自考英语翻译完全word清晰版

Lesson 1The Quest

前言

1.如何把握教材

考试大纲明确提出，在翻译的卷面中有60%的内容选自教材，所以我们要立足教材，把每个考点都明确、掌握。

2.关于翻译的标准

翻译涉及到三个层面：

（1）文本的转化

（2）意义的转化

（3）形式的转化

翻译应遵循的标准为：信（忠实于原文）、达（语句读起来要通顺）、雅（译文要有文采）

3.关于翻译的几个基本的步骤：

首先，要深度理解原文，划分译群。

第二，对译群进行逐个翻译。

第三，将翻译后译群组合，并搭配上下文的意境。

第四，和完整的原文对照，将不贴切的地方修改。

Lesson 1The Quest

Taking the train，the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922，and went directly to the address of Chou En-lai。Would this man receive them as fellow countrymen，or would he treat them with cold suspicion and question them cautiously about their past careers as militarists? Chu Teh remembered his age。He was thirty-six，his youth had passed like a screaming eagle，leaving him old and disillusioned。

directly = at once

译文：

他们两个人坐火车于一九二二年十月到达柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。这个人会不会像同胞手足一样接待他们呢?会不会疑虑重重，详细询问他们在军阀时代的经历呢?朱德想起自己的年龄，他已三十六岁，青春像一路呜叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。

When Chou En-lai's door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful。Y et it was a manly face，serious and intelligent，and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties。

in his twenties可译作“二十多岁”。in his middle twenties汉语就没有相对应的说法了，只好译作“二十五六岁”。请注意in the twenties是“二十年代”，不要混为一谈。

译文：

周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦长、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。可是，那是个男子汉的面庞，严肃而聪颖，朱德看他大概是二十五六岁的年龄。

Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man，even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors，urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them。

Ignoring the chair offered him，Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was，what he had done in the past，how he had fled from Y unnan，talked with Sun Y at-sen，been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai，and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for him-self and a new revolutionary road for China。He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin，he would study and work hard，he would do anything he was asked to do but5 return to his old life，which had turned to ashes beneath his feet。

more than ten years his junior是this youth的同位语。

but=except

译文：

周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴，在招呼他们坐下，询问有何见教的时候，甚至还有些腼腆。

朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧的生活里去——它已经在他的脚底下化为尘埃了——派他做什么工作都行。

As he talked Chou En-lai stood facing him，his head a little to one side as was his habit，listening intently until the story

was told，and then questioning him。

as was his habit，此处as后面可以省略主语it，意思相当于which was his habit，或and that was his habit。

译文：

他娓娓而谈，周恩来就站在他面前，习惯地侧着头，一直听到朱德把话说完，才提出问题。

When both visitors had told their stories，Chou smiled a little，said he would help them find rooms，and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received。When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full members，but Chu's

membership was kept a secret from outsiders。

（from Agnes Smedley，The Great Road ）

注意：help后面的动词不定式不加to

注意：arrange for them to…，而不能说arrange them to。。。

an answer received是一个省略句，完整的说法应该是an answer had been received

译文：

两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂作候补党员。过了几个月，回信来了，两人都被吸收为正式党员，但朱德的党籍对外界保持秘密。”

（选自梅念译《伟大的道路》）

Lesson 2The Story of My Life （Excerpt 1）Helen Keller

我的生活（摘录l）

海伦·凯勒

The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me.

I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.

在我的记忆里，安妮·曼斯菲尔德·沙利文老师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活和以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。这个重要的日子是l887年3月3日，我差三个月不满七周岁。

eg. I stay there for three months before he came

我在那呆了三个月，然后他就才来。

本段考点：

1.对定语从句的分法

2.注意一段话的核心词

3.英语中表示时间的时间状语从句中的连词或介词

On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectants. I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face.

（在英语里，后果如果有具体的哪一天作定语，则不能说in the afternoon，而要说on the afternoon.）

那天下午，我一声不响，怀着期待盼心情站在门廊里。母亲给我打着手势，人们在屋里匆匆地走来走去，我模模糊糊地预感到一件不寻常的事就要发生了。于是我就走到门口，站在台阶上等着。午后的阳光透过门廊上覆盖着的厚厚的一层忍冬，照在我微微仰着的脸上。

My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.

我几乎是无意识地用手抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶片和刚开的花朵在南方迎来了芬芳的春天。但不知今后等待着我的是什么，会使我欣喜，还是惊骇。几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。

本段考点：

1.定语从句较长时，要把主句和定语从句分别翻成两个句子，两个句子用先行词进行连接。

2.在翻译过程中如果遇到具有拟人化的感情、时间或地点来作主语时，要根据主语本身的特点来安排它在汉语中的句法成分。

3.分析句子结构时，注意如果有及物动词时，一定要找到它的宾语。

Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before, my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “Light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.

不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方，大船上的人又紧张又着急，一面用铅锤探测深浅，一面向岸边慢慢驶去，你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。我在开始受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。“光明!给我光明!”这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤，也就在这时候，爱心的光芒照到了我的身上。

本段考点：

1.在英语中如果出现一连串的并列成分，一定要找到并列句的共同特征，用加词法。

2.grope one?s way t oward 向…地方靠近（固定短语）。

3.英译汉过程中，经常有一些介词需要翻译成汉语中的动词，因为这些介词具有动词的含义和意味。

4.注意最后一句话，倒装句中，如果前面是整个句子，在翻译后面的句子过程中，需要把前面的句子重复。Lesson 3我和文学（摘录）巴金

My Life and Literature

（An Excerpt）

Ba Jin

前两天有一位日本作家问我你怎么同时喜欢各种流派的作家和作品呢?我说，我不是文学家，不属于任何派别，所以我不受限制。

A few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools.

I replied, “I am not a …man of letters', nor do I belong to any particular school. Thus I was not restricted in any way.”

1.原文“前两天”是泛指几天以前，所以译作a few days ago，而不译作two days ago.

2.schools在这里不是指学校，而是指学派、流派。“百家争鸣”的方针就译作Let a hundred schools of thought contend.

3.文学家：a man of letters

那位朋友又问，“你明明写了那么多作品，你怎么说不是文学家呢?”我说，唯其不是文学家，我就不受文学规律的限制，我也不怕别人把我赶出文学界。我的敌人是什么呢?我说过：“一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度，一切摧残爱的努力，它们都是我最大的敌人。”我所有的作品都是写来控诉、揭露、攻击这些敌人的。

Then he asked me, "Y ou've written many, many books. How can you say you're not a man of letters?" I replied, "As long as I'm not a man of letters, I'm not subject to any of the rules of literature. Nor do I have to be afraid of being thrown out of any literary circles.” What are my enemies? “All outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development; any force which tramples on love--all these things are m y enemies.” All my books were written with the express purpose of denouncing, exposing and striking out at these enemies of mine.

本段考点：

1.汉语中一边串的并列或排比，在英语中用all these are…

从一九二九年到一九四八年这二十年中间，我写得快，也写得多。我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心，又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。我常常同主人公一起哭笑，又常常绝望地乱搔头发。

In the twenty years between 1929 and 1948, I wrote very quickly and wrote a great deal. I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered. I both cried and laughed along with my principal characters, and often despondently scratched my head.

本段考点：

1.从…到…的多少年在翻译时把多少年作为主词，从…到…翻译成定语。

2.表示比喻时，明喻的喻体是一个很长的句子时，翻译时用as if 结构。

我说我写作如同在生活，又说作品的最高境界是写作同生活的一致，是作家同人的一致，主要的意思是不说谎。

When I say that I write like I live, and that the highest ideal a work of literature can attain is to be at one with life, and that an author should be able to identify with his readers, I basically mean that books and their authors should never tell lies.

我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高境界是无技巧。我几十年前同一位朋友辩论时就说过：长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。他说：“流传久远的作品是靠文学技巧流

传，谁会关心百十年前的生活?”我不同意，我认为打动人心的还是作品中所反映的生活和主人公的命运。这仍然是在反对那些无中生有、混淆黑白的花言巧语。

I've also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. When I was arguing this point with a friend several decades ago, I said, "Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.” His reply was, "Literary wor ks have stood the test of time because of the skill with which they were written. Who today really cares about the details of what life was like a hundred years ago?" I disagree. Readers are moved by the life reflected in a story and the fate of the chief characters. This means I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.

