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英汉互译技巧

英汉互译技巧
英汉互译技巧

第五次课

I.应该没有考Change of voice 被动语态和主动语态的变化

Four situations when passive voice is used in English:

1.When the agent is not known or is not necessary to know

2.When emphasis is on the action or the object rather than on the agent

3.When the speaker is not willing to reveal the agent

4.When use of passive constructions can help link the sentence with its context

可以翻译成英语被动句的汉语句子包括(反之亦然):

1.有标志的汉语被动句:“受、挨、遭、遭受、被、得到、给、叫、让、由、为……所、加以、予以、等等”

2.无标志的汉语被动句:形式主动,意义被动

3.部分无主句可以翻译成英语被动句

4.一些习惯用语可以翻译成英语被动句或It句型:“有人、人们、大家”作主语;“据说、据报道、据推测、据估计、据信、可以肯定、必须指出、有人主张、众所周知

等等”

他粗心大意,应当受到批评。不用被批评

He should be criticized for his carelessness.

这个问题必须在适当的时候予以处理。不用被处理被动语态在翻译的时候尽量不用被字

The problem must be dealt with at an appropriate time.

代表将由民主协商选举产生。

The representatives will be elected after democratic consultation.

艾滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。

The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids.

血债要用血来还。

Blood debts will have to be paid in blood.

到现在为止还没有得出结论。

So far no conclusion has been arrived at.

为这事已经拨了大笔款项。

A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.

可以有把握地说,会议会如期举行。

It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule.

人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。

Rubber is found to be a good insulating material.

据说人在弥留之际都要回顾他的一生,就像看一部电影,一切都历历在目。

It is said a dying person tends to recollect his whole life, like seeing a film.

II.不考Positive and Negative ways of expressing an idea

Negation in translation: 正说反译/反说正译法。为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。

有时,若从字面翻译,往往生硬别扭、词不达意,有时甚至违背原意。但若从反面下笔,却能恰如其分地译出原意,且文笔流畅自然、文字精炼。

He would fight to death before he surrendered.

他宁可战死而决不投降。

His name just escaped me!

他的名字我一时记不起来了!

The window refused to open.

窗户打不开。

Yesterday he failed to get to school on time.

他昨天没有准时到校。

In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?

如果没有疫苗,如何阻止艾滋病毒传播?

Her conduct is above reproach.

她的行为无可指责。

We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.

井枯方知水可贵。

First catch your hare and then cook it.

不要操之过急。(心急吃不了热豆腐)

Let bygones be bygones.

既往不咎。

This problem can never be taken too seriously.

这个问题无论怎样认真对待也不为过。

More:

Wait, John, I’m quite serious!

等一等,约翰,我可不是说/闹着玩的!

The chance was wholly denied to him.

这个机会与他完全无缘。

That sinking ship is beyond help!

那艘正在下沉的船是无法可救了。

Do not leave the office unless instructed to do so.

如果没有接到通知就不要离开办公室。

He is a poet worthy of the name.

他是位名不虚传的诗人。

He is often absent-minded.

他经常心不在焉。

We will live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world.

我们不会辜负全国人民和全世界人民对我们的期望。

That fellow is far from being honest.

那家伙很不老实。

The area is an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon-free zone.

那个地区是不冻港和无核区。

But for the workers’ help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment.

没有工人们的帮助,我们这个实验便不会成功。

That’s a thing that might happen to anyone.

这种事情谁也难免碰上。

The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping baby.

母亲小心翼翼地从熟睡的孩子手中抽出自己的手来。

Isn’t it funny?

真逗!

Mary lay awake almost the whole night.

玛丽躺在那儿,几乎一夜没合眼。

A new dignity crept into his walk.

他走起路来,不觉平添了几分尊严。

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。

一般来说,双重否定表示肯定two noes make a yes,但作为一种粗俗英语或亚标准英语,双重否定一直被以英语为母语的人们,特别是英语国家的不少劳动人民在使用,表示强调否定之义。

We never thought of nothing wrong.

我们从来没有想到有什么错误。

They would not eat themselves, and would not let others neither.

