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GUATEMALA CITY (Reuters) -- A fish that lives in mangrove swamps across the Americas can live out of water for months at a time, similar to how animals adapted to land millions of years ago, a new study shows.

The Mangrove Rivulus, a type of small killifish, lives in small pools of water in a certain type of empty nut or even old beer cans in the mangrove swamps of Belize, the United States and Brazil. When their living place dries up, they live on the land in logs, said Scott Taylor, a researcher at the Brevard Endangered Lands Program in Florida.

The fish, whose scientific name is Rivulus marmoratus, can grow as large as three inches. They group together in logs and breathe air through their skin until they can find water again.

The new scientific discovery came after a trip to Belize.

"We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out," Taylor told Reuters in neighboring Guatemala by telephone. He said he will make his study on the fish known to the public in an American magazine early next year.

In lab tests, Taylor said he found the fish can live up to 66 days out of water without eating.

Some other fish can live out of water for a short period of time. The walking catfish found in Southeast Asia can stay on land for hours at time, while lungfish found in Australia, Africa and South America can live out of water, but only in an inactive state. But no other known fish can be out of water as long as the Mangrove Rivulus and remain active, according to Patricia Wright, a biologist at Canada's University of Guelph.

Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changed over time.

"These animals live in conditions similar to those that existed millions of years ago, when animals began making the transition from water onto land," Wright said.

49. The Mangrove Rivulus is a type of fish that _______.

A. likes eating nuts

B. prefers living in dry places

C. is the longest living fish on earth

D. can stay alive for two months out of water

50. Who will write up a report on Mangrove Rivulus?

A. Patricia Wright

B. Researchers in Guatemala

C. Scientists from Belize

D. Scott Taylor

51. According to the text, lungfish can________.

A. breathe through its skin

B. move freely on dry land

C. remain alive out of water

D. be as active on land as in water

52. What can we say about the discovery of Mangrove Rivulus?

A. It was made quite by accident

B. It was based on a lab test of sea life

C. It was supported by an American magazine

D. It was helped by Patricia Wright

危地马拉市路透社电------一项新的研究发现：在美洲各地的红树沼泽水中生活着一种在一段时间内数月离水还能存活下来的鱼，其生存力之强一如数百万年前动物适应大陆的情形。

此鱼俗名红树溪鳉属将科小鱼，产于贝利兹、美国和巴西红树沼泽的小水潭中，在水中某些果实的空壳内甚至在旧啤酒罐内它也能生活。佛罗里达州濒危地带管理署的研究员Scott Taylor说，红树溪鳉在其水域干枯后也能继续在陆地上的圆木丛中生存下来。

此鱼学名为红树鲉，长成全长能达三英寸，他们成群生活在圆木丛中，依靠皮肤呼吸空气直至再找到水源。这一科学新发现是由Taylor旅行到贝利兹之后取得的。

Taylor在靠近危地马拉市的地方打电话告诉路透社：“我们在踢翻一根圆木之后，发现那条鱼挤了出来”。他说，他将对鱼进行研究之后在明年初的一家美国杂志上把研究结果公布于众。

在实验室历经数次检测之后，Taylor发现，这种鱼在离开水、不进食的情况下，能存活长达66天。其他一些鱼只能在脱水之后存活一小段时间。在东南亚发现的花虱能一次呆在泥中数小时；而在澳大利亚和南美发现的肺鱼只能在离水后保持静态才能存活小段时间。但是，据加拿大Guelph.大学的生物学家Patricia Wright说，还没有已知的鱼脱离水后存活期能像红树溪鳉那样长久。

对这种鱼作进一步研究的结果也许能告须我们动物的漫长演化方式。这些动物的生存状况和数百万年前的动物相类似，当时动物的栖息地开始从水域向陆地转移。

49。这将科小鱼是一种鱼的_______。

A.喜欢吃坚果

B .喜欢生活在干燥的地方

C.这是地球上寿命最长的鱼

D .可以存活2个月离开水

50。谁会写一个报告，将科小鱼？

A.帕特丽夏·莱特湾

B.研究人员在瓜地马拉

C .科学家来自伯利兹

D.史葛泰勒

51。根据文本，可以________肺鱼。

A.通过皮肤呼吸

B .自由移动，在陆地上

C .仍然活着出来的水

D.要积极地在水

52。我们可以说些什么的发现将科小鱼？

A.这是由意外

B.它是基于一个实验室测试的海上生活

C.它是由美国杂志

D.它是帮助帕特丽夏莱特

It was the first snow of winter- an exciting day for every child but not for most teacher. UP until now, I had been able to dress myself for recess (课间休息), but today I would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten teacher at Princess Elizabeth School near Hamilton, Ontario, had been through first snow days many times in her long career, but I think she may still remember this one.

