9月高级口译翻译真题及答案passage translation

9月高级口译翻译真题及答案passage translation

1. Globally, alcohol consumption has increased in recent decades, with all or most of that increase in developing countries. This increase is often occurring in countries with few methods of prevention, control or treatment. The rise in alcohol consumption in developing countries provides ample cause for concern over the possible rise in alcohol related problems in those regions of the world. There is increasing evidence that besides volume of alcohol, the pattern of the drinking is relevant for the health outcomes. Overall, there is a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and more than 60 types of disease and injury. Worldwide alcohol costs

2.5 million death,

3.8% of total. The burden is not equally distributed among all the countries.

在全球范围内，酒精消费在近几十年内都在增长，几乎大部分消费都发生在发展中国家。这些增长通常发生在缺乏预防、控制和治疗措施的国家中。因为发展中国家酒精消费的增长，人们开始关心酒精可能带来的相关问题的增多。有越来越多的证据表明，除了酒精含量，饮酒方式也与健康息息相关。总的来说，超过60种的疾病和伤亡都与酒精消费有关。在世界各地，酒精造成了250万人死亡，占全球死亡人数的3.8%。对此，世界各国要负的责任不是均等的。

2. Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose or treat physical and mental illnesses. Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations (outside its indigenous culture) is often termed alternative or complementary medicine. Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants as active ingredients. In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. In many developed

countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine, such as acupuncture.

传统医学是保持健康以及预防、诊断或治疗身心疾病方面所使用的以不同文化固有的理论、信仰和经验为基础的知识、技能和实践总和。其他人群所采用的传统医学（不属于其本土文化范畴）通常被称作替代或补充医学。草药医学包括药草、草药制剂和草药成品，其中包含作为有效成分的植物部分。在亚洲和非洲一些国家，80%的人口依赖传统医学提供初级卫生保健。在许多发达国家，70%-80%的人口使用某种形式的替代或补充医学,例如针灸。

高级口译翻译(第四版)

Unit1 1．欢迎希尔博士和夫人来访上海。 Welcome to Shanghai, Dr. and Mrs. Hill. 2．请允许我做自我介绍。 Please allow me to introduce myself. 3．我叫洪建信，是中美医药公司的副总经理。 My name is Jianxin Hong. I am deputy managing director of t he Sino-American Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. 4. 我们很荣幸能请到您，我也特别高兴能认识您。 It is a great honor to have you here with us .And I am so delighted to make your acquaintance . 5. 我们去取行李吧。 We wil go there and pick up the luggage . 4．久闻先生大名, 我在研究生学习时期所写的两篇论文曾参考了您的研究成果。 I have long heard of you,and as a matter of fact, I referred to your research findings in a couple of my papers during my graduate studies. 6．我为能在上海接待您和您的家人深感愉快，我很高兴我们能在今后的半年里合作共事。 It gives me such a great pleasure to meet you and your family here in Shanghai and I am very glad that you will be working with us for the next six months.

历年英语翻译初级口译考试真题及答案

历年英语翻译初级口译考试真题及答案 上午卷： 英译中： (1) New Zealand is a South Pacific country located midway between the Equator and the South Pole, with a land of 268,105 square kilometers and a population of over three million. （第63页－黄） 新西兰是一个南太平洋国家，位于赤道和南极洲之间，国土面积为268105平方公里，人口为300多万。 简析：纵观口译考题，出题者十分聪明地将有关课文的每篇的首句作为考题来出，真是用心良苦。试想每篇文章的首句或每段文章的第一句话不是有提纲挈领的作用吗？理解了首句往往就能了解文章的大概。这和阅读理解的要求有着很大的相通性。所以加强平日对英语句子的敏感性十分有必要。 2) When the washing cycle is over, the machine fries the plates and glasses with its own heart, and indeed they can be left inside until they are needed for the next meal. (P.367) 洗涤过程完成后，洗碗机用自身的热量将盘子和杯子烘干。杯盘还可以留在机内待下一餐使用时再取出。 中译英： (1）为了过好学校里的公寓生活，学生应该学会自己洗衣服，整理房间，甚至于买菜做饭。（第355页） To manage apartment living in school successfully, the students must learn to do their own washing and cleaning, and even buy and cool their own food. (2）据估计，全球毒品的贸易额以达到每年4000亿美元之巨。吸毒者约占全世界人口的3％。(p36蓝)