他们自己不吃东西,也不让别人吃。

还有一个技巧是division没有课件

英汉互译实践与技巧作业

英汉互译实践与技巧 学 院:水利与建筑工程学院 专业班级:电气 xxx 班 姓 名: xxx 学 号: 201xxxxxxx

Reasons for the Excellence of US Higher Education By Chuck M.Ves Excellence extends beyond individual scholars and in stitutions it extends to systems. A basic question I have been asked innumerable times, especially when traveling abroad, is, Why is Americas system of higher education so good? It is, as has been said all too often, the envy of the world. I think there are seven primary reasons for the excellence of US higher education relative to that in other countries: We have a broad diversity of institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges to Ivy League schools, to the great land grant universities, and to somewhat more focused institutions like MIT or Caltech. This diversity provides a wealth of environments and opportunities, from which individual students can select a school that best matches their needs and capabilities. We offer new assistant professors a wide open field of freedom to choose what they teach and the topics of research and scholarship they engage. We reject the hierarchical systems of many other nations in which junior faculty are subservient to, and indeed apprenticed to, senior professors. We therefore enjoy a constant flow of new ideas, passions, and approaches that keep us fresh and robust. In our research universities we meaningfully weave together

郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(大写、标点符号与英汉互译)

第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译 10.1 复习笔记 第1节大写与翻译 一、英文大写的最常用规则 1. 历史上的事件、时期和文件。如:美国的“南北战争”为“Civil War”。 2. 商品的牌子名称。如:飞鸽牌自行车Flying—Pigeon bicycle,可口可乐Coca Cola。 3. 星期名、月份、假日。如:星期一Monday,三月March,国庆日National Day。 4. 人名和地名,即数量最多的专有名词。如:邓小平Deng Xiaoping,莎士比亚Shakespeare,伦敦London。 5. 标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。如:《为人民服务》“Serve the People”,《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities,《无事生非》Much Ado About Nothing。 6. 圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词。如:God,Lord,Christ,Jesus,He,Him,Himself 和His。 7. 职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时。如:王力教授Professor Wang Li,史密斯博士Dr. Smith。 8. 机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称。如:教育部Education Ministry,武汉大学Wuhan University,人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People。 9. 种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。如:黑人Black People或Negro,意大利

人Italian,中国籍(中国人或中国人的)Chinese,汉语Chinese天主教Catholic,新教徒Protestant。 10. 其他一切有特殊含义的词语,包括一句或一信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等,和前9条中所说的词语一样,其首字母或全部字母必须大写。如: (1) 他爱国。 He loves his motherland. (2) 亲爱的先生: Dear Sir, (3) (诗句)听!那山谷深深,/充满了她歌唱的清音。 O listen! for the vale profound/Is overflowing with the sound. 第2节汉译英与标点 一、汉语标点符号 汉语书面语中共有l6种标点符号,它们是:l. 句号(。)2. 问号(?)3. 叹号(!)4. 逗号(,)5. 顿号(、)6. 分号(;)7. 冒号(:)8. 引号(“”)9. 括号(( ))10. 破折号(—)11. 省略号( (12) 着重号(. )13. 连接号(-)14. 间隔号(·)15. 书名号(《》)16. 专名号(____) 要正确地使用标点符号,记清它们的位置亦非常重要。《标点符号用法》对每种符号的位置也作了明确规定:“句号、问号、叹号、逗号、顿号、分号和冒号都是占一个字的位置,通常不出现在一行之首。引号、括号、书名号的前一半不出现在一行之末,后一半不出现在一行之首。破折号和省略号都占两个字的位置,中间不能断开。连接号和间隔号一般占一个字的位置。在书写和印刷时,这四种符号上下居中。着重号、专名号和浪线式书名号标在字