I managed go get into my wool snow pants. But I struggled with my jacket because it didn’t fit well. It was a hand-me-down from my brother, and it made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes. At least my hat and matching scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots. In her calm, motherly voice she said, “By the end of winter, you will be able to put on your own boots.” I didn’t realize at the time that t his was more a statement of hope than of confidence.

I handed her my boots and stuck out my foot. Like most children, I expected the adult to do all the work. After much wiggling and pushing, she managed to get first one into place and then, with a sigh, worked the second one on too.

I announced, “They’re on the wrong feet.” With the grace that only experience can bring, she struggled to get the boots off and went through the joyless task of putting them on again. Then I said, “These aren’t my boots, you know.” As she pulled the offending boots from my feet, she still managed to look both helpful and interested. Once they were off, I said, “They are my brother’s boots. My mother makes me wear them, and I hate them!” Somehow, from long years of practice, she managed to act as though I wasn’t an annoying little girl. She pushed and shoved, less gently this time, and the boots were returned to their proper place on my feet. With a great sigh if relief, seeing the end of her struggle with me, she asked, “Now, where are your gloves?”

I looked into her eyes and said, “I didn’t want to lose them, so I put them into the toes of my boots.”

1.The little girl was more satisfied with her_____

A. Trousers

B. Jacket

C. Boots

D. Hat

2.Miss Finlayson had difficulty with the girl's boots mainly because_____

A.the girl got them from her brother

B.the girl put something in them

C.They were on the wrong feet

D.They did not fit the girl well

3.Why does the auther say Miss Finlayson would remember that first sonw day?

A.Because the little girl was in her brother's clother

B.Because it was the most exciting day of the winter

C.Because the little girl played a trick on her

D.Because the little girl wore a pretty scarf

4.We can learn from the text that Miss Finlayson_____

A.was losing confidence in the little girl

B.Gradually lost patience with the little girl

C.Because disappointed with the little girl

D.Was getting bored with the little girl

那是冬天的第一场雪-一个令每个孩子兴奋不已的一天，但对大多数教师来说，情况并非如此。现在，我已经长大了，可以靠自己来穿衣打扮了，不过今天我还是需要一些帮助。芬利森小姐，我的幼儿园老师，早已经在下雪天多次穿过厚厚的积雪了。但我想她可能还记得这一次的情形。

我设法穿上了羊毛防雪裤。但是，我穿外套却费了不少劲，因为外套并不合身。这件外套是我哥哥传给我的，而且如果我纳闷着为什么我要穿他那么难看的上衣，（我会一转念想到），至少我的帽子和围巾是我自己的，而且他们非常漂亮。终于，芬利森小姐帮我穿靴子的时候到了。

芬利森小姐用她那平静而又母亲般慈祥的声音说：“到冬天结束的时候，你就完全能穿上自己的靴子了”。当时我并没有意识到，这与其说是芬利森小姐一种信心的表白，毋宁说是她对我未来的一种希望吧。

我把我的靴子递给芬利森小姐，我伸出了脚。像大多数孩子一样，我渴望着长大，可以做所有的事情。芬利森小姐经过多次尝试终于用力将靴子穿在了我的脚上，然后，她叹了口气，又费劲地为我穿好了另外一只靴子。

我抗议道，“靴子穿错了。”

她艰难地把我的靴子脱了下来，并且又经历了一次毫无乐趣的劳作，给我穿好了靴子。

我告诉她：““这双靴子是我哥哥的，你知道，我恨这双靴子。”

不知为什么，历尽多年的磨练，芬利森小姐表现出（平静而从容）的举止，就好像我不是一个令人厌烦的小女孩。她依然与我作着斗争，她问道：“唉，你的手套在哪里？”