总结汉译英步骤：

1.理解汉语所表达的意思

2.找到同汉语表达相符合的英文句式

3.找到比较难的名词、词语、短语或表达方法

-----Unit 2History-----

Lesson 4England Before the Industrial Revolution

工业革命前的英国

The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark，and the labourer lived not in the sun，but in poverty and darkness.What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial，like the mill.which was already ancient in Chaucer?s time.The Industrial Revolution began with such machines；The millwrights were the

engineers of the coming age.James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self—made career in l733 by working at mill wheels，at the age of seventeen，having been born poor in a village.

在农村，人们从早到晚都得干活，劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下，而是生活在贫困和黑暗之中，那些帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代起就有了。比如磨坊，在乔叟的时代就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯·布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。

What aids there were to lighten labour = the aids that had been invented to lighted labour,这是全句的主语。

本段考点：

1.from down to dark从早到晚

2.现在分词短语作状语时，翻译时把它独立成为一个分句。

Brindley?s improvements were practical：to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine.It was the first multi—purpose machine for the new industries.Brindley worked，for example，to improve the grinding of flints，which were used in the rising pottery industry.

布林德雷作出了很实际的改良――改善并加强水车的机械功能。这是为新工业提供的第一部多功能机器。例如，布林德雷努力改进燧石的碾磨过程，燧石是新兴的陶瓷工业有用的材料。

本段考点：

1.定语从句的翻译方法

2.关于本段第一句的翻译方法

3.for example的翻译方法，在英语中经常放在句中作为插入语出现，在翻译成汉语时，要将其提到句首。

Y et there was a bigger m ovement in the air by l750. Water had become the engineers?element, and men like Brindley were possessed by it.Water was gushing and fanning out all over the countryside.It was not simply a source of power，it was a new wave of movement. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, …navigation'.

然而，到了一七五0年，一场更大的运动已经在酝酿之中。水成了工程师们大显身手的对象，像布林德雷这样的人对它都着了迷。水在农村到处涌流漫溢。它不仅是一种能源，而且带来了一场新的运动。布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫作navigation.

本段考点：

1.注意对it was a new wave of movement 的理解。

Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Duke's pits a t Worsley to the rising town of Manchester…… Brindley went on to connect Manchester with Liverpool in an even

bolder manner, and in all laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England.

布林德雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候，出于自愿和兴趣，对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。于是布里奇瓦特公爵就让他开一条运河，以便把煤从公爵在乌斯利拥有的矿井运往新兴城市曼彻斯特……布林德雷还更加大胆地用运河把曼彻斯特同利物浦联结起来，修凿了总长度为四百英里的遍布全英国的运河网。

本段考点：

1.在英语中的时间状语，在翻译时中放在句首。

2.如果发现定语时，在翻译时放在中心词的前面。

3.on one?s account自愿, out of interest因为兴趣。

Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. The universities also （there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge）took little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England.

在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。首先，发动这场革命的都是些实干家。同布林德雷一样，他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。按规定文法学校只能讲授古典学科，这些学校的办学宗旨本来就是如此。大学（当时只有两所，一所在牛津，一所在剑桥）对现代的或科学的学科也不怎么感兴趣，这两所大学还把不信奉英国国教的人关在门外。

本段考点：

1.定语从句的翻译方法

2.状语从句的翻译方法，放在句子的前半段。

3.出现括号时，括号内容翻译时有时需要加词。

The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. The canals were arteries of communication: They were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. And the barges were not made to carry luxuries, but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of ribbon, and all the common things that people buy by the pennyworth. These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away from London; it was a country-wide trade.

第二个突出的特点是：新发明都是为日常生活服务的。运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。而驳船也不是为了运送奢侈品，而是为了运送瓦罐铁锅、成包的棉布、成箱的缎带，以及那些只花个把便士便能买到的各式日用品。这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。Lesson 5Opportunities Open in the West

西部地区的开发机会

The first great rush of population to the far west was drawn to the mountainous regions，where gold was found in California in 1848，in Colorado and Nevada ten years later，in Montana and Wyoming in the l860s，and in the Black Hills of the Dakota country in the l870s.Miners opened up the country，established communities and laid the foundations for more permanent settlements.Y et even while digging in the hills，some settlers perceived the region?s farming and stock—raising possibilities.Eventually，though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mininal，the real wealth of Montana，Colorado，Wyomina，Idaho，and California proved to be in the grass and soil.

大规模迁往极西地带的移民，大多集中在山区。在那里，加州于一八四八年发现了金矿，十年后在科罗拉多和内华达州，十九世纪六十年代在蒙大拿和怀俄明州，十九世纪七十年代在达科他的黑山地区都先后发现了金矿。采矿者开发了这些地区，建立了村镇，打下了永久定居的基础。不过，在山区采矿的同时，有些移民已看到这些地区有从事农业和畜牧业的可能。后来虽然少数城镇专门从事采矿业，但蒙大拿、科罗拉多、怀俄明、爱达荷等州的真正财富，也和加州一样，还是在草原和沃土中。

Cattle-raising，long an important industry in Texas，became even more flourishing after the war，when enterprising men began to drive their Texas longhorns north across the open public domain.Feeding as they went，the cattle arrived at railway shipping points in Kansas，larger and fatter than when they started.Soon this “long drive" became a regular event，and，for hundreds of kilometers，trails were dotted with herds of cattle moving northward.Cattle—raising spread into the trans-Missouri region，and immense ranches appeared in Colorado，Wyomina，Kansas，Nebraska，and the Dakota territory.Western cities flourished as centers for the slaughter and dressing of meat.

在得克萨斯州，养牛早就是重要事业，战后尤见繁荣，大胆的赶牛人赶着得州的长角牛，穿过开放的公共地带，

向北走去。牛群边走边吃，到堪萨斯州的铁路运输站时，已长得比出发时更大更肥壮了。不久，这样的“长征”就成为常事了。向北移动的牛群，在几百公里的征途上，留下了无数的足迹。养牛业迅速超出了密苏里地区，在科罗拉多、怀俄明、堪萨斯、内布拉斯加、和达科他等地区，都出现了巨大的牧场。西部的城市因成了屠宰业和调制肉类的中心而繁荣起来。

Altogether，between l866 and l888，some six million head of cattle were driven up from Texas to winters on the high plains of Colorado，Wyomina，and Montana. The cattle boom reached its height by l885，then the range became too heavily pastured to support the long drive，and was beginning to be criss—crossed by railroads. Not far behind the rancher creaked the prairie schooners of the farmers bringing their families，their draft horses，cows，and pigs. Under the Homestead Act they staked their claimsl3 and fenced them with barbed wire. Ranchmen were ousted from lands they had roamed without legal title. Soon the romantic “wild west” had ceased to be.

在一八六六年至一八八八年问，大约有六百万头牛从得州放牧到科罗拉多、怀俄明、蒙大拿等地的高原上过冬。养牛业的兴旺发达，到一八八五年已到达最高峰，当时的高原，已经不足以供这么多长征牛群吃草的需要了，而且这些草原，也开始被纵横交错的铁路线所割裂。在牧牛人身后不远之外，有许多草原篷车在吱吱作响，农民把他们的妻儿，还有拉车的马，奶牛和猪群也带了来。根据“定居法案”，他们圈定了所得的土地，并用铁蒺藜围起来。原来未经合法手续取得土地的牧牛人都被赶了出去。不久，这片具有浪漫气氛的“西部荒原”，便不复存在了。

（选自《美国历史简介》）

译学点滴

就先说说Readability这个词怎样译吧。译作“可读性”好不好？如果这样译，那么这个译文所缺少的正是readability。我觉得这个词可以译作“读起来上口”。若嫌啰嗦，也可以用一个字“顺”。

初作翻译，有人会觉得，为民忠实，译文的词句越接近原文越好，有时甚至把句子弄得非常别扭。其实这是没有必要的，这样译就过于机械了。所谓翻译，是翻译的意思，而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思，译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。

总之，译文在内容上要忠实于原文，在语言上要readable，这样的译文才是好的译文。

Lesson 6新民主主义论

On New Democracy

（An Excerpt）

五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。

The May 4th Movement was an anti—imperialist as well as an anti—feudal movement.Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of l911 ，namely，its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.