英汉互译技巧

韩刚B2A“译点通”笔译独家秘笈之:汉译英十大技巧 一、中文结构“三步走”。主要是指涉及政府外宣类题材的句子结构划分技巧。所谓“三步走”,具体是指:中文长句中,第一步给出理念、指导方针或原则,第二步具体阐述在这种方针原则的指导下都做了什么或者要做什么,第三步给出结果或者要实现的目标。在具体行文时,可以按照“每一步”信息的多少进行“逐步”切句或者灵活整合。有了“三步走”原则,长句一点儿都不可怕!这一汉英句式逻辑分析技巧在实操训练中非常实用也极易掌握!详见各循环相关实例分析。 二、“孰轻孰重”要分明。主要是指中英句子结构差异:中文结构“前轻后重”,中文结构事实、背景在前,表态、判断、结论在后,英文恰恰相反,是“前重后轻”。结构差异了然于胸,“表态判断为主,事实背景为从”,在翻译时有了这样一个主从句框架搭建原则,逻辑一目了然,译文自然“行云流水”!详见各循环相关实例分析。 三、结构搭建“三剑客”。主要是指汉译英时结构搭建常用的三个功能词或形式,即as, ing, with。译文结构好不好,它们说了算!可以不夸张地说,谁尽早熟练掌握了这三个功能词或形式,谁就能尽早步入汉英翻译的殿堂!详见各循环相关实例分析。 四、同义重复“并译”行。主要是指中文具有前后呼应、信息重叠的特点,经常使用四字甚至八字表达同一意思,英译时必须压缩合并减译,提取核心意思,力求简洁、流畅,如:骄傲与自豪,千山万水,你中有我、我中有你,等等。中文还有一个典型特点,即“双动词现象”,如:调整和优化,提高和加强,保障和改善民生,加强和完善。以“调整和优化”为例,这两个词在具体上下文中往往属于同义动词,调整的目的就是优化,而优化就是一种调整,直接取同义翻译即可。详见各循环相关实例分析。 五、“千变万化”增张力。主要是指中英翻译要“千变万化”,“同义发散”,选取不同角度对同一内容进行诠释,使用同义词进行替换等等,以此来凸显英文语言的多变性。这与平时大家学习英文写作的要求完全一致,即,同义词替换多多益善!要从写作的高度看翻译!详见各循环相关实例分析。 六、具体、概括“不相容”。主要是指汉英翻译的原则之一“舍宏观概括、取微观具体”。中文里往往会在具体信息后添加概括信息,如:“以人为本”的理念、“先到先得”的韩刚B2A“译点通”: 90天攻克CATTI三级笔译6

英汉互译实践与技巧1--13单元汉译英部分原句+答案

Unit 3 1. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 2 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products. 3社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。 Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces. 4 他们一不会做工,二不会种地,三不会打仗。 They do not know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work, nor about military affairs. 5 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts. 6在全国文明礼貌月中,所有城市必须搞好卫生,清除混乱和不礼貌现象。 During the National Civic Virtues Month, all the cities must clean up, and banish disarray and discourtesy. 7. 现在有一些值得注意的现象,比如以权谋私,化公为私。对这些事情,当然要批评和法办。 At present there are certain phenomena which warrant our attention. For instance, abusing power for personal gains, and appropriating public property for personal use. Of course, this sort of thing should be criticized and be subjected to legal punishment. 8 中国人民百年以来不屈不挠,再接再厉的英勇斗争,使得帝国主义至今不能灭亡中国,也永远不能灭亡中国 Thanks to the Chin ese people’s unrelenting and heroic struggle during the last hundred years, imperialism has not been able to subjugate China, nor will it ever be able to do so. 9 对外国的科学,技术,文化,不加分析地一改排斥,和不加分析地一概照搬,都不是马克思主义的态度,都对我们的的事业不利。 Neither the indiscriminate rejection of everything foreign,whether scientific, technological or cultural, nor the indiscriminate imitation of everything foreign,

郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧【圣才出品】

第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪,但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中,有两点是非常突出的,而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉,开运河不是为了走游艇,而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者,当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。

5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado,而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.

汉英翻译技巧汇总

汉英翻译技巧汇总 Title: 汉英翻译技巧:合并(Combination) Key words: combination, simple sentence, compound sentence, C-E translation Abstract: It discusses the technique of combination of simple and compound sentences. Compiler: 丁树德等 C-E (A) in terms of simple sentences (1)天气寒冷,河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze. (丁树德,"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导",大学出版社,1996) (2)理论必须密切联系实际,这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind. (丁树德,"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导",大学出版社,1996) (3)他在战斗中表现突出,受到连长的表扬。He was commended by the company commander for his distinguished performance in the battle. (丁树德,"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导",大学出版社,1996) (4)年满十八岁的公民,都有选举权和被选举权。All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election. (丁树德,"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导",大学出版社,1996) (5)当时,友谊商店只对外宾开放,不对中宾开放。At the time the friendship store was exclusively open to foreign visitors.(王大伟,"现代汉英翻译技巧",世界图书出版公司,1999)(本科四年级以上) (B) in terms of compound sentences (6)她对自己所取得的成就充满了自豪,这也不是没有道理的。She is justifiably proud of her achievements. ("现代汉英翻译技巧" 王大伟世界图书出版公司1999) (7)这家小工厂经过技术改造,发展很快,使人感到惊讶不已。This small factory underwent a technological renovation, thus developing with