我盯着她的眼睛，说道：“我不想失去我的手套，所以我把它们藏在我靴子里脚趾头的地方了。

1。小女孩更满意她的_____

A裤子

B 夹克

C 靴

D博士帽

2。芬雷森小姐有困难的女孩的靴子，主要是因为_____

A这种女孩得到他们的哥哥

B那女孩穿在他们的东西

C他们穿错脚

D他们不适合的女孩

3。为什么作者说芬雷森小姐会记得第一个下雪天的？

A因为小女孩在她哥哥的衣服

B因为它是最令人兴奋的一天的冬季

C由于小女孩捉弄她

D因为小女孩穿着一件漂亮的围巾

4。我们可以从文本_____ 芬雷森小姐

A收缩失去信心的小女孩

B .逐渐失去耐心的小女孩

C .因为失望与小女孩

D .玩腻了这个小女孩

I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down，I immediately recognized that something was wrong，and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her

threemonthold calf struggling in the fastrising water，and it was a lifeanddeath struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get，holding her whole body against the rushing water，and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away.

There was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mother's body and was gone. Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk against the rocky bank. Then with a huge effort，she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock.

Just at this moment，she fell back into the river. If she were carried down，it would be certain death.

I knew，as well as she did，that there was one spot where she could get up the bank，but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf.

While I was wondering what I could do next，I heard the sound of a mother's love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could，roaring(吼叫)all the time，but to her calf it was music.

39．The moment the author got down to the river bank he saw______.

A．the calf was about to fall into the river

B．Ma Shwe was placing the calf on the rock

C．the calf was washed away by the rising water

D．Ma Shwe was holding the calf against the rushing water

40．How did Ma Shwe manage to save her calf from the fastflowing water?

A．By putting it on a safe spot.

B．By pressing it against her body.

C．By taking it away with her.

D．By carrying it on her back.

41．How did the calf feel about the mother elephant's roaring?

A．It was a great comfort.

B．It was a sign of danger.

C．It was a call for help.

D．It was a musical note.

42．What can be the best title for the text?

A．A Mother's Love

B．A Brave Act

C．A Deadly River

D．A Matter of Life and Death

我突然听到大象哭泣，好像害怕。往下看，我立刻认出的东西是错误的，并跑到边缘附近的银行。我看见马丹瑞她三个月的小牛挣扎在快速上升的水，这是一个生死攸关的斗争。她是小牛的浮动和恐惧的尖叫。马丹瑞是在靠近对岸，她可以得到，整个身体抵御着湍急的水，并使小腿挤压着她庞大的身躯。时不时湍急的水将横扫小牛了。

有水的一个突然崛起，小牛是洗干净了母亲的身体，走了。马丹瑞迅速转身抓住了它并按下小牛与她的头和躯干的石堤。经过一番努力，她把它捡了起来，她的躯干，直到她能把它放在一个狭窄的岩架。

就在这个时候，她倒进河里。如果她进行了，它一定会死。我知道，以及她，有一个地方，她可以得到了银行，但它在另一边，她把她的小腿。

当我在想我能做，我听到了一个母亲的爱。马丹瑞过了河，得到了银行并让她回来的路上，她尽可能快，咆哮（吼叫）所有的时间，但她的小腿是音乐。

39。目前作者下河岸，他看到______。

A犊即将掉进河里

B马丹瑞是放置在小腿上的岩石

C小腿被冲走的水位上升

D马丹瑞正抱着小牛对湍急的水

40如何管理。马丹瑞拯救她的小腿从湍急的水？

A放在一个安全的地方。

B按对她的身体。

C利用了她。

D通过它在她的背上。

41。如何小牛觉得母亲大象吼叫？

A这是一个巨大的安慰

B这是一个危险的信号

C它是一个求助电话

D它是一个音符。

42。什么是最好的标题文本？

A一个母亲的爱

B一个勇敢的行为

C致命的河

D一个生死攸关的问题

Sitting on the peaceful coast of Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, watching the sun move quietly into the sea, you shouldn’t forget that Charles Darwin（1809-1882）arrived here in 1835．He stayed on the islands for five weeks, observing various animals．This finally inspired his famous work, On the Origin of Species．You can certainly follow Darwin’s footsteps and enjoy a trip from four to seven days to the islands．

The islands are certainly a paradise（天堂）for wildlife, as there are no natural killers on the islands and the number of boats and visitors is under government control．Though you cannot walk freely as Darwin did about 200 years ago, each day is as impressive as it could be．

The most well-known animals of the Galapagos is the giant tortoise（巨型海龟）, which can be seen moving slowly around the highlands of Santa Cruz, the second largest island in the archipelago（群岛）．Some of these creatures are so old that they might have been seen in their youth by Darwin himself．Despite strict control over activities and timing, your stay on the Galapagos will be remembered as a chain of incomparable pictures: diving with sea lions that swim and play within inches of you; feeling small sharks touch your feet as you swim; and, most magically, seeing a whale and her baby surface with a great breath of air．

Traveling between the islands and observing the wildlife that so inspired Darwin, you will feel as though you are getting a special view of an untouched world．At night you will sleep on board the ship, leaving the wildlife in complete occupation of the islands, which are as undisturbed now as they have been since the beginning of time．

1．What do we know about Darwin’s visit to the islands?