五四运动所以具有这种性质，是在当时中国的资本主义经济已有进一步的发展，当时中国的革命知识分子眼见得俄、德、奥三大帝国主义国家已经瓦解，英、法两大帝国主义国家已经受伤，而俄国无产阶级已经建立了社会主义国家，德、奥（匈牙利）、意三国无产阶级在革命中，因而发生了中国民族解放的新希望。五四运动是在当时世界革命号召之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号召之下发生的。

The May 4th Movement possessed this quality because capitalism had developed a step further in China and because new hopes had arisen for the liberation of the Chinese nation as China?s revolutionary intellectuals saw the collapse of thre e great imperialist powers，Russia，Germany and Austria—Hungary，and the weakening of two others，Britain and France，while the Russian proletariat had established a socialist state and the German，Hungarian and Italian proletariat had risen in revolution. The May 4th Movement came into being at the call of the world revolution，of the Russian Revolution and of Lenin.

五四运动是当时无产阶级世界革命的一部分。五四运动时期虽然还没有中国共产党，但是已经有了大批的赞成俄国革命的具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子。五四运动，在其开始，是共产主义的知识分子、革命的小资产阶级知识分子和资产阶级知识分子（他们是当时运动中的右翼）三部分人的统一战线的革命运动。它的弱点，就在只限于知识分子，没有工人农民参加。

It was part of the world proletarian revolution of the time.Although the Communist Party of China had not yet come into existence，there were already large numbers of intellectuals who approved of the Russian Revolution and had the rudiments of communist ideology.In the beginning the May 4th Movement was the revolutionary movement of a united front of three sections of people—communist intellectuals，revolutionary petty-bourgeois intellectuals and bourgeois intellectuals（the last

forming the right wing of the movement）.Its shortcoming was that it was confined to the intellectuals and that the workers and peasants did not join in.

但发展到六三运动时，就不但是知识分子，而且有广大的无产阶级、小资产阶级和资产阶级参加，成了全国范围的革命运动了。五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动，自有中国历史以来，还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命。当时以反对旧道德提倡新道德，反对旧文学提倡新文学，为文化革命的两大旗帜，立下了伟大的功劳。

But as soon as it developed into the June 3rd Movement.Not only the intellectuals but the mass of the proletariat，the petty bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisies joined in，and it became a nation—wide revolutionary movement.The cultural revolution ushered in by the May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture, there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history.Raising aloft the two great banners of the day，“Down with the old ethics and up with the new!” and “Down with the old literature and up with the new!”.the cultural revolution had great achievements to its credit.

这个文化运动，当时还没有可能普及到工农群众中去。它提出了“平民文学”口号，但是当时的所谓“平民”，实际上还只能限于城市小资产阶级和资产阶级的知识分子，即所谓市民阶级的知识分子。五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立，又准备了五卅运动和北伐战争。当时的资产阶级知识分子，是五四运动的右翼，到了第二个时期，他们中间的大部分就和敌人妥协，站在反动方面了。

（选自《毛泽东选集》第二卷）

At that time it was not yet possible for this cultural movement to become widely diffused among the workers and peasants.The slogan of “Literature for the common people” was advanced，but in fact the “common people” then could only refer to the petty—bourgeois and bourgeois intellectuals in the cities，that is，the urban intelligentsia.Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres，the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in l921 and for the May 30th Movement in l925 and the Northern Expedition.The bourgeois intellectuals，who constituted the right wing of the May 4th Movement，mostly compromised with the enemy in the second period and went over to the side of reaction.

（from Selected Works of Mao Tsetung，vol.II）

Unit 3Geography

Lesson 7Journey Up the Nile

沿尼罗河而上（摘录l）

罗伯特·卡普托

Egypt，wrote the Greek historian Hecataeus，is the gift of the Nile.No other country is so dependent on a single lifeline.Egypt?s very soil was born in the Nile?s annual flood；with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world.And as rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snows melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.

希腊历史学家赫卡泰奥斯写道：埃及是尼罗河送来的礼物。任何别的国家都不像埃及这样依赖着唯一的一条生命线。就连埃及的土地也是尼罗河每年泛滥而带来的。河水泛滥带来了泥沙，万物得以生长，埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。埃塞俄比亚高原上的雨水，和月亮山上融化的积雪，为尼罗河提供了无穷无尽的水源。

“This is the best place on earth，”said Ahmed，an Egyptian fellah，or farmer，I encountered in the Nile Delta，that incredibly fertile 8，500-square-mile triangle between Cairo and the Mediterranean coast.The delta and the narrow Nile V alley to the south，make up only 3 percent of Egypt?s land but are home to 96 percent of her population.Here nearly 48 million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland. The rest of Egypt is desert.

“Truly Allah has blessed us，”Ahmed exclaimed piously.“Soil，water，Sun--we can grow anything!”

“这是世界上最好的地方，”阿赫迈德对我说。他是我在尼罗河三角洲遇见的一位农民（当地人管农民叫“夫埃拉”）。从开罗到地中海之间这块八千五百平方英里的三角地带，土地异常肥沃。三角洲和南边狭窄的尼罗河河谷只占埃及土地的百分之三，却有百分之九十六的人口住在这里。将近四千八百万人生活的这块地方只比美国马里兰州略大一点。埃及其余的地方全是沙漠。

“真主可真是保佑我们哪，”阿赫迈德虔诚地说道。“我们有土地，有水，有阳光——种什么都行啊!"

In the gathering dusk Ahmed and his five companions had invited me to join them.Their galabias and turbans stained by the sweat and dirt of a long day?s work，they sat in front of a wayside shop，enjoying three of the best things in life along the Nile——tea，conversation，and the water pipe.At the edge of a nearby canal，donkeys laden with freshly harvested alfalfa waited for their masters to lead them home，braying a fretful counterpoint to the steady thud of an irrigation pump.

天色渐渐暗了下来，阿赫迈德和五个一起干活的人早就约我去和他们玩儿。他们干了一天活儿，袍子和头巾上又是汗，又是土。这时候，他们坐在路旁一家商店门口，享受尼罗河沿岸人们生活里的三件最大的乐事——喝茶、聊天、抽水烟。在附近一条水渠旁，驴子背上驮着刚割的苜蓿，等着主人牵它们回家去，一面发出一阵阵急促的叫声，和浇地的水泵不断发出的突突声交织在一起。

All this suggested ancient harmonies.Y et the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.In 1971 engineers and workers completed the Aswan High Dam，nearly 600 miles upriver from Cairo toward the Sudanese frontier.It is the greatest public work to be undertaken in Egypt since the Pyramids.The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin no longer occur.Egyptian agriculture has been transformed，and industry is benefiting from power generated by the dam.

这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛。然而现代的人却使尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。1971年，技术人员和工人建成了阿斯旺高坝。这座水坝在从开罗沿尼罗河向苏丹边境走去将近六百英里远的地方。这是埃及自从修建金字塔以来进行的一项最大的公共工程。过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害，现在不再发生了。埃及的农业得到了改造，工业也用上了水坝发出的电力。

But there have been negative effects also.Standing on a sandy beach at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Nile, I was puzzled by what seemed a ghost town--a sad vista of crumbling buildings，smashed windows，and broken wires dangling from utility poles.One house teetered drunkenly，half in, half out of the sea.

但是也有不良的后果。洛塞塔河是尼罗河入海处的一个支流，我站在河口的沙滩上看到一个小镇，感到迷惑不解。这仿佛是一个被人遗弃了的小镇，一片萧索景象，房子濒于倒塌，窗户破碎，断了的电线挂在电线杆子上。有一所房子好像喝醉了的人一样摇摇晃晃，一半泡在海里，一半在陆地上。

“Last summer，people stayed in those rooms--this was a summer resort，”said a voice behind me.The speaker was a young Egyptian named Muhammad，member of a team from Alexandria that had come to this abandoned village to study coastal erosion.“Now the sea is moving in，”Muhammad said.He pointed to a lighthouse perched on a tiny island a couple of miles offshore：“That lighthouse used to be on land.About six years ago it became an island.Day by day the sea is eating the land--the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline.”

“去年夏天，那所房子还有人住过。这是一个避暑胜地。”在我身后有人这样说道。说话的是一位埃及青年，名叫穆罕默德，他是一个考察队的队员，是专门从亚历山大港到这个荒芜的村庄来考察沿海地区水土流失的情况的。“海水越来越往里边来，”穆罕默德说道。他指着座落在离海岸二三英里的小岛上的一座灯塔说：“那座灯塔本来是在陆地上的。大约六年前，那地方变成了一个小岛。海水一天天冲刷陆地——水坝已经使得尼罗河的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海岸了。

As we chatted，a brightly painted sardine boat dropped anchor.The captain came ashore and joined our conversation.“Before they started the High Dam 25 years ago，” he said，“the Nile mud had a lot of food in it，and so the sardines gathered near the mouth of the river to feed.Now there is no mud，and no food for the fish--they?ve left us.”

