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考研英语:翻译真题精讲

考研英语:翻译真题精讲
考研英语:翻译真题精讲

考研英语:翻译真题精讲()

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考研英语:翻译真题精讲(1)

一、全真试题

Thestandardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting s tudents,employees,andmilitary personnelhavebeen the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily press,and even in Congress.(71)The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. Thetests themselvesare merely tools,with characteristics that can be measuredwith reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results willbe v aluable,meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon th e tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upo nsome knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever isappropriate.(72)How wellthe predictions will be validatedby laterperformance depends upon the amount,reliability,andappropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with w hichit is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knowsthat the informationavailable is always incomplete and that the predictions are alwayssubject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds ofinformati on about what a person learned,the skills he hasdeveloped,or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has,qualitat ively,the same advantages and shortcomings asother kindsof infor mation.(73)Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particularsituation depends,therefore,upon theeviden ce fromexperience concerningcomparative validity and upon s uch factors as cost and availability.

(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectivel y when whatisto bemeasured or predicatedcannot be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting compa rable information about many people. Sometimesthey identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but

there are manythings they do not do.(75)For example,they do notcompensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngstermight havebeen had he grownupunder more favorable circumstances.

二、翻译题解

(71)Thetargetiswrong,forin attacking the tests, criticsdivertatte ntion fromthe faultthatlieswithill-informed or incompetent users.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:标点符号,从属连词

The target is wrong, //forinattacking the tests, //cri ticsdivert attention from the fault //thatlies with ill-in formed or incompetent users.

解析:

(1)句子的主干为Thetargetis wrong;后面跟了个for引导的状语从句。

(2)介词短语in attacking thetests作时间状语修饰divert,把for引导的状语从句分隔开了,调整下会有助于理解:for critics divert attention fro mthe fault in attacking the tests

(3)the target指前文提到的the standardized educational or psy chological tests

词的处理:

the target“目标”,根据上下文,翻译时应将其补充完整为“把标准化测试作为抨击的目标”

divert attention from“把注意力从…转移开来”,引申为“没有注意到”

lie with在于

技巧点拨:

(1)thatlies with ill-informed or incompetent users是由that 引导的定语从句,其先行词是the fault。根据定语从句的翻译方法,可以把这个定语从句组合到其先行词的后面。

(2)ill-informed“不甚了解的,认识不足的”,译文中将其转译为动词(反义词well-informed:熟悉的,见识广的,灵通的)。

(3)incompetent users字面意思“不适当的使用者”,根据句意进行词性转换,转译为动词“使用不当”,使译文更通顺。

完整译文:

把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

(72)Howwell thepredictionswill bevalidatedby later performancedepends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriatenessof the information used and onthe skill andwisdom withwhichi tis interpreted.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:从属连词,过去分词,并列连词

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance //depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the

information used //and on the skill and wisdom //with which it is in terpreted.

解析:

(1)句子的主干为How wellthe predictions will be validated... depends upon the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information...andon theskill and wisdom...

(2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...,此处注意depend 后可以加on或upon搭配,需要我们任何时候都要对介词搭配敏感,才不至于掉进专家设的陷阱,而遗漏on the skill and wisdom跟动词depend的关系。

(3)theinformation used中是过去分词used做定语修饰theinformation (4)介词短语of the information修饰the amount, reliability, andappropriateness

(5)代词it指代the information

(6)被动语态的翻译:be validatedby为……所证实(借助于“为...所”表被动);is interpreted解释(译为主动)含有被动意义的过去分词used:the infor mation used所采用的信息(借助于“所”表被动)

词的处理:

predictions“预测,预言”,此处根据上下文可知predictions实指standardi zed tests,体现英语用词的避免太重复,对同一个事物,不断变换说法

be validatedby为……所证实

depends upon取决于

reliability可靠性

appropriateness适应性

interpreted解释

技巧点拨:

(1)How well the predictionswillbe validated bylater performa nce中含有一个被动结构。首先how well表程度,常常翻译为:“多么好,怎么样,在多大程度上”。由于表示程度的词在汉语中常常作状语,修饰动词,所以在组合的时候howwell应该翻译到主语the predictions之后。Performance常常翻译为“表演”,但是根据词义选择的翻译技巧,联系上下文中的the predictions willbevalid ated by later performance,应该翻译为“表现”。这样可以把整个主语部分直接翻译为“这些预测将在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实”。最后根据被动结构的翻译方法,可以用汉语的“为……所”来代替汉语的“被”字。

(2)with which it isinterpreted是which引导的一个定语从句,其先行词是the skilland wisdom。在此代词it应该指代上文中的information,所以i tis interpreted如果直接翻译的话,可以翻译为“这些信息被解释”。根据被动结构的翻译方法和定语从句的翻译方法,可以把此定语从句直接放到所修饰的词前面去翻译。

完整译文:

这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

(73)Whetherto use tests, other kinds of information, or both i n a particular situationdepends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity andupon such fa

ctors as cost and availability.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:从属连词,并列连词

Whether to use tests, //other kinds of information, //or bothin a particular situation //depends,therefore, upon the eviden ce fromexperience //concerning comparative validity//andupon such factors as cost and availability.