英汉互译技巧

第五次课 I.应该没有考Change of voice 被动语态和主动语态的变化 Four situations when passive voice is used in English: 1.When the agent is not known or is not necessary to know 2.When emphasis is on the action or the object rather than on the agent 3.When the speaker is not willing to reveal the agent 4.When use of passive constructions can help link the sentence with its context 可以翻译成英语被动句的汉语句子包括(反之亦然): 1.有标志的汉语被动句:“受、挨、遭、遭受、被、得到、给、叫、让、由、为……所、加以、予以、等等” 2.无标志的汉语被动句:形式主动,意义被动 3.部分无主句可以翻译成英语被动句 4.一些习惯用语可以翻译成英语被动句或It句型:“有人、人们、大家”作主语;“据说、据报道、据推测、据估计、据信、可以肯定、必须指出、有人主张、众所周知 等等” 他粗心大意,应当受到批评。不用被批评 He should be criticized for his carelessness. 这个问题必须在适当的时候予以处理。不用被处理被动语态在翻译的时候尽量不用被字 The problem must be dealt with at an appropriate time. 代表将由民主协商选举产生。 The representatives will be elected after democratic consultation. 艾滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。 The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids. 血债要用血来还。 Blood debts will have to be paid in blood. 到现在为止还没有得出结论。 So far no conclusion has been arrived at. 为这事已经拨了大笔款项。 A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose. 可以有把握地说,会议会如期举行。 It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule. 人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。 Rubber is found to be a good insulating material. 据说人在弥留之际都要回顾他的一生,就像看一部电影,一切都历历在目。 It is said a dying person tends to recollect his whole life, like seeing a film. II.不考Positive and Negative ways of expressing an idea Negation in translation: 正说反译/反说正译法。为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。

郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】

第1章翻译概述 一、填空 1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____. 【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance 【解析】严复提出的翻译标准:信、达、雅。 2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years. 【答案】two thousand 【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。 3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____. 【答案】faithfulness, smoothness 【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准:“信”和“达”。 二、回答下列问题 1. What is meant by translation? 【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science. 2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?

【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.” 3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator? 【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation. 4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation? 【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original. 5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation? 【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness. 三、英译汉 1. Source language and target language 【答案】译出语和译入语

英语翻译的十大方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 一、增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如: ①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何(增译主语和谓语) ②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句) ③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) ④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) ⑤、只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词) ⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词) ⑦、在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。 In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语) ⑧、三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语) 二、省译法 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如: ①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词) ②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧(中)【圣才出品】

5.3 减译法 1. I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 【译文】我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 2. Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 【译文】冰是固体,如果加热,就融化成水。 3. John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 【译文】约翰早晨起床很早,他穿上夹克,就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 4. But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. 【译文】但此时整条路看起来都挺美,金灿灿的太阳刚落下山,橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。 5. He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor’s thimble. 【译文】他放在那儿有一个架子,摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶,还有大剪刀、针、线,以及裁缝用的顶针。

英汉互译技巧4

第二章英汉语言对比 A comparison between English and Chinese 第一部分 Part One If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation. 刘重德《文学翻译十讲》 Procedures of today ?Similarities between English and Chinese ?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class ?Assignments of today 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分: ?汉语: 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词 虚词(empty word):介词、连词、语气词、助词(结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖,时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖,情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等)?英语: 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 虚词(function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词(shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be) ?英语量词,汉语冠词 ?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc. 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分 ?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语(表语)、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语,从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P) e.g. I like your new hairstyle. 我喜欢你的新发型。 It is cute. 它很可爱。

翻译常用八种方法

考试复习 一、英汉互译下列习语(每小题2分,共20分) 书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。 二、将下列句子翻译成中文,并指出使用的翻译技巧(每小题3分,共30分) 翻译常见的八种技巧: 1.重复repetition 在翻译中被称为一种技巧,自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复,而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义:在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来,重译法有如下三个作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。 We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题,解决问题。 2.增译addition/amplification 什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义:为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法。 送君千里,终有一别。 ,yet the parting must come at last.3.减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样,翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面:以同一个译例来说,在英译汉中如果用增译法的话,在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英),所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法,应该记住这样一条总原则:减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的;换言之,减译法是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词,但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外,冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词,等等,在英语中经常使用,但译成汉语时几乎很少出现,要使译文忠实而地道,减译法就自然必不可少了。例如: A book is useful. 书(是)有用(的)。 4.词类转移法conversion 在翻译时,由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变词类,这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变,而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化,如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知,语言是个无限制生成的系统,在翻译实践中,词类转移的情形也是千变万化的。重要的是,要知道在翻译中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯,可以改变词类。下面所举的例子可以说明词类转移的一些常用情况。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的,但分析一下汉英文中的词类,却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中,差不多都发生了变化:“学好”是动词,意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词;“随便”是副词,意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy,等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同,不作任何改变,那么这就不成一句英文句子了。 5.词序调整法inversion