“If all this can happen in 25 years，what will happen after 50 years，or 100 or 200?”asked Muhammad.

（from National Geographic Magazine）

我们正在聊着，只见一条颜色鲜艳的捕捞沙丁鱼的船抛了锚。船长上了岸，凑过来和我们说话。他说：“二十五年前修建高坝之前，尼罗河的泥沙里面有很多可吃的东西，所以沙丁鱼就聚集在河口找食吃。现在泥沙没有了，鱼没有可吃的了，也就不来了。”

“如果说二十五年就发生这么多变化，五十年、一百年、二百年之后又会怎么样呢?”穆罕默德问道。

（摘译自《全国地理杂志》）

Lesson 8Adelaide

阿德莱德

Adelaide, capital of the state of South Australia. Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, 9 mi（14km）inland from the centre of the east shore of the Gulf St. V incent, it enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot summers（February mean temperature 74°F[23°C]）,cool winters （July mean 54°C[12°C]）, and an average annual rainfall of 21 in （530mm）.

阿德莱德Adelaide澳大利亚南澳大利亚州首府。位于洛夫蒂岭山麓。阿德莱德距圣文森特湾东岸的中心有14公里。属地中海型气候。夏季炎热，（二月份平均温度是23°C），冬季比较凉爽，（七月份平均气温是12°C），平均的年降水量是530mm。

The site, chosen （1836）by Charles Sturt and William Light （the colony?s first surveyor general）, is on slightly rising ground along the Torrens River, which divides it into a southern business district and a northern residential section. The city is

separated from its suburbs by extensive areas of park lands. Named for Queen Adelaide, consort of the British King William IV, it was incorporated as Australia?s first municipal government in 1840 and became a city in 1919, when it gained a lord mayoralty.

该城建于托伦斯沿岸的略高处，这一地点是查尔斯·斯塔特（本殖民区的第一任测量总监）来选定的。托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成两个区，河南为商业区，河北为住宅区。市区和郊区之间有大片的公园区。该城以英王威廉四世之王后阿德莱德的名字来命名的；在1840年的时候，阿德莱德成立澳大利亚的第一个地方自治政府，在1919年的时候设立市长的职位，改为市。

The fertility of the surrounding plains, easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast, and the presence of mineral deposits i n the nearby hills all contributed to the city?s growth. As an early agricultural marketing centre, it handled wheat, wool, fruits, and wine.

四周平原土壤肥沃，与在东方与东南方的墨累低地相通。附近山区有矿藏。所有的这些都有助于城市的发展。作为早期的农贸中心，交易麦子、毛纺制品，水果以及酒类。

Adelaide, aided by its central position and a ready supply of raw materials, has since become industrialized, with factories producing automobile components, machinery, textiles, and chemicals. A focus of rail, sea, air, and road transportation, it receives the bulk of the products of the lower Murray River V alley, which has no port at its mouth. Adelaide?s own harbour facilities are at Port Adelaide （q.v.）, 7 mi （11K）northwest.

从这以后，阿德莱德拥有中心的位置以及丰富的原材料，现已工业化。它生产汽车部件、机器、纺织品和化工品。阿德莱德是铁路、海运、空运以及公路运输的中心，接收了较低的墨累河河谷的大部分产品，因为墨累河谷地带在河口处没有港口。阿德莱德自己港口的设施位于它西北角11公里远的阿德莱德港。

Notable city landmarks include the university （founded in 1874）, Parliament and Government houses, the Natural History Museum, and two cathedrals—St. Peter?s （Anglican）and St. Francis Xavier?s （Roman Catholic）. The Adelaide Festival of Arts （1960）was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.Pop. （1975 est.）city, 15,000;metropolitan area, 899, 300.

34°55?S, 138°35?E

著名的城市标志，包括建于1874年的大学、议会以及政府官邸、自然历史博物馆、英国圣公会圣彼得大教堂和罗马天主教圣弗朗西斯·查威尔大教堂。阿德莱德文艺节（1960）每两年举行一次，是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动。人口：市1.5万；都市区899，300（1975）。

译学点滴

用知识武装自己

比如文中提到Newton, 大家都知道他是有名的英国物理学家。Chaucer是谁呢？是什么时代的人呢？知道的人可能就少一些了。James Brindley和The Duke of Bridgewater 又是谁，他们在英国历史上起过什么作用？知道的人恐怕就更少了。

总之，翻译工作要求译者具有丰富的知识，而知识是慢慢积累起来的。我们每看一篇材料，译一篇文章，都会从中得到一定的知识。对于进取者来说，知识宝库的大门永远是敞开的。

Lesson 9The Imperial Palace

The Imperial Palace（故宫）

Built in the early fifteenth century （1406—1420 A.D.）, it is also called the Palace Museum or the Old Palace. As you pass through Tian An Men Gate you will enter a walled courtyard. Although you cannot see them, on either side of this courtyard are many gardens and halls.Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple, which is to the right, and the Sun Yat-Sen Park, on the left.

故宫建于十五世纪的早期（公元1406-1420年），也被称为故宫博物院或故宫。穿过天安门以后，你就进入了一个有墙的庭院。尽管你看不到，但是，在这个庭院的两边有很多的花园和大厅。如果你有时间，右边的太庙和左边的中山公园都非常值得一看。

Covering an area of 175 acres （72 ha.）, the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft. （10.4 m.） high and surrounded by a moat 57 yd. （52 m.） wide. Today this moat is still full of water. Four watchtowers are placed, one at each corner. Used as the imperial palace by both the Ming and Qing Dynasties （1368—1911 A.D.）, the Imperial Palace is the largest and most complete group of ancient buildings standing in China.

故宫占地面积72公顷，围墙10.4米高，护城河有52米宽。直到今天护城河还是装满了水。四周各有一个瞭望

塔。故宫作为明、清两代的皇宫（公元1368-1911年），是中国现存的最大的、也是最完整的古建筑群。

The halls and palaces which comprise the Imperial Palace are all built of wood and brick. With a total of over nine thousand rooms, most of the Palace had undergone some reconstruction to repair damage caused by fire and other ravages of time during the long years of its history. Throughout you will find typical masterpieces of ancient Chinese architecture. Two notable examples are the ingeniously constructed watchtowers and the magnificent Hall of Supreme Harmony.

构成故宫的宫和殿都是由木材和砖块建成的。故宫共有九千多间房子，大部分都进行了重建，来修复由火或者在漫长历史当中时间的流逝所带来的破坏。从头到尾你都会发现中国古代建筑师们留下的杰作，建筑巧妙的瞭望塔以及庄严宏伟的太和殿是其中最值得一提的两个例子。

To further insure the Imperial Palace would be given special protection, in 1961 the Chinese government decreed that the entire area be considered one of China’s “most important historical sites.”

为了进一步确保故宫受到特别的保护，中国政府于1961年颁布条令规定，将整个故宫地区划为中国最重要的历史遗迹。

The Palace Museum, with four gates, has its main entrance to the south, known as the Meridian Gate. This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the cobbled roadway from Tian An Men. The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas: the Outer Palace and the Inner Court. Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge, one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the main gate of the Outer Palace. The main buildings in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Complete Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony.

故宫博物院共有四个大门，它的主门是南门，也叫午门。沿着天安门的那条路向前走就能走到午门。故宫博物院被分为两个重要的区域，一是外朝，二是内廷。穿过午门，跨过金水桥，我们就来到了太和门。太和门是外朝的主门。外朝的主要建筑是太和殿、中和殿、保和殿。

（form The Official Guidebook of China）

（选自《中国旅游手册》）

译学点滴

严谨的学风

译初稿时，注意力往往放在每个句子上，而对句子之间的联系可能照顾不够，修改时便可多注意通篇是否联贯，语气是否通顺。

英语中有分词，不但有现在分词，还有过去分词，而且用法灵活。分词引导的短语可以放在句首，可以放在句中，也可以放在句末。因此英语句子里主从关系很多，体现出不同的层次。这与汉语有很大的不同。汉语没有分词，多用并列动词或并列分句，因此汉语句子里并列关系居多，层次不甚明显。

汉译英的时候，应该有意识的使用分词短语，主要的动作用动词表达，次要的用分词来表达。

汉语的被动式远远不如英语中的被动语态多，所以我们一直强调，在翻译的过程当中如果可能，一定要注意一下，要把它翻译成主动语态。

御花园：the Imperial Garden

-----Unit 4Economy-----

Lesson 10A Global Economy

一个全球性的经济

President Clinton realized－as all of us must－that today’s economy is global. We live in an era in which information, goods and capital speed around the globe, every hour of every day. Whether we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together. We are truly in-terdependent.

