、书籍、电影等的)名称、标题、引文、习语、字母、数字、符号、重量、长度、时间、速度、价格、金额等意义的主语,定冠词与形容词连用做主语, some, all, most, enough, the rest, the remainder,等作主语都遵循这一原则。。

The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third were used regularly.

More than a dozen students in that school were sent abroad to study medicine last year.

Fourteen (people) were absent from the meeting.

The rest of the lecture is dull.

The rest of the bicycles are on sale today.

(The letter) I is the ninth letter in the English alphabet.

(The amount of money)Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.

D.H. Lawrence’s (novel) sons and lovers is a landmark among the novel of its time.

The (country) United States is the most developed in the world.

(The number) Fourteen means four and ten.

对照:Fourteen (people) were absent from the meeting.

The (paper) Times is a paper of long standing.

(The saying) Too many cooks means if too many people are involved in something, it will not be done properly.

2.4.不定式短语、分词短语、名词性从句(句子层次)作主语时,往往表示行为、状态、事实、观点等抽象概念,所以视为单数。

Playing with fire is dangerous.

To listen to music is my greatest pleasure.

When and where to go for the holidays has not been decided yet?

Whether we can finish the work on time is not clear yet.

但名词性关系分句等同于名词短语,所以单、复数依语义而定。

What has been said about the Smiths is also true of the Johnsons.

What were once human dwellings are now nothing but piles of rubble.

What I say and think is / are no business of yours.

What I say and think don’t agree.

3.就近一致,即动词的形式由与其最近的词语决定。

3.1.以…or…, either…or…, not only…but (also)…, not…but…, neither…nor…等连接的词组作主语。

Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault.(陈述句中动词临近并列词组中的后者)

Either your eyesight or your brakes are at fault.

Were you or he on duty last night? (疑问句中动词临近并列词组中的前者)Is he or you responsible?

Not only money but also three valuable paintings were stolen.

Not only the boys but also the girl has learnt to ride.

以上两句子多少得到语义一致的支持,因为此结构侧重后一主语。

对照:The girl, as well as the boys, has learnt to ride.

Neither the husband nor the wife was / were at home.(由于得到语义一致的支持,所以口语中可以使用复数动词。)

3.2.由there构成的存在句型。

There is a sausage, an orange and a piece of cheese on the table.

There are several boys and a man over there.

在很随便的口语中,There’s, here’s, where’s可以接复数的主语。

There’s some English magazines on the shelf.

Here’s your keys.

Where’s those records I lent you?

但以上句中的is还是改成are更为规范。

主语与谓语动词的一致

主语与谓语动词的一致 江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611 英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化,这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致,简称主谓一致。 在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外,其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es,其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言,主谓一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则,即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。 1.语法一致,即主语为单数,就使用单数形式的动词,主语为复数,就使用复数形式的动词。 1.1.单数及复数名词的辨别。 某些名词单数词尾,却用作复数,如:people (人们), police, cattle, poultry(家禽)等。 People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl. The poultry have been fed. 某些名词复数词尾,却常用作单数,如:news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。

Mathematics / Maths(数学学科)is the science of pure quantity. (Her mathematics / maths(数学能力)are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是单数词尾,如:fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。 In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat. A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born. Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同,都是复数词尾,如:means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。 All means have been tried. Every means has been tried. 1.2.避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。 容易产生干扰的同位语:each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。 Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time. Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths. We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)

谓语动词单复数用法

谓语动词单复数用法: 主谓一致是指: 1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语, 一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4 谓语需用单数 1)代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