英汉互译的三种基本方法

英汉互译的三种基本方法 上海理工大学教授,第十四、第十五届韩素音青年翻译奖竞赛汉译英三等奖、 英译汉二等奖获得者 张顺生 1999年笔者到高校工作以后,参加了第十四届和第十五届韩素音青年翻译竞赛。参加第十四届竞赛纯属偶然,竞赛截止的几天前我刚好浏览了《中国翻译》杂志,不经意间读到了上面刊登的竞赛活动,其中汉译英“想起清华种种”不长,自己特感兴趣,因此连忙回家认真翻译了初稿,后来又校对了几遍,便投了出去。没想到竞幸运地获得了三等奖。 第十五届韩素音青年翻译竞赛汉译英我虽未获奖,英译汉却幸运地获得了二等奖。我对第十五届韩素音青年翻译竞赛的印象非常深刻,比如汉译英的题目“常想一二,不思八九”的翻译,我当时的翻译为“Always Bear in Mind the Few Happy Things,Never Take to Heart the Many Unhappy Ones”,而对英译汉的题目“A Person Who Apologises Has the Moral Ball in His Court”(参考译文译作“谁给别人道歉,谁就在道义上掌握了主动”)的翻译,当时也颇费周折,我觉得汉译宜简洁些,故经再三考虑,将其译作“主动道歉理不亏”。两次参赛荣幸获奖提振了我对英汉互译的信心,也点燃了我对翻译的兴趣。近年来我不仅一直鼓励学生参加韩素音青年翻译奖竞赛,还举办了两次校级翻译竞赛,出了2014年姑苏区翻译竞赛试题。从事翻译和翻译教学工作过程中,自己也有一些心得体会,籍此机会跟大家分享一下。 以往的翻译方法多是从“直译和意译”和“归化和异化”等角度而谈的,我这里则想从译语与源语的关系来探讨英汉互译方法。我认为英汉互译基本方法有三种,即直接套用、结构模仿和融会创新。 一、直接套用 所谓“直接套用”指翻译时如能采用“拿来主义”的即采用“拿来主义”,不必另起炉灶,尤其是单词、词组和句子层面。比如,翻译“石头剪子布”就可以直接将英语中对应的词找出,直接套用英语中的rock- paper-scissors;“口水战”可套用英语中的a war of words;游戏“打水漂”可套用英语中的词组play ducks and drakes;“傻人有傻福”可套译为Fortune favors fools;“谋事在人,成事在天”可套译为Man proposes, God disposes;从交际角度而言“人非圣贤,孰能无过”可视具体情况套用蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744) 的To err is human或Even Homer sometimes nods;翻译“喊破嗓子,不如甩开膀子”时孙宁巧妙地套用了英语中的“Talking the talk is not as good as walking the walk”。当然,套译不限于native speakers的表达,母语非英语的人翻译的经典最好也能够信手拈来:如将“救死扶伤”译作heal the wounded and save the dying、“吃一堑,长一智”套译作“A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit”等。我参加第十四届韩素音翻译竞赛,很多表述,如解放区the Liberated Area等的翻译都参考了毛泽东选集英文版中的译法。汉译英亦如此。如,“精明但不聪明”或“捡起芝麻,丢掉西瓜”可套用英语中的penny wise but pound foolish;“上行,下效。存乎中,行于外”套译作As above, so below; as within, so without;“积思成言、积言成行、

郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)-翻译练笔材料及详解【圣才出品】

附录翻译练笔材料及详解 一、英文短篇 1 A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda. Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time. 【参考译文】 一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡,把她惊醒了。她睁开眼睛,天还没有大亮;大道旁陡坡上耸立着茂密的桉树,②幽暗的树影笼罩着房屋,只在树缝间显露出一道灰白色的天空。③到处都是一层湿湿的露水——木柴棚的顶上,树墩旁的手推车上,灌木丛边的蕨草上,到处都是。从屋檐滴下来一颗颗水珠,使得罩在阳台上的铁纱模糊不清

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