正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。我们生活在这样一个时代中，信息、货物和资金每时每刻在世界上流动。不管我们喜欢与否，我们所有的命运都是相连的。我们真的需要相互依靠。

America supports international trade because we believe fundamentally that trade will enrich those nations who embrace its discipline.The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity －and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.

Embrace=to take up or adopt, esp. eagerly or seriously

Promise=basis for expectation

美国支持国际贸易，因为我们确信，贸易会使那些遵守行为准则的国家富裕起来。极其光明的贸易前景是促进相互繁荣和加强主权国家之间联系的潜在力量。

The U.S. and China both demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people.You know better than I the great achievements of the Chinese economy over the past two decades.In 1997,the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $ 15 bi llion, putting China’s share of world trade at 0.6 percent. The most populous country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th a-mong exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $ 200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.

Sum total:总数，总额，是一个固定的说法。

美中两国都显示一种能提高两国人民生活的贸易潜力。你们比我更清楚中国经济在过去20年中所取得的伟大成就。在1977年，中国进出口总额还不到l50亿美元,仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%，世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后，但是第30位。到1993年，中国进出口总额接近2 000亿美元，它已成为第10个最大的出口国。

Since 1978,when China began opening its economy to increased foreign investment and trade, aggregate output has more than doubled.The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan,where foreign investment and modern production methods have spurred productin of both domestic and export goods. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6%from 1980-1992.

Per capita:人均

GNP：国民生产总值

自从1978年以来，中国经济为日益增加的外国投资和贸易敞开大门，总产量增加了一倍多。最强劲的增长发生在靠近香港和台湾对面的沿海地区。在这个地区，外国投资和现代生产手段的使用促进了国内和出口货物的生产。从l980年至l992年，人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%。

The numbers are interesting, but how has this affected the people of China? In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%. Electrical production more than doubled to 621 million kilowatt hours. In short, China has improved the economic well-being of its people.

看看数字是很有趣的。然而它又是怎样影响中国人的呢?在过去l0年中，电话用户增加了60%以上。电力生产增加了一倍多，达到6.2l亿千瓦小时。总之，中国提高了人民的生活水平。

The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade. Since World War Ⅱ,the U.S.has been the world’s largest economy and, in most years, the world’s largest exporter.

美国人民也有得益于国际贸易的经历。自从第二次世界大战以来，美国一直是世界上最大的经济大国。在大多数年代中，它又是世界上最大的出口国。

But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades. In1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the U.S.economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%,was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs sup-ported by U.S. exports（goods and services）have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten Amer ican https://www.sodocs.net/doc/256111941.html,st year U.S. trade equalled $ 1.8 trillion dollars.

Explode=to increase very rapidly

Fuel=to support

但在过去30年中，我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了。在1970年，双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%。去年上升到28%，比1970年增加了一倍多。就在过去7年中，美国的出口（货期和服务）创造的就业机会增加了400万个，总数上升到1100万个。这个数字就占美国就业总数的1／10。去年，美国贸易总额达到了1.8万亿美元。

Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. China will continue to depend upon lucrative export markets to earn the foreign exchange it needs to develop and grow. At the same time, Chi na’s imports will supply the much needed machinery and technology to fuel its continued development.

无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。中国会继续依靠获利的出口市场来赚取外汇以发展和增长自己的经济。同时，中国可以用进口的机械和技术来加速它继续发展的速度。

For the United States, new commercial opportunities will grow most rapidly in the emerging markets. We estimate that three quarters of new export opportunities over the next twenty years－that’s an

incredible $1.9 trillion in potential exports－will come in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.

（Excerpted from “Remarks by Ambassador Kantor at the University of International Business and Economics”,1995）

对于美国来说，在不断涌现的市场上，新的贸易机会将以最快的速度增加。我们估计过，在未来的20年中，新的出口机会中的3／4，即数量可观的l.9万亿美元的潜在出口额，将来自亚洲和拉丁美洲不断出现的市场上。这将意味着为美国工人创造就业机会，使美国人民提高生活水平。

（原文及译文均连自李正中：《国际经贸英汉翻译》之附录）

翻译理论简介

佛经翻译

释道安（314—385）东晋前秦时高僧。在他的监译下译了《四阿含》、《阿毗昙》等.他还对以前的译本作了校录和整理工作。他是主张直译的。译文不增不减只在词序上作些调整。

鸠摩罗什（344－413）后秦高僧。他和弟子僧肇等译出《摩诃般若波罗蜜经》、《妙法莲华经》、《金刚般若波罗蜜经》等，共七十四部，三百八十四卷，对佛教在中国的发展起了重要的作用。在翻译过程中，他倾向于意译，常对原文加以改动，以适应中国的文体。他的译法虽然灵活，态度却很谨慎。因此他的译文既准确又流畅。

玄奘（602－664）唐高僧，俗称唐僧。曾游学天竺各地达十七年之久。回国后，译出经、论七十五部，一千三百三十五卷；他译的经籍不但丰富了祖国的文化，而且为古印度佛教保存了珍贵的籍。玄奘的译文鸠摩罗什的译文相比，是倾向于直译的。但是他对自己提出的要求是“既须求真，又须喻俗。”再加上他工作勤恳、认真，他的译文质

量是很高的。

综上所述，我国古代著名的佛经译师有的是倾向于直译，有的倾向于意译，或者说有的直译成分多一些，有的意译成分多一些。说到这里，想起贡国学者剑桥大学乔治·斯坦纳教授说过的一段话：“罗纳德·诺克斯把整个题目归结为两个问题。第一个问题是以何为主：文学性的译文，还是逐字翻译。第二个问题是译者是否有权选择任何文体与词来表达原文的意思。把翻译理论局限于这样两个问题，而且这两个问题实际上也只是一个问题，未免过于简单化了。但是诺克斯的论点是提得适当的。大约两千年来，关于翻译之性质的看法一争论几乎始终是一样的。”这段话可以说

是一个很好的概括吧。

Lesson 11China and Britain in the World Economy(Excerpt)

Britain and the World Economy

中国与英国在世界经济中的作用（摘录）

My theme today is the world economy.

我今天演讲的主题是世界经济。

The future of the world economy is of particular interest to my country because we have such a huge stake in it.

Stake: money, etc, invested by somebody in an enterprise so that he has an interest or share in it 世界经济的未来与我国休戚相关，所以我们格外关注。

Britain lives by commerce. With 2% of the world’s population, we are the world’s fifth largest trading nation. We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we export, the investment that we attract and we make abroad.

英国的生存依赖贸易。虽然英国人口只占全球的2%，它却是世界第五大贸易国。英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体。

The strength of our financial services sector is well-known; the world’s leading centre for international bank lending, foreign exchange, aviation and marine insurance, for example.

But British exports range far beyond services, important as they are. We export one quarter of all we produce; more per head than either Japan or the United States.

Per head =per person

我们的金融服务业以实力雄厚而著称，我们是国际银行借贷、外汇以及航空和海事保险业的中心。服务业在英国的出口中占重要地位，但英国的出口绝不仅限于服务业。

Our place in the flows of global capital is equally central. 27% of all foreign exchange dealing takes place in London. Britain is the world’s third largest outward investor. We ourselves attract more foreign investment than any country but the US; more US investment than in the whole Pacific region.

Foreign exchange dealing:外汇交易

我们四分之一的产品供出口，人均出口量高于美国和日本。我们在全球资本流动方面也居中心地位。全球外汇交易的27%在伦敦进行。英国是世界上第三大对外投资者，同时我们所吸引的外资额仅次于美国，居世界第二，而美国在英投资高于其在整个太平洋地区的投资总和。

The fruits of this two-way flow are substantial. Our overseas investments yield Britain a net income of over ￡ 10 billion a year. In the last five years inward investment in Britain has brought out people more than 250,000 new jobs.

这种双向资金流动使人们受益颇丰。每年英国的海外投资为我们带来100亿英镑的净收入，而过去五年中外国对英投资为我国人民创造了25万个就业机会。这意味着英国直接享受到了国际投资所带来的利益。国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益，我们非常愿意为此创造一个良好的环境。

China in the World Economy

世界经济中的中国

What is China’s expanding role in this?

在世界经济中，中国将在哪些方面发挥日益重要的作用呢？

China’s vast size and resources, her extraordinary economic progress over r ecent years, have made her an increasingly important player in the modern international economy. Because of this, because of Britain’s own huge stake in the world economy, we need to take a real interest in China.