课程与教学论判断题

《课程与教学论》判断题 二、判断下列说法的对错(每题2分,共10分) 1、杜威是最早为分科课程提供心理学理论基础的人。(错) 2、教学过程是一个单纯的认识过程。(对) 3、课堂教学评价不是教育行政主管部门的主要职责。(错) 4、个性化是课程管理改革的时代特征。(对) 5、主观针对性是测验的特点之一。(错) 二、判断下列说法的对错(每题2分,共10分) 1、课程与教学评价的对象主要是对教师的评价。(错) 2、学术理性主义取向课程注重教学的内容,强调传统文化的传递与继承,通常以逻辑组织严密的分科课程的面貌出现。(对) 3、加强课程的综合化,是我国上世纪80年代以前课程设计上的特点。(错) 4、文纳特卡制是在改造班级授课制阶段出现的一种教学组织形式。(对) 5、“蛋糕模式”是一种地方分权型的课程管理模式。(错) 1、“互动理论”认为,学校或课堂是一个由表达一定的社会意义的各种符号所组成的社会环境。(对) 2、教学过程就是教师教学生学的过程。(错) 3、生成性目标在英国著名课程论专家泰勒的理论中得到了发展和传播。(错) 4、除研究法外,讨论法也是一种引导探究为主的教学方法。(对) 5、口语化是教学语言艺术的特点之一。(对) 二、判断题(每小题2分,共10分) 1、生成性目标在英国著名课程论专家泰勒的理论中得到了发展和传播。(错) 2、杜威是最早为分科课程提供心理学理论基础的人。(错) 3、比较典型的实行中央集权型课程管理模式的国家为法国。(对) 4、教学过程就是一个认识的过程。(错) 5、教学评价不是教育行政主管部门的职责。(错) 二、判断题(每小题2分,共10分) 1、教学过程就是教师教学生学的过程。(错) 2、课程内容的选择要考虑内容本身的性质。(对) 3、板书的艺术特点之一是要具有示范性。(对) 4、学术理性主义取向课程注重教学的内容,强调传统文化的传递与继承,通常以逻辑组织严密的分科课程的面貌出现。(对) 5、课程与教学评价的对象主要是对教师的评价。(错) 二、判断题(每小题2分,共10分) 1、重视并直接从事教学手段研究的要首推夸美纽斯。(对) 2、语词式板书是课堂教学中最基本、最为简便的板书样式。(错) 3、教学过程就是教师教学生学的过程。(错) 4、生成性目标在英国著名课程论专家泰勒的理论中得到了发展和传播。(错) 5、学术理性主义取向课程注重教学的内容,强调传统文化的传递与继承,通常以逻辑组织严密的分科课程的面貌出现。(对) 二、判断题(每小题2分,共10分) 1、形成性评价往往具有对后续阶段课程的诊断性评价作用。(错) 2、教学过程是师生之间、同学之间的双边活动的过程。(错)

主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致

?主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致,即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。 ?主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 (1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 (2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如:

with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to, 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 (3)非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意:当what引导主语从句或由and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。

谓语动词和非谓语动词及各种句型的判断

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课程与教学论论文

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者所进行的一种有目的、有计划、有组织的传授知识、,技能,培养思想品德,发展智力和体力的活动,其目的是把受教育者培养成为一定社会(或一定阶级)服务的人。中学数学课程作为学校教育内容的一个组成部分就必然要反映这种需耍‘社会因素对数学教学目的和要求的影响,较之其他因素要大得多,而且这种影响随着科学技术的发展而逐渐增大. 数学因素从19世末到本世纪初,数学科学有了重大的发展。特别是在本世纪,集合论的创建,数学的更加抽象化以及电子计算机在数学领域的应用,不可遭免地影响着中学数学课程的内容和要求。尽管传统的中学数学教学内容在当前以及今后很长一段时间里仍然还会在教材中占据主要位置,但其中一些作用不大的陈旧了的内容必演射除、精简,并且要把一些中学生可以接受的现代的数学内容、数学思想和方法渗透到数学课程中去。 学生因素数学教学的目的是否达到了,最终要由教学的对象一学生学习的结果来衡量。如果我们只强调社会的需要、数学科学发展的需要,但是违背学生身心发展的规律,脱离学生原有的知识水平和思维水平,把教学目标定得太高,就必然导致学生负担过重,影响教育质量钓提高和培养目标的实现。当然,教学目标定得太低,则会影响学生学习的积极性,培养出来的学生也难以适应社会发展的需要。 教学目的和要求的确定,除了上述因素之外,同时还要受到教师、教育理论和数学课程历史等因素的制约。比较一下1963年和1987年全日制中学数学教学大纲,就不难看出这些因素,特别是社会因素对

主谓语一致

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高中英语谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别

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现在和你说下最简单的分辨谓语和非谓语的方法:划分句子的结构。 每个句子首先找到主语,然后是谓语,谓语一般都会和主语靠近(有特殊的情况),那么除去谓语之外的其他动词,都是非谓语动词了。 谓语动词:有以下几种分类 ①行为动词:行为动词又可分为及物(vt.)与不及物(vi.) 那么vi.和vt.的区别可以通过造句的方式来确定。 及物动词:可直接接宾语。(如果不接宾语,那么句意会不完整) 不及物动词:不可以直接接宾语,需借用介词。 eg: I go to school by bus.(go不及物动词,但是和home连接时为go home)He drinks water.(drink是及物动词,中文翻译为他喝水,如果没有宾语water,就成了他喝,那他喝什么呢?句意就不完整了。) ②系动词:be动词(is,am,are,were,was)表主语状态,感官动词(hear,look,listen,tast,sound,appear,seem等),持续性动词(keep,stay,lie,remind等),变化动词(become,go,get,turn等)... ③情态动词:could,should,can,must,may等。

《英语课程与教学论》研究生课程教学大纲

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课程与教学论教案纲要

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主语和谓语的一致 1. 主语和谓语的一致关系: 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致: Her dreams_have_come true. Her dream_has_come true. She often arrives_at_school late. They often arrive_at_school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are gett ing scarcer. 1 a m gett ing bored. 2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则: 2 -1.语法上一致的原则: The boy_plays_football well. The boys_play_football well. It_is_bitterly cold. I_am_ very cold. 2 -2.概念上一致的原则: My family_are_all_early risers.(指家中的全体成员,有复数含义)His family_has_moved_into the new house.(指整个家, 用作单数)Five_minutes_is_enough.(一个时间段,看作单数) The_crew_are_waiting for instructions from the captain.(指全体船员, 复数) 2 -3.邻近词一致的原则: Neither he no r_they_are_wholly right.