口译的翻译方法及忠实

口译的翻译方法及忠实 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ The evaluation criterion for good interpretation has been frequently discussed in the interpreting community and many scholars have proposed their own opinions. For example, Gile’s criteria include fidelity, quality of the voice as well as usage of terminologies, etc; Bao Gang proposed complete and accurate interpretation and fluent delivery; Buhler contended that the evaluation criteria consist of sense consistency. In fact, the criterion such as accurate interpretation, consistency and equivalence can be summarized as “faithfulness”, though different researchers focus on different aspects of faithfulness. Therefore, it can be said that in terms of criterion for evaluat ing interpretation, “faithfulness” is discussed by researchers most. The Interpretive Theory also has its own understanding towards “faithfulness”. Amparo Albie, an important scholar of the Paris School, put forward three evaluation criteria for faithfulness in Notion of Faithfulness in Translation (La Notion de

2020年翻译资格考试英语高级口译指导

2020年翻译资格考试英语高级口译指导 译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣!故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达上焉。...易曰：“修辞立诚。”子曰：“辞达而已!”又曰：“言而无文，行之不远。”三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信、达而外，求其尔雅...——严复《天演论.译立言》 1. 原文：All around was open loneliness and black solitude,over which a stiff breeze blew。(Thomas Hardy：Tess of the d'Urbervilles) 译文：周围一切，仅仅一片空旷的荒寒，一团漆黑的僻静，一股 劲风，在上面吹动。(张谷若译) 赏析：“一片”、“一团”、“一股”，量词的准确使用增强了 疑问的表现力。 2. 原文：She denied it,denied everything,bone and stone. 译文：她矢口否认，死不认账。 赏析：原文中的"bone and stone"形象生动，但将其直译成“语 气硬得像骨头和石头”，去不一定能为我国读者所接受，改译成“死 不认账”，就自然、生动的多。翻译本来就是一个有得有失的过程， 完全传达原文的意义、精神、意韵、形象实不可能，好的译者总是善 于抓住原文的精髓，在译文中尽力将其传达出来，而将原文那些相对 来说不甚重要的且又无法传达的割舍开去，借用依据哲学的术语，就 是“抓住要矛盾或矛盾的主要方面”，至于哪些是“主要矛盾或矛盾 的主要方面”，哪些是“次要矛盾或矛盾的次要方面”，取决于翻译 的目的、翻译语境以及译者的理解水平。

3. 原文：The reverberation of fighting between the forces of India and Pakistan are reaching us in increasing volume. 译文：印度和巴基斯坦两国部队的杀伐声一阵紧似一阵传到我们这里来。(黄邦杰：《译艺谭》) 赏析：黄邦杰先生说：“对一个译者来说，译一个词，不但要准确的把词义译出，而且要把这词所具有的特色、词义的细微差别以及作者褒贬的态度和正反的说法，不温不火、不多很多地加以体现。”"The reverberation of fighting"译为“杀伐声”，"in increasing volume"译为“一阵紧似一阵”，绘声绘色，活灵活现，让人不能不佩服。 4. 原文：The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back China's progress.(Lin Yutang：Moment in Peking) 译文：那个愚蠢无知的老太婆统治了十九世纪后五十年，使中国不能进步，她可算功劳第一。(张振玉译) 赏析：“她可算是功劳第一”，反语的使用，辛辣无比。 本期练习：翻译下列句子 His discourse,says Speidel,"become lost in fantastic digressions." 答案： 译文：斯派达尔后来说，他的的谈话“越说越远，越说越离奇，最后不知说到哪里去了。”

高级口译翻译补充练习2答案

高级口译翻译补充练习2答案

1．其实，全球后工业化过程中，看看上海浦东、吉隆坡双子塔和美国世贸废墟等为“第一高楼”争得打破头，看看一幢楼里一模一样的房子高一层即贵一万元，便可明白人类这种登高望远的野心。即使“上九天揽月”也不再是嫦娥或库布里克的奥德赛之梦了，从加加林的首航和阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”，到美国富翁狄托那次昂贵却货真价实的太空旅游，人类才花了二十几年。据说两年内将启动的Sub-Orbital Flights子轨道飞行，每人只需5万美金就可以预定座位了。如果张雨生还活着的话，想去月球他就去吧。《不远行者没有未来》 译文：In fact, it is quite easy to understand the wish of human being “to be the highest” when we see the fierce competition for the “highest one” among the high buildings in Pudong, the Twin Tower in Kuala Lumpur, and the ruins of the World Trade Center, or when we are shocked by the sharp increase in price for the same houses at different stories in a building. To travel in the outer space is not longer