中国地大物博，近年来经济迅猛发展，这使得中国在现代国际经济中成为一支越来越重要的力量。中国在现代国际经济中的地位以及我国在世界经济中的巨大利益使得我们需要密切关注中国。

Since economic reform began in 1978, an average growth rate of almost 10% a year has seen China’s GNP nearly quadruple. The re-wards for the people of China are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Peking and the coastal cities.

自1978年经济改革以来，中国经济以年均近10%的速度增长，使其国民生产总值几乎翻了两番。中国人民获得了实惠有目共睹。北京和党海声调的繁荣和盎然生机便是最明显的见证。

For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the world’s eleventh l argest economy, and is set to grow further.

对国际社会来说，这些变化带来的最引人注目的结果是中国已跃居为世界第十一经济大国，而且今后定会更强。

China’s rapid emergence as a major world actor is a tribute to the drive and entrepreneurial spirit of her people, and more particularly to the fundamental economic reforms she has pursued over the past two decades. It is a clear testimony to the success of the open door policy led by Mr. Deng Xiaoping.

中国迅速崛起，成为世界上发挥重大作用的国家，这应当归功于中国人民的努力和进取精神，尤其是过去20年里中国所进行的根本性的经济改革。这无疑证明了邓小平先生倡导的开放政策是成功的。

I warmly welcome those reforms and that success.

我对这些改革及其成功表示热烈欢迎。

I would draw a further conclusion, which I believe is central to assessing China’s future place in the world economy.

In my view China’s growing international engagement has been vital to her progres s. The key to sustaining and building on early economic success was China’s move into world markets.

我还有一个想法，我认为我的这一想法对于任何估价中国今后在世界经济中的地位是至关重要的。我认为，中国日益扩大的国际接触对其进步一直是至关重要的。中国能够在已取得的经济成功的基础上进一步发展，关键是它进入了世界市场。

Consider a couple of statistics. Since 1979 foreign trade as a share of China’s GNP has risen from 10% to 45%. Integration in world markets became a basic fact of Chinese economic life.

让我们看几个统计数字。1979年以来，外贸占中国国民生产总值的比值从10%上升到45%。融入世界市场已成为中国经济生活的一个基本事实。

With that came integration into the world investment system. Foreign funds flowed into China in a spectacular way. The stock of foreign investment grew from under $ 5 billion in 1989 to nearly $ 90 billion by 1994.

继之而来的是融入世界投资体系。外国资金大量流入中国，外资存是从不足1989年的50亿美元上升到1994年的近900亿美元。

So China has built new and increasingly strong links, in both directions, with world markets. These links have contributed to creation of new jobs, new prosperity for China. What next?

总之，中国与世界市场之间建立起了双向的、新的联系，这些联系正在日益加强，并为中国创造了新的就业机会，带来了新的繁荣。那么今后怎么办呢？

I believe it is China’s interest to build on this foundation, to consolidate her place in the international system. That is the way to maximize her share of world markets; and －as the UK knows from direct experience－to attract the stimulus, the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer.

我相信，在此基础上进一步努力并巩固中国在国际体系中地位符合中国的利益，也是最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法。英国从自身直接的经历中体会到，吸引外资可以带来动力、技术和资金。

（Excerpted from “Speech by the Hon Malcolm Rifkind, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs at the University of International Business and Eco-nomics,1996）

（原文及译文均选自李正中：《国际经贸项汉翻译》之附录）

翻译理论简介

严复与“信、达、雅”

严复在《天演论·译例言》里首次提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。“信”指的是“忠实”，“达”指的是“流畅”，“雅”指的是“尔雅”。所谓“尔雅”，用严复自己的话来说就是“用汉以前字法，名法”。

用严复提出的标准来衡量他译的《天演论》，可以看出他并不十分重视“信”，他说“译文取明深义，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益、不斤斤于字比句次”。为了把西方的思想介绍给当时的中国知识分子，必须使用他们熟悉的语

言。严复是达到了自己的目的的。

一百年来，严复提出的“信、达、雅”在中国翻译界起了很大的作用。人们对“信”和“达”没有什么争论，唯有“雅”字例外。再“用汉以前字法、句法”进行翻译是不行了。

周煦良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说：“我认为应当作为‘得体’业理解。得体不仅仅指文笔，而是指文笔基本上必须根据来定；文笔必须具有与其内容相适应的风格。”他还说：“信、达、雅三者哪一个最重要？我、以为要看内容而定。如果译的是《读者文摘》或旅游见闻，那就要着重达，便是漏译一两句也无关宏旨。如果译的是哲学、社会科学，特别是经典著作，信就应当放在首位。……至于文学翻译，那当然要讲究文笔。”

Lesson 12中国能够依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给（摘录1）

China Can Basically Achieve

Self-Sufficiency in Grain

Through Self-Reliance

立足国内资源，实现粮食基本自给，是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针。中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%，净进口量不超过国内消费量的5%。

The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to rely on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain. China endeavors to increase its grain production so that its self-sufficiency rate of grain under normal conditions will be above 95 percent and the net import rate 5 percent, or even less, of the total

consumption quantity.

现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。根据中国农业自然资源、生产条件、技术水平和其他发展条件，粮食增产潜力很大。

China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the pre-sent stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development: Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.

－提高现有耕地单位面积产量有潜力。目前，中国同一类型地区粮食单产水平悬殊，高的每公顷7500－15000

公斤，低的只有3000－5000公斤。在播种面积相对稳定的前提下，只要1996－2010年粮食单产年均递增1%，2011－2030年年均递增0.7%，就可以达到预期的粮食总产量目标。这样的速度与过去46年年均递增3.1%相比，是比较

低的。

There is potential for increasing the yield per unit area on the existing cultivated land. At present, the per unit area yield

of grain varies widely in the same districts, the highest yield being 7,500kg to 15,000kg per hectare, and the lowest 3,000kg to 5,000kg. Given a relatively stable sown area, China can achieve its desired total grain output target if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7 percent from 2011 to https://www.sodocs.net/doc/256111941.html,pared to the annual average increase rate of 3.1 percent of the per unit area yield in the past 46 years, it is clear that one percent and 0.7

percent are fairly low.

即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素，也是有条件实现的。目前，中国粮食单产水平与世界粮食高产国家相比也是比较低的，中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生

物措施，可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。

So, to achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered. At present, China?s per unit area yield of grain is low compared with countries with high grain yields. It will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain production in a short period of time, but the gap can certainly be narrowed through earnest efforts. The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500kj through the upgrading of medium-and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and spreading the use of advanced

agrotechnology.

－开发后备耕地资源有潜力。中国现有宜农荒地3500万公顷，其中可开垦为耕地的约有1470万公顷。中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时，加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦，未来几十年计划每年开发复垦30万公顷以上，以弥补同期耕地占用，保持耕地面积长期稳定。通过提高复种指数，使粮食作物播种面积稳定在1.1亿公顷

左右。

（摘自《中国的粮食问题》第三部分）There is also potential for exploiting untouched arable land re-sources. China now has 35 million hectares of wasteland which are suitable for farming. Of this, about 14.7 million hectares can be re-claimed. The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines, while measures will be adopted to protect the existing cultivated land. In the next few decades China plans to re-claim more than 300,000 hectares each year to make up for the loss of cultivated land appropriated for non-farming uses and to keep the area of cultivated land constant for a long period of time. The grain-sown area will be stabilized at about 110 million ha through

the in-crease of the multiple crop index.

（from Beijing Review）

-----Unit 5Culture-----

Lesson 13A V alentine to One Who Cared--Too Much（1）

衷肠曲

by Nancy J. Rigg

南希·J.里格

It’s raining, again. As I lie awake in bed, list ening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It’s raining, again.

又下雨了。我躺在床上，睡不着，听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千，恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的通道，回想起许多痛苦的往事。心里一阵冰凉，不禁感到毛骨悚然。是的，又在下雨了。

It does this every year in Southern California; at least that’s what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. There seem to be two seasons here. During the rainy season, sometimes the storms drench the area nonstop for days. Sometimes the storm come and go. Often property damage and disrupted lives result. It’s hard to predict the intensity of the patterns from year to year. Then there is the fire season. That takes care of the property that managed to survive the deluge, again disrupting lives. The days connecting these seasons are monotonous, with some sun, some smog and some more sun. This is nothing like back hone in Colorado.