Neither Tomnor the_ Brow ns enjo y_ their journey to Beiji ng owi ng to the bad weather. Either your key or my key _i s_miss ing. Not only but_also_their_teacher_has_participated in the party. He or l_am_in the wrong. -what 'worth visiting there? -well, there 'the park, the castle and the museum. 3. 主谓一致的具体原则: 3 -1.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式: 单数主语+单数谓语;复数主语+复数谓语 The_teacher_e ncourages_the stude nts to speak freely. My_wages_are low, but me taxes_are_high. Their_house_has _nine room. It_always_pays_to_ give your paper one final check. 在主语+系词+表语结构”中,系动词要与主语的数保持一致,不受其表语的影响. Their greatest con cern_is_the_childre n. The most appreciated gift was the clothes_that_you sent us. What we n eed most is_books._ Paul _is_friends_with bill. 在单数名词(主语)+(together)with+ 名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用,而非主语的一部分. 短语: Along with, as well as, in additi on to, accompa nied by, rather tha n, as much as, no less tha n, in clud ing, besides, except, but, like. The_factory_with all its equipme nt has bee n bur nt. You as well as I are wrong.

【精品】非谓语动词总结以及易错点

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《课程与教学论》重点笔记

《课程与教学论》重点整理 第一章绪论 第一节课程与教学论的研究对象和任务 1、课程与教学论的研究对象(理解) 课程与教学论实质上是以课程与教学问题为研究对象,揭示课程与教学规律和指导课程与教学实践的目的和任务的。 2、课程与教学论的基本任务(理解) 课程与教学论作为教育学的一门分支学科,它的基本任务可以表述为:认识课程与教学现象,揭示课程与教学规律和指导课程与教学实践。 3、几本重要的着作(了解) 《礼记·学记》是我国和世界上最早的教育学专着。 捷克教育学家夸美纽斯1632年发表的《大教学论》,是教学论学科诞生的重要标志。 学术界常把赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》作为教育学和教学论学科发展成熟的基本标志。第二节课程(论)与教学(论)的关系 4、目前关于课程与教学关系的认识(理解) 在国外,对课程(论)与教学(论)之间的关系的看法,有四种不同的主张,形成了四种不同的模式: 1.二元独立模式(Dualistic Model)布鲁纳 2.相互交叉模式(Interlocking Model) 3.包含模式(Concentric Model) 4.二元循环联系模式(Cyclical Model) 第三节课程与教学论的历史演进▲ 5、一、萌芽期(前科学期) 1.背景:从课程与教学的产生到公元16世纪,学校教育规模比较小,为社会的统治阶层强权垄断,主要是上层社会的贵族教育和宗教教育。 2.代表人物与思想: 中国《学记》 西方昆体良《雄辩术原理》 3、特征:有了对教育内容、学科问题的思考,但还是没成为独立的学科,课程与教学思想还停留在经验的描述和总结阶段。 二、教学论学科的形成期(建立期) 1.背景:17世纪到19世纪之间 2.代表人物:拉特克,第一个倡导教学论的人。夸美纽斯,赫尔巴特(教学阶段理论) 3、特征:教学论成为独立学术领域 三、学科的分化与多样化时期(繁荣期) 1、背景:20世纪至今,教学论的发展进入了分化和多样化的轨道。 2、代表人物与思想:杜威(教学五步骤),凯洛夫 3、被理论界视为二战之后三大新教学论流派: 布鲁纳:美国,结构主义教学理论 瓦·根舍因:德国,范例教学理论 赞科夫:前苏联,教学与发展教学理论 4、前苏联心理学家维果茨基“最近发展区理论” 5、课程论的独立与大发展:

当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be

当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be,常省略从句的主语和be 动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it;(2)谓语动词必须含有be;(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去,不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语,也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例:Please come here as soon as(it is)possible. While (I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时,听到有人叫我的名字。 由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例:She won’t come to party unless(she is)invited.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例:He is very good at painting, though(he is)very young. T hough(he was)exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪,他仍很晚才睡。由because引导的原因状语从句 例:He was praised because (he was)brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例:Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary. 从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例:The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例:The boy looked as if(he was)afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as(he was)told to. 比较状语从句省略相同的部分: 例:She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than(it is)in Guangzhou.

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