A．He studied different creatures on the islands

B．He completed his famous book on the islands

C．He was touched by the geography of the islands

D．He was attracted by well-known animals of the islands

2．Which of the following plays a role in making the islands “a paradise for wildlife”?

A．Animals on the islands feed on grass．

B．Local government forbids killing wildlife．

C．People cannot visit the islands as they wish．

D．Tourists are not allowed to touch the animals．

3．Your stay on the islands will be most impressive mainly because of ．

A．The beautiful sea views

B．Darwin’s inspiring trip

C．a closer view of animals

D．various daring activities

4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A．A Unique Attraction for wildlife Lovers

B．Galapagos as a Paradise for Adventures

C．Charles Darwin as a symbol of Galapagos

D．A successful Example of wildlife protection

坐在和平海岸加拉帕戈斯群岛，厄瓜多尔，看着太阳悄悄地移动到海里，你不应该忘记查尔斯达尔文（1809至1882年）到1835。他呆在岛上五周，观察各种动物。这最后的启发，他的著名作品，对物种的起源。你当然可以按照达尔文的脚步，享受之旅从四至七天的岛屿。

该群岛当然是一个天堂（天堂）野生动物，因为没有自然杀手的岛屿，渔船数量和游客是由政府控制的。你不能自由行走为达尔文约200年前，每一天都是令人印象深刻，因为它可以。

最知名的动物的加拉帕戈斯群岛是巨龟（巨型海龟），其中可以看到周围的高地，缓慢移动的圣克鲁斯，二中最大的一个岛群岛（群岛）。有些动物太老了，他们可能已经看到在青春的达尔文自己。

尽管严格控制活动和时间，你停留在加拉帕戈斯群岛将记住作为一个链的无与伦比的图片：潜水与海狮，游泳和打在你的感觉；小鲨鱼触摸你的脚当你游；和，最神奇，看到鲸鱼和她的孩子表面与一个伟大的呼吸的空气。

在船上，使野生动物完全占领的岛屿，这是不受干扰的现在，他们已经开始以来的时间。

1。我们知道什么对达尔文的访问的岛屿？

A.他研究了不同生物的岛屿

B.他完成了他的著名的书的岛屿

C.他感动的是地理群岛

D.他吸引了知名的动物的岛屿

2。以下哪方面发挥着作用，使群岛“野生动物的天堂”？

A.岛上动物吃草。

B .当地政府禁止捕杀野生动物。

C.人们不能访问的岛屿作为他们希望。

D .游客不允许触摸动物。

3.你停留在岛将是最令人印象深刻的主要是因为。

A.美丽的海景

B达尔文激动人心的旅行

C.一个近距离观察动物

D各种大胆的活动

4.下列哪个是最好的标题为这一段吗？

A.一个独特的魅力为野生动物爱好者

B.加拉帕戈斯乐园历险记

C.查尔斯达尔文作为一种象征，加拉帕戈斯群岛

D.一个成功的例子，野生动物保护

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材料英语翻译

①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。

英语阅读理解及翻译

1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."

初三英语阅读理解带翻译

初三英语阅读理解带翻译（一） Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them. Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk. We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?" "It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry." "Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back." "We can't ".said my sistter. "Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!" 1.The writer and Mary didn't know______. A.what Zip's first present was B.how Zip carried its first present home C.who owned Zip's first present D.what Zip's first present was made of

英语阅读理解带翻译10篇精选参考

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英语四级真题阅读理解(带翻译)

Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is

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《材料成型及控制工程-专业英语阅读-》翻译

第一章材料及其性能 1。1金属和非金属许多属性具有材料之一，其机械性能，在大多数情况下，是最重要的，因此，他们将在本书太多的考虑。所有关键部件和元件，其中一个高可靠性的要求，都是用金属制作的，而不是玻璃，塑料或石头。已升了SEC，金属的特点是金属键；在正离子占据晶格的网站和周围的电子气。所有非金属离子和共价键。这些类型的债券是刚性的，是由于两个不同的电荷离子的静电引力。由于金属键，金属塑性变形能力和自我强化的塑性变形。因此，如果在一个物质或者元素的形状是这样，有应力集中的缺陷，在这些点上的应力可以达到一个巨大的价值，甚至导致开裂。但是，由于材料的塑性越高，金属在塑性变形这一点，说，在裂纹尖端，经过强化，骨折的过程中，涉及到一个逮捕。这不是在非金属发生。他们是不可能的塑性变形和自我强化；因此，裂缝将尽快在缺损的尖端的应力超过一定值时发生。这些事实说明为什么金属是可靠的结构材料和不可超越的非金属材料。 1。2铁合金以上的人类使用的金属材料，重量90%铁合金。这代表了范围广泛的组织工程材料的一个巨大的家庭及相关性质。工程设计要求结构承重或电力传输大多数涉及铁合金。作为一个实际问题，这些合金分为基于碳在合金成分两大类。钢通常包含在0。05和2重量%的碳。铸铁通常含有2和4.5重量%的碳之间。在钢的范畴，我们应当区分是否显着量的合金元素碳以外的使用。的组合物的5重量%的总的非碳的加入将作为低合金高合金钢之间的边界。这些合金元素都经过精心挑选，因为他们总是带来大幅增加材料成本。只有在性能如强度高、耐蚀性能提高的改进证明他们是必不可少的。 2。钢的热处理的1原则热处理在现代机械工程的作用不能被高估。在因热处理金属性能的变化是极为重要的意义。 2。1。1温度和时间目的的任何热处理工艺是通过加热到指定的温度和随后的冷却产生在金属结构所需的变化。因此，在热处理的主要因素是温度和时间，所以，任何热处理过程可以在温度时间（Tτ）坐标表示热处理条件的特点是通过以下参数：加热温度T最大，即为合金金属加热的最高温度；在加热温度τH保温时间；加热速率νH和冷却速率如果加热（或冷却）是在一个恒定的速率，温度时间关系会以各自的角度倾斜的直线描述。用不同加热（或冷却）率，实际利率应归功于给定的温度，更严格，温度和时间的无限变化，温度在时间上的第一衍生物：ν行为= dt的/ Dτ 热处理是一个复杂的过程，包括多个加热阶段，中断或分步加热（冷却），冷却到零度以下的温度，等。任何热处理过程可以由温度时间图坐标描述。 2。1。2奥氏体的形成珠光体向奥氏体转变只发生在平衡临界点在一个非常缓慢的加热如下的Fe-C相图。一般情况下，转型是弱智，导致过热，即发生在温度略高于Fe-C图表示。

科技英语阅读翻译

科技英语阅读翻译 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revived an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe. (3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing. (4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything. (5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose. Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）（1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.

英语阅读理解带翻译范文生命之坚持

最新英语阅读理解带翻译范文:生命之坚持 Some people insist that only today and tomorrow matter. But how much poorer we would be if we really lived by that rule! So much of what we do today is frivolous and futile and soon forgotten. So much of what we hope to do tomorrow never happens. The past is the bank in which we store our most valuable possession: the memories that give meaning and depth to our lives. Those who truly treasure the past will not bemoan the passing of the good old days, because days enshrined in memory are never lost. Death itself is powerless to still a remembered voice or erase a remembered smile. And for one boy who is now a man, there is a pond which neither time nor tide can change, where he can still spend a quiet hour in the sun. 一些人坚持认为只有今日与明日最重要。可要按这条规则来生活的话，我们将会变得更加可怜。今天我们所做之事有多少是琐碎无功的，很快就被人遗忘.又有多少我们明天要为之事将会成为泡影。过去是一所银行。我们将最可贵的财富——记忆珍藏其中，这些记忆赋予我们生命的意义和厚度。真正珍惜过去之人不会为美好时光逝去而哀叹。那些珍藏于记忆的时光是永远不会消失的。死亡本身也无法止住记忆中的声音，或擦除记忆中的微笑。对于已经长大成人的小男孩来说，那儿将会有一个池塘。它不会因时间和潮汐而改变，可以让他大继续在阳光下享受静谧的时光。