something absolutely impossible--- it only after 20 years later since Gagarin’s first navigation in the outer space and Armstrong’s “little step” there that Ditto, an American rich man, took his expensive but real travel in space. It is said the Sub-Orbital Flights Subtrack Flight to be launched within 2 years will only charge 50 thousand dollars for the reservation from each passenger. If Zhang Yusheng, a famous singer in China, was still alive, he could realize his dream of visiting the moon. 2．有观点就必然有差异，即使是不同的声音在媒体中也都拥有了发表的空间（凤凰卫视的《时事辩论会》节目中，拥战派和反战派的嘉宾就吵得不亦乐乎）。这充分证明适当地拓广舆论空间，并不会打破一个社会的秩序和稳定。相反恰恰是在不同观点的冲撞中，使得公众得以从不同的角度接受信息、思考问题，而一种平衡的舆论机制正在潜移默化中自发形成。《海湾大战中的传媒较量--薇露的血为谁而流》

高级口译翻译难点词汇

0903高口英译汉 1．In-state tuition. 州民学费 背景补充：美国的州立大学的学费往往有两种：In-state tuition，州民学费，针对本州居民的学费，条件是学生自己必须是本州的居民，至少是美国公民，其学费相对是较低的。这种低廉的学费非常有助于州立大学吸引成绩优异但家境不够富裕的学生。Out-of-state tuition，非州民学费，针对本州居民以外，往往是in-state tuition的三至四倍。 2．Ivy League：长春藤盟校 背景补充：Ivy League：通常译为“长春藤盟校”，除了著名的Harvard哈佛和Yale耶鲁外，还包括Princeton University普林斯顿大学、University of Pennsylvania 宾西法尼亚大学、Dartmouth College 达特茅斯学院、Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学、Cornell University 康乃尔大学和Brown University布朗大学。这些大学都是私立的名校，以高质量的教学和高昂的学费而著称。 0903高口汉译英 好听的话=奉承的话：flattery 赞美/恭维话：compliment 拂耳之言:offensive words/criticism 不悦：unhappy; displeased 愠怒：be angry; be irritated 身居要职: occupy an important position; hold an important post 心悦诚服: be gladly/completely convinced 雅量：（宽宏的气度）magnanimity; generosity；（大的酒量）great capacity to drink 心性：disposition; temperament 修养：self-cultivation 缺陷：flaw; defect 花言巧语：blandishments; fine rhetoric; deceiving words 投其所好：hit on what one likes; cater to another’s pleasure 可乘之机：Loophole: (法律上的)漏洞、空子 忠诚：loyal; faith 直言不讳：speak out frankly without reserve 在理智上：in reason 伟大哲学家老子：Laozi, the great philosopher 兼听则明，偏信则暗：listen to both sides and you will be enlightened; heed only one side and you will be benighted; benighted (being misled) by one-sided opinion, enlightened by difference voices. 忠言逆耳利于行: Honest advice, though unpleasant to the ear, benefits your conduct./ Truth hurts, but helps. 美言不信，信言不美: Beautiful words are truthful; truthful words are not nice to hear./ Embellished words are not true while true words are not embellished. 背离：go against; betray 古训：old teaching

历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案

历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一

《中高级口译教程》里的四字成语翻译汇总

繁衍生息live and multiply/reproduce 改朝换代changes of dynasties 穷兵黩武wantonly engage in military aggression; use all one’s armed might to indulge in wars of aggression 雅俗共赏appeal to both refined and popular tastes 与日俱增increase with each passing day, be steadily on the increase 极目远眺look as far as the eye can see 按资排辈to assign priority according to seniority 求同存异seeking common ground while putting aside differences 流连忘返linger on; be too delighted to leave 乐不思蜀too delighted to be homesick 不屈节操unyielding moral principle 赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 殊死奋战fight desperately; fight to death 可歌可泣moved one to songs and tears 英勇卓绝heroic and splendid 插科打诨comic parts 精微深奥profound and abstruse 博大精深extensive and profound 源远流长run a long history 天下为公The world belongs to all the people. 天下兴亡匹夫有责Every man has a duty to his country. 预防为主prevention first 综合治理comprehensive control/management 全面推进entire/all-round push-on 重点突破breakthrough at key points 亲仁善邻cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness 和睦相处living in harmony with others 强不凌弱The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor. 协和万邦All nations live side by side in perfect harmony. 海纳百川有容乃大One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers. 兼收并蓄embrace everything that is useful 光阴似箭Time flies like an arrow. /How time files! 吃苦耐劳hard work and enduring hardship 勤俭持家run the household industriously and frugally 尊师重教respect teachers and attach importance to education 当务之急urgent; imminent 不谋而合coincide with 莘莘学子students 青春洋溢young 书香浓郁academic/cultural atmosphere 朝气蓬勃 充满活力dynamic; vigorous