解析:

(1)句子的主干是Whether to use..., or both... depends upon theev idence... and upon... factors...

(2)(depend) upon ... and upon...为并列结构

(3)介词短语ina particular situation作状语,修饰use

(4)介词短语from experience和concerning comparative validity 作定语,分别修饰evidence和experience

(5)such ... as...例如,诸如。介词短语as cost and availability作定语修饰factors

词的处理:

both指代前句的tests和otherkinds of information

in a particular situation在某一特定情况下

therefore因此

theevidence from experience经验依据

concerning与……有关的

comparative validity相对效度

such factors as...诸如……等因素

availability可以直译为:可获取性;在汉语习惯中,跟“信息”等搭配的,可以是“信息”的“来源”

技巧点拨:

(1)whether引导的主语从句,无须调整语序。而whether...or...是常考结构,常翻译为“究竟是......还是......”。

(2)Depends , therefore, upon the evidence中,副词therefore是一个插入语结构,根据插入结构的翻译方法,可以把它整合到整个句子的最前面。

完整译文:

因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素

(74) In general, the testsworkmost effectivelywhenthe qualities to be measuredcan bemost preciselydefinedandleast effectivelywhenwhatistobe measured or predictedcannot bewelldefined.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:标点符号,从属连词,并列连词

In general,//the tests work most effectively //when the qu alities to be measured can be most preciselydefined //and least effectively //when what isto be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

解析:

(1)主干是the tests workmost effectively ...andleasteffectively ...

(2)连词when引导的是状语从句,意思是“当……的时候”,从句中都是被动结构。

词的处理:

in general一般地说,一般来说

work有效,奏效

workmost effectively最为有效

be most precisely defined很精确界定

measured测定

技巧点拨:

(1)不定式的被动语态的翻译:the qualitiestobe measured“所要测定的特征”;to be measured or predicted所要测定或预测的...(翻译成汉语时,都是用汉语的词汇手段来表示被动,例如:所...的)

(2)本句在翻译的时候将一个主从复合句,适当调整成了两个独立的单句 (即:thete sts work most effectivelywhen..., andthe tests work least effectivelywhen...),更符合汉语表达习惯。

完整译文:

一般说来,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。

(75) For example, theydo not compensatefor gross social inequality,and thusdo not tellhowableanunderprivileged youngstermight have beenhadhegrown upunder more favorable circumstances.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:标点符号,介词短语,并列连词,从属连词

For example,//they donot compensate //for gross social inequality, //and thus do nottell //how able an underpri vileged youngster might have been //hadhe grown up //under more favorable circumstances.

解析:

(1)主干结构theydo not compensate for inequality, and... do n ot tell how...

(2)介词短语for gross social inequality和under more favorable circumstances作状语,分别修饰compensate和grown up

(3)how able引导的tell的宾语从句,此宾语从句中how able是表语前置,可还原为... youngster might have been how able,但因为how是特殊疑问词,要置于句首。

(4)句子的最后一个意群是虚拟语气句的倒装结构:had he grown up undermore favorable circumstances,其正常语序为If he had grown up under morefavorablecircumstances

词的处理:

they指示代词,测试

compensate for弥补

grosssocial inequality明显的社会不公

and thus因此

tell说明(熟词生义)

underprivileged贫困的、物质条件差的

favorable有利的,良好的(拓展:in favor of支持,有利于)

under more favorable circumstances在较好的环境下

技巧点拨:

(1)they做主语指代不清会导致译文既不通顺也不完整。回到原文,从上文中可以看出,前面两个没有划线句子的主语也是代词,所以代词they应该是指代这段话第一句中的主语the tests(这些测试)。

(2)以上解析中已把虚拟条件句还原,此条件句修饰how引导的宾语从句,翻译时需根据汉语语序将其调整到此宾语从句之前或其谓语动词之前。

完整译文:

例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公,因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。

三、参考译文

标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报,甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到其弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的,部分取决于这种工具本身,但主要取决于测试使用者。

所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。(72)这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道,所得到的信息总是不完全的,而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。

应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法,这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能,或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息,从性质上讲,与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。(73)因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

(74)一般来说,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用,就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生,他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有很多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。(75)例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公,因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。

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