加利福尼亚南部，年年如此；去年，雨无情地下个不停，我表示惊异，人们就是这样对我说的。这里似乎只有两个季节。在雨季，狂风暴雨有时一连几天不停，有时一会儿就雨过天晴。结果往往是财产遭损失，生活受影响。严重程度如何，年年不同，难以预料。再就是火季。大雨过后勉强剩下的财物就落到它的手里，人们的生活再次受到影响。这两个季节之间的日子是非常单调的，有时见一点儿阳光，有时烟雾弥漫，过后再见一点儿阳光。这跟家乡科罗拉多

的情况迥然不同。

We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer often come with intensity great enough to cause flash-flooding. Every child raised in the West knows about these dangers. At least that’s what I used to think. I’m not so sure anymore.

科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加，猛烈异常，往往顷刻之间暴雨成灾。在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害。至少我过去是这样想的，现在就不敢说了。

In second grade they showed us a terrifying film about flash-flooding. A man parked his 57 Chevy on a little bridge overlooking a picturesque, arid gully and took out his camera. It was starting to rain, but he really wanted to get that picture. The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind. They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today.

我上二年级的时候，给我们演过一场暴雨成灾的电影，非常可怕。电影里有位先生把他那57型车威牌小轿车停在一座小桥上，小桥下面是条美丽、干涸的狭谷。这位先生拿出相机准备拍照，却下起雨来。可是他实在想把这里的景色拍下来再走。突然漫漫的雨水像一面墙一样压了下来，一下子就连人带车都冲走了。这情景直到现在还印在我的脑海里，我小的时候，他们用过这种吓唬的办法。现在用什么办法不得而知了。

A year ago I would have sworn that children here are taught nothing about the dangerous powers of nature. My fiance, Earl Hig-gins, and I had recently moved to Los Angeles from Colorado. It was a move we had made by choice, for career purposes. About a week and a half after we moved into an apartment in Atwater, a block from the Los Angeles River, the rains started in earnest.

一年前，我敢说，从来没有人对这里的孩子讲讲大自然的力量有多么危险。那时我和我的未婚夫艾勒·希金斯刚从科罗拉多搬到洛杉矶来。我们是为了事业，自愿搬来的。搬来以后就在阿特瓦德区离洛杉矶河一个街区的地方找了一套房子住下。住了大约一个多星期，下起雨来了，而且下个不停。

On Valen-tine’s Day, I remember thinking what dismal weather it was for being in love, but after studying Earl’s face I knew that the weather didn’t matter much. At least that’s what I thought. Because we were together, life was safe and secure. We talked of our plans to wed and start a family, once we were settled in Los Angeles, and we listened to the rain.

记得在圣瓦伦廷节那一天，我觉得这样的天气对正在相爱的人来说可太糟糕了。可是仔细一看艾勒的脸色，就知道天气不好并没有多大关系。至少当时我是这么想的。因为我们俩在一起，生活是安定的。我们打算一旦在洛杉矶站住脚，就结婚，组织家庭。我们一面议论，一面听着外头的雨声。

The Sunny nook footbridge connects Atwater with Griffith Park, spanning the Los Angeles River and the Golden State Freeway. Like the freeway, the river is fenced to keep people out. During several walks to the park, Earl and I had noticed many children who ignored the fences and found holes to allow them through in order to play in the dirt in the river bed and run up and down the sloping concrete kids playing in the concrete channel, because most of the time the river is dry. Habits form, however, and, in a child’s mind, most of the time becomes all of the time, and nobody gives it much thought. Then the rains come. （to be continued）

（from Los Angeles Times）

桑尼努克桥是一座只供人行的小桥，它横跨洛杉矶河和金州高速公路，联结着阿特瓦德区和格力非公园。洛杉矶河和公路一样，为了行人的安全，两旁修了栏杆。我和艾勒好几次散步到公园去，都看见许多孩子不管栏杆不栏杆，见了缺口就钻过去，在河床上的烂泥里玩，在两岸用水泥砌的斜坡上跑上跑下。在大多数情况下，家长大概可以放心地让孩子们在两岸砌着水泥的河道里玩耍，因为大部分时间河里没有水。然而孩子们习以为常，在他们心目中，"大部分时间"变成了"全部时间"，而谁也没有仔细去想这件事。后来就下起雨来了。（待续）

翻译理论简介

鲁迅与瞿秋白

在理论方面，鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法，提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。

1935年，鲁迅在“‘题未定’草”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括。他说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”也就是说，翻译既要通顺，又要忠实。这不但是必要的，而且也是可能的。

Lesson 14How to Grow Old

by Bertrand Russell

In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.

翻译：题目虽然这样写，实际上本文所要谈的却是人怎样才可以不老。对于像我这样年纪的人来说，这个问题就更是重要得多了。我的头一条忠告是，你可得要挑选好你的先人啊。我的父母年纪轻轻就去世了，可是说到祖辈，我还是选得不错的。我外祖父固然是在风华正茂之年就弃世了，当时他只有六十七岁，但是我的祖父、祖母和外祖母却都活到了八十以上。

Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. A great-grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women higher education.

翻译：再往远一点说，在我的先人之中，我发现只有一位活得不长，他得了一种现在已不多见的病，那就是头让人砍掉了。我的一位曾祖母，和吉本是朋友，活到了九十二岁，她直到临终都使儿孙望而生畏。我外祖母有九个孩子活了下来，有一个孩子很小就死了，她还流产过多次。丈夫一死，她就致力于女子高等教育。

She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women. She used to relate how she met in Igaly an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. “Good gracious, ” she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal exist ence!”

翻译：她是戈登学院的创办人之一，曾竭力使医学专业对妇女开放。她常对人说，她在意大利碰到过一位愁容满面的老先生，就问他为什么闷闷不乐，他说两个小孙孙刚刚离开她。“我的天哪！”我外祖母就说，“我的孙子孙女有七十二个，要是每离开一个都要难过，我的生活可就太痛苦了。”

“Madre snaturale,” he replied.But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m. in reading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old.

翻译：听了这话，老先生竟说，“Madre snaturale”但是我作为七十二人中的一员，倒是赞成她的办法的。她过了八十以后，常睡不着觉，所以从午夜到凌晨三点总要读些科普读物。我相信她从来没有工夫去注意自己是不是在日益衰老。我认为，要想永葆青春，这是最好的办法。

If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.

翻译：你要是有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣，而且还有能力参加一些活动，你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字，更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了。

As regrds health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little expeience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I things I like doing are mostly wholesome.

翻译：谈到健康问题，我就没有什么可说的了，因为我没怎么生过病。我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉，从来不为对身体有益而搞什么活动，然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都是有助于增进身体健康的。

Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness future, and to things about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.

翻译：从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去。老想着过去，总觉得过去怎么好怎么好，或者总是为已故的朋友而忧伤，这是不妥的。一个人应当考虑未来，考虑一些可以有所作为的事

情。

This is not always easy; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen. If this is true is should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.

翻译：要做到这一点并非总是很容易的；自己过去的经历就是一个越来越沉重的包袱。人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。如果真是这样的话，那就不要去想它，而如果你不去想它，情形就很可能不是这样了。

The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.（to be continued）

（from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays）

翻译：另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中汲取力量。孩子们长大以后，就希望独立生活，如果你还像在他们年幼时那样关心他们，你就会成为他们的累赘，除非他们特别麻木不仁。我不是说一个人不应当关心孩子，而是说这种关心主要应该是多为他们着想，可能的话，给他们一些接济，而不应该过分地动感情。动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。

（译自《记忆中的肖像及其它）

翻译理论简介

郭沫若与茅盾

郭沫若说：“翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作，有时候翻译比创作还要困难。”他还说：“我们对翻译工作决不能采取轻率的态度。翻译工作者必须具有高度的责任感。

茅盾主张直译，同时又提倡保留“神韵”。

I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I things I like doing are mostly wholesome.

Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness future, and to things about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.（2003年4月份考题）

Lesson 15旧梦重温

旧梦重温

冰心

王一地同志从1957年就当了中国少年儿童出版社的编辑，我们在多次“儿童文学”的聚会中早就认识了。如今，能为他的这本散文集子作序，我觉得很荣幸。

Comrade Wang Yidi became an editor of the China Children Press as early as 1957 and we came to know each other at the meetings held by “Children’s Literature”.I f ind it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.