高级口译翻译整理

On China’s Entry into the WTO 论中国入世 艰苦努力painstaking efforts 世贸组织新成员new member of the WTO 具有历史意义的一件大事a major event of historic significance 现代化建设modernization drive 产生重要而深远的影响exert important and far-reaching influence on 经济发展economic development 社会进步social progress. 加入世贸组织joining the WTO // accession to the WTO // entry into the WTO // WTO entry 重大战略决策a major strategic decision 改革开放reform, opening up 中国深入参与China's in-depth participation in 经济全球化economic globalization. 最大的发展中国家the largest developing country 不完整的incomplete 普遍性和公正性universality and fairness 多边贸易体制multilateral trading system. 利弊advantages and disadvantages 许多方面many aspects 发展机遇opportunities for development 扩大就业总量expand total employment volume 提高人民生活水平raise people's living standards 更好地利用外资make better use of foreign capital 有利于conducive to 实施“走出去”战略implementing the strategy of "going globe-wide" 参加国际竞争与合作participating in international competition and cooperation 在更广阔的天地in a broader world 利于我国分享……好处advantageous to China's share of the benefits 严峻的挑战grim challenges 从观念上、体制上做必要的调整make necessary conceptual and structural adjustments 经济的管理economic management, 相应的转变corresponding changes 企业的管理方法enterprises' management method 经营机制operational mechanisms 随着……的进入along with the inflow 服务业service trades 中国产业Chinese industries 成本高、技术水平低和管理落后的企业enterprises with high cost, low technical level and backward management 遭受一定的冲击和压力be subjected to certain impact and pressure 迎接这些挑战meet these grim challenges 不失时机lose no time

英语翻译中级口译模拟试题及答案解析(5)

英语翻译中级口译模拟试题及答案解析（5） (1~20/共20题)SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST A: Spot Dictation Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE. Play00:0002:52 Volume The United States Department of Agriculture 1 for organic food products. The requirements come more than 2 after Congress ordered the development of such rules. Currently, different state and 3 establish organic food requirements in the United States. Each group uses its own rules to decide what products may be called organic. Organic food is one of 4 in American agriculture. The Agriculture Department estimates that American farmers sold 5 worth of organic food last year. Farmers who grow organic food 6 to increase their crops or to control insects and disease. Many people believe that eating organic food is 7 than eating food produced with chemicals. Some people 8 pay more for such food products. 9 says there are more than 10 in the United States who grow food organically. Most of them produce only 11 food. Yet, the number of organic farmers is 12 of about 12 percent each year. The new requirements set rules for what food products 13 . For example, at least 95 percent of 14 called organic must be organic. 15 will be permitted to 16 "made with organic ingredients" if at least 70 percent of their materials are organic. In addition, a state or private agency approved by the Agriculture Department must document which farms or businesses 17 organic foods. The rules bar the use of genetic engineering, the process of changing the genes of living things. They bar the use of waste products to 18 to fertilize organic food. They also bar treatments with radiation to kill bacteria on food products. Farmers and food companies have 18 months to start obeying 19 . Americans will begin to see the effect of the rules in their local stores by the summer of 2001. Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman 20 . He called them the strongest and most complete organic food rules in the world. 第1题 第2题 第3题 第4题 第5题 第6题 第7题 第8题 第9题 第10题 第11题

英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系

英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系 句群，简单地说就是由两个或者几个意义上前后谢姐连贯额句子按一定规则组成的表示一个中心意思的的语法单位,下面就和大家分享英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 英语口译翻译技巧：句群逻辑关系 汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系，从逻辑上区分通常有六种： a) 表示原因关系 “因为…所以”，“因此…”，“由于…” b) 表示转折关系 “虽然…但是…”，“然而(不过)…” c) 表示条件关系 “如果…”，“假如…”，“只要…就…”，“一旦…” d) 表示让步关系 “尽管…”，“就算…也…”，“即使…也…”

e) 表示时间先后关系 “…之后”，“接着…” f) 表示结果关系 “从而…”，“导致…” 经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。 Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of china.The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of china 中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。 Through creating a favorable background, china will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the only path/indispensable/essential for china to achieve

高级口译翻译十大经典句

1. leave sb the choice of … or …要么…,要么… ★（选择类经典句）Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us the choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission.敌人冷酷无情/铁石心肠，我们要么顽强抵抗，要么屈膝投降。2 The age of 30s leaves you the choice of marriage or remaining a bachelor.年过三十，要么成婚，要么单身。 2. be the instrument of sth 引来某事物的人或事 ★（使动类经典句）The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us, and we shall have the blessings and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them.全国同胞都在关注我们，如果我们有幸能够拯救他们脱离强加于身的暴政/把他们从强加于身的暴政中解救出来，那将得到他们的祝福和赞颂。2 他所建立的组织最终使他垮了台。The organization he had built up eventually became the instrument of his downfall. 2 能够让你幸福，我愿意付出我的一切。If I can be the instrument of your happiness, I will sacrifice all my belongings. 3. it was the memories of 追溯到… ★（回忆类经典句）Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which were considered turning points in their nations? development.追溯到1964年东京及1988年汉城举办的奥运会，可能分别被视为日韩两国发展的转折点。 4. on the premise/ground/prerequisite/proposition/hypothesis/presupposition that 基于一个前提… ★（假设类经典句）中国政府在宣布实行和平统一的方针时，是基于一个前提，即当时的台湾当局坚持世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。The Chinese proclaimed/declared to adopt/implement the policy of peaceful reunification on the premise that the then Taiwan authorities maintained that there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is only one part of China. 2 Advice to investors was based on the premise that interest rates would continue to fall.对投资者的建议是以利率会继续下跌为根据的。 5.be bound to 必定…；一定… ★（意愿类经典句）西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。The Great Western Development is bound to be a bridge between China and the rest

高级口译翻译真题、答案sentence translation

9月高级口译翻译真题、答案sentence translation 2011年秋季上海中高级口译考试将于9月18日开考，为了帮助考生朋友第一时间得知自己的考试情况，考试大将会在考后第一时间为您发布9月18日上海中高级口译考试真题及答案，敬请关注！本文为句子翻译真题和答案。Directions: In this part of the test you’ll hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences only once. After you have heard each sentence translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your answer booklet. Now let’s begin Part B with sentence translation. Sentence 1 In the education circles, homework opponents argue that homework damage the physical, emotional, and mental health of children by reducing the amount of time they have to play and get fresh air. 译文：在教育圈，反对家庭作业的人认为家庭作业减少了孩子们玩耍和去室外呼吸新鲜空气的时间，从而损害了孩子们的生理，情感以及心理健康。 Sentence 2 Most of us tend to believe that competition is good and that competition fairly handled can generally stimulate more efficiency in production, grater efforts to improve products and lower prices for consumers. 译文：我们大多数人认为竞争是好的，而且处理得当的竞争关系一般能够刺激生产更高的效率，更好的产品以及对消费者来说，更低的产品价格。 Sentence 3 Intellectual property crimes are not victimless. The theft of ideas and the sale of counterfeit goods threaten economic opportunities and financial stability, suppress innovation, and destroy jobs.

必背：中高级口译翻译经典词群

1、“…化” 现代化→modernize 市场化→marketize 地区化→regionalize 多极化→polypolarize 干部队伍的革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化。 The ranks of the cadres become more revolutionary, younger in average age, better -educated and more professionally competent. Cadres are more revolutionary, younger, better-educated and more professional. 国际关系民主化 Democracy should be practiced in international relations. We should practice democracy in international relations. 企业化→turn …into business institutions make…function as an enterprise 集团化→incorporate…into an enterprise 公开化→to be brought into the open 股份化→transfer…into share holding 如果两岸客运包机实现“节日化”，还可以向常态化发展。 节日化→on all festivals and holidays 常态化→ develop toward normalization develop into a regular practice develop and normalize/regularize this practice 2、“在…的…下” 在改革开放的推动下→Thanks to the further push by the opening-up and reform 在中国共产党的领导下→Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party 在盟友的帮助下→With its allies’ help 在改革开放政策的带动下→Driven by the reform and opening-up policy 3、“是” constitute/represent/form/prove/系表结构以外的形式