我必须承认，我的时间和精力似乎越来越少了。一地同志送来的他的部分稿子，我不能仔细地欣赏，但我却充分感觉他的文章的魅力。如《海乡风情》写出了他对童年生活的眷恋。《心上的河流》写出了他对于小河流水的深情，这使我忆起我所热爱的无边的大海。

I must admit that my time and energy seem to be running short. I was unable to read carefully and enjoy all the articles he had sent me, but I was fully aware of the charm of his writings. In “Episodes in My Homeland near the Sea”, he revealed his love for his childhood life. In“A River at Heart”,he exp ressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea.

他在国内旅游过的地方，除了井冈山以外，都是我没有到过的！如丝绸之路上的阿克苏，青藏公路上的唐古拉、昆仑等，这又使我十分羡慕。这几年来，我因行动不便，整天过着“井蛙”的无耻生活，读了这游记，绚丽生动得如经其境，给了我很大的快乐。

In China, he has been to many places which I have never visited, with the exception of the Jinggang Mountains. His trips to Aksu on the Silk Road, the Danggula and the Kunlun Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and many other places all aroused my envy. In recent years, unable to move about easily, I have been leading a dull life that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”.Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.

他到过的国外的地方，我在半个世纪以前就到过了，如伦敦、巴黎、罗马、佛罗伦萨等欧洲城市。虽然时代不同，我想历史古迹总该是依旧吧。如同旧梦重温一般，我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期，在昼夜看不到日、月、星三光的浓雾之中，参观了大英博物馆、敏纳斯物教堂——访问了一些英国朋友。使我喜欢的就是在这个国家到处都是绿茵茵的，比解放前的北京看去舒服多了。

Overseas,he has been to places such as London, Paris,Rome and Florence in Europe, which I had visited half a century ago.Times are different, but the historic sites,I presume, must have remained the same. Just like going through old dreams,I remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936.During that time, when the sun, the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night,I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends.What I liked best was the refreshing green which could be seen all over the country. It was much more pleasant to the eye than Bejing be fore liberation.

提到巴黎，我永远忘不了我在那里逗留的100天。我住在第7区以意大利诗人马利亚·希利达命名的一条街的7层楼上（我在《关于女人》里写的《我的房东》说的就是我在巴黎那一段生活中的一部分）。因为住处离罗浮宫很近，我就整个上午“泡”在罗浮宫里。

Speaking of Paris, I could never forget the hundred days I had spent there. I lived on the sixth floor of a building in a street named after the Italian poet Maria Hilida in District 7（“My Landlady” included in my book About Women was based on some of my experiences in Paris at the time）.As I was very close to the Louvre, I would loiter in the palace the whole morning.

蒙娜丽沙的画像是悬挂在一条长案的上面，在两根绿色蜡烛的中间。我常常立在这长案旁边，吃我的简单早餐——一包巧克力糖！吃过早餐，就出来坐在宫门台阶上，欣赏宫门口那一座大花坛，花坛里栽的是红、黄、白、紫四色分明的盛开的郁金香！

The portrait of Mona Lisa was hung above a narrow, long table with two green candles on either side.

I would often stand at the table having my simple breakfast — a bar of chocolate. After that, I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace, enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red, yellow, white and purple.

翻译理论简介

直译与意译

1982年，周煦良在“翻译三论”一文中写道：直译可以分为三类：第一类是译音而不译意。如democracy译为“德谟克拉西”，而不译为“民主”。第二类是照字面译。如crocodile tears译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”，而不译作“虚伪的眼泪”。第三类是不按照中国语言习惯和词序而按照原文的结构或词序的翻译。如“‘你来了，’她说”。最后，他指出“这样一些直译好像为数不少，但就一篇文章，一部书来看，直译的成分毕竟是少数。”（P161页）王力先生在《中国语法理论》“欧化的语法”一章中指出：“中国语里多用意合法，联结成分并非必需；西文多用形合法，联结成分在大多数情况下是不可缺少的。”（P166页）

-----Unit 6Liserature（1）-----

Lesson 16Tess of the D'urbrevilles（1）

by Thomas Hardy

On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, in the adjoining Vale of Blakemore or Blackmoor. The pair of legs that carried him were rickety, and there was a bias in his gait which inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line.

五月后半月里，有一天傍晚，一个中年男子，正打沙氏屯，朝着跟它相连的那个布蕾谷（或者布莱谷）里面的马

勒村往家里走去。支着他的那两条腿老是摇摇晃晃的，他走路的姿势里，又总有一种倾斜的趋势，使他或多或少地往一条直线的左边歪。

He occasionally gave a smart nod, as if confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking o fanything in particular. An empty egg-basket was slung upon his arm, the nap of his hat was ruffled, a patch being quite worn away at its brim where his thumb came in taking it off. Presently he was met by an elderly parson astride on a gray mare, who, as he rode, hummed a wandering tune.

待一会儿他就轻快地把头一点，好像是对某一个意见表示赞成似的，其实他心里头可并没想什么特别的事儿。他胳膊上挎着一个空着的鸡蛋篮子，他头上那顶帽子的绒头都乱七八糟的，帽檐上摘帽子的时候大拇指接触的那个地方还磨掉了一大块。他往前刚走了一会儿，就有一个上年纪的牧师，跨着一匹灰色的骒马，一路信口哼着一个小调儿，迎着面儿走来。

‘Good night t’ee, said the man with basket.

“晚安，”挎篮子的人说。

‘Good night, Sir John,’said the parson.

“约翰爵士，晚安，”牧师说。

The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned round.

那个步行的男子又走了一两步，站住了脚，转过身来：

‘Now, sir, begging your pardon;we met last market-day on this road about this time, and I zaid “Good night,” and you made reply “Good night, Sir John,” as now.’

“先生，对不起。上次赶集的日子，咱们差不多也是这样儿在这条路上碰见的，那回俺对你说‘晚安’，你也跟刚才一样回答说‘约翰爵士，晚安’。

‘I did,’said the parson..

“不错，是，”牧师说。

‘And once before that——near a month ago.’

“在那一次以前，大概有一个月了，也有过这么一回。”

‘I may have.’

“也许。”

‘Then what might your meaning be in calling me “Sir John”these different times, when I be plain Jack Durbeyfield, the haggler? ’

“俺分明是平平常常的杰克·德北，一个乡下小贩子，你可三番两次地老叫俺‘约翰爵士’，到底是什么意思？”

The parson rode a step or two nearer.

牧师拍马走近了一两步。

If was only my whim, he said; and , after a moment’s hesitation:‘It was on account of a discovery I made some little time ago, whilst I was hunting u pedigrees for the new county history. I am Parson Tringham, the antiquary, of Stagfoot Lane. Don’t you really know, Durbeyfied,that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urberville, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, as appears by Battle Abbey Roll?’

“那不过是我一时的高兴就是了，”他说；跟着迟疑了一会儿：“那是因为不久以前，我正考查各家的谱系预备编新郡志的时候，发现了一件事情，所以我才这么称呼你。我是丝台夫路的崇干牧师兼博古家。德北，你真不知道你就是那古老的武士世家德伯氏的嫡派子孙吗？德伯氏的始祖是那位有名气的武士裴根·德伯爵士，据‘纪功寺谱’上说，他是跟着胜利王维廉从诺曼底到英国来的。

‘Never heard it before, sir！’

“从来没听说过，先生！”

‘Well it’s true.’

“这是真事。”

…

‘But you’ll turn back and have a quart of beer wi’me on the strength o’t, Pa’ son Tringham? There’s a very pretty brew in tap at The Pure Drop—though, to be sure, not so good as at Rolliver’s.

“可是，崇干牧师，既是这样，那你回来跟俺去喝它一夸特啤酒，好不好？清酒店有开了桶的好酒，可是比起露力芬店里的，自然还差点儿。”

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BASIC 语言BASIC Language BASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & Application C 语言C Language C++程序设计C++ Program Designing CAD 概论Introduction to CAD CAD/CAM CAD/CAM CET-4 College English Test (Band 4) CET-6 College English Test (Band 6) C与UNIX环境C Language & Unix Environment C语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in C C语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE Ⅲ Programming Languages Internet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet Technology PC机原理Principle of PC Unix编程环境Unix Programming Environment Unix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix System Windows系统Windows Operation System 办公自动化Office Automatization 办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis 办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design 编译方法Compilation Method 编译方法Methods of Compiling 编译技术Technique of Compiling 编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler 编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling 操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS) 操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System 操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling 操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations 程序设计Program Designing 程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language 程序设计语言Programming Language

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fellow countrymen 同胞militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的 cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业 Department of Agriculture 农业部门 the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失 Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候 surveyor general 测量总监 sovereign nation 主权国家 aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户 economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量

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