研究生翻译讲义资料7(汉译英)
研究生翻译讲义资料（汉译英）
第7篇
人口迅速增长对国家的社会和经济发展、资源利用和环境保护提出了挑战，以致生活水平和人口质量迟迟不能提高。为了保障人们起码的生活条件，使公民富裕起来，中国惟一正确的选择就是努力发展经济，调整人口增长，以适应国家社会和经济的发展。鉴于目前情况，中国政府制定了控制数量、提高质量的人口政策和晚婚晚育、少生优生、每家一个孩子的生育政策。农村缺劳力的困难户可以生第二胎，两胎间隔要在三年或三年以上。
The rapidly increasing population presents a great challenge to the country's social and economic development, the utilization of resources and environmental protection, and delays the improvement of living standards and the quality of the people. In order to guarantee its people’s minimum living conditions and enable citizens to become better of, the only correct choice that China can make is to strive for economic growth and adjust its population growth to the country's social and economic development．In view of the present situation, the Chinese government has formulated a population of controlling the size and raising the quality of the population and a family planning policy of late marriage and childbirth, having fewer but healthier babies, and one child per family. Shorthanded rural families with financial difficulties may have a second child after an interval of 3 or more years.
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧 新四级汉译英段落翻译解题技巧 ?题型简介?基本要求?翻译技巧 题型简介 ?自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整文段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。 140~160词 基本要求 要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，段落内容相对完整、结构相对独立。翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机的语篇，注意各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡。 翻译技巧 (一) 词的翻译 (二) 句的翻译 (三) 段落翻译 (一) 词的翻译 1. 词义选择 2. 词类转换 3. 词的增补 4. 词的省略 5. 词的替代 1.词义选择 (1)语境词?汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。?原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。?译文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people. ?分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。 (2) 表意模糊的词?原文：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。?译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. ?分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。 (3) 比喻词汇?汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。?原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。?译文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. ?分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。 2.词类转换 (1)动词?名词?英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。?原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。?译文：You"ll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. ?分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译文也显得较为地道。 (2)动词?介词?介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。?原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。?译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. (3)动词?形容词?汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、标准。?原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。?译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
汉译英的几种翻译技巧
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
汉译英翻译方法
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
国际商务英语等级考试 汉译英
第 2讲 要求对中文词组或句子进行翻译。要求应试者有相关词汇的积累，表达能力的体现及习惯用语的熟练程度。单词拼写要求准确，句子要求通顺无误。 共10题，15分。 1．具体询盘 2．百分之二的佣金 3．商品目录 4．出口单证 5．目的港 6．原产地证书 7．包装要求 8．供我方参考 9．即期信用证 10．品质超群 11.工艺精湛 12.在中国议付有效 13.警告性标志 14.装箱单 15.业务（贸易）伙伴 16.国有公司 17.商品检验 18.预约保险单 19.剪样 20.中国产地证 1.现金折扣 2.短装 国际商务英语等级考试（初级） 汉译英 小测 备考单词句子
3.单价 4.续订单 5.即期装运 6.中国保险条款 7.商会 8.零售网点 9.实盘 10.一式三份 11.保险代理人 12.销售包装 13．发货人 14．保险凭证 15．贴身包装 16．出口订货 17．承兑 18．欧洲主要港口 19. 行名录 20. 带插图的商品目录21．收货人 22．平安险 23．账户 24．预约保险 25．指示提单 26.（资信）证明人27.做工；工艺 28.可供数量 29.轻工业产品 30.单证 31.小保单 32.首次询盘 33.数量折扣 34.交货条件 35.保险费 36.拼箱货 37.海运 38.行业杂志 39.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证 40.现金折扣 41.佣金 42.发票金额 43.运输标志 44.分批装运 45.装运单据 46.已装船通知 47.租船 48.商业信用 49.资信证明人 50.战争险 1.我方相信这些预防措施可防止货物再次出现损坏。 We believe that these precautions will be able to prevent a recurrence of damage. 2.我方已通知银行将该笔款项记入你公司账户的贷方。 We have instructed the bank to credit the amount into your account. 3.整套清洁已装船提单。 a full set of clean shipped /shipped on board bills of lading 4.该商品的报价为每打上海港船上交货价18美元。 This article is quoted at US$18.00 per dozen, FOB Shanghai. 5.兹授权你方按发票金额向该银行开立45天远期汇票。 You are authorized to draw on the bank at 45 days for the amount of the invoice value.
商务英语翻译实训汉译英1答案
SALES CONTRACT No: Date: For Account of: Indent No: This contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers; Whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below and overleaf: （1）Names of commodity（ies）and specification（s） （2）Quantity （3）Unit price （4）Amount TOTAL: __ % more or less allowed （5）Packing: （6）Port of Loading: （7）Port of Destination: （8）Shipping Marks: （9）Time of Shipment: Within __ days after receipt of L/C，allowing transhipment and partial shipment. （10）Terms of Payment: By 100% Confirmed，Irrevocable and Sight Letter of Credit to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after shipment. （11）Insurance: Covers all risks and war risks only as per the Clauses of the People's Insurance Company of China for 110% of the invoice value.
商务英语汉译英
商务英语汉译英 （一）根据英语的表达习惯确定词义 1、向.......提出索赔lodge a claim against 2、既得利益vested interests 3、公司上下将齐心协力，努力使公司发展成具有国际竞争力的高科技企业集团。 The management together with the rank and our company is determined to make consorted efforts to foster the business to grow into a high-tech focused conglomerate with a competitive edge on the international market. 4、本公司本着平等互利、互通有无的原则，积极开展与世界各地老客户的业务往来，并竭诚为各位朋友提供优质服务。 We hold to the tenet of equality ,mutual benefit and mutual complement in developing business connections with old and new customers in the world and shall make every effort to give the best services to our customers. 5、本公司还承办商品及原材料的来样、来样加工，补偿贸易，合作生产，合资经营等业务。 The business scope of our corporation also covers/includes customer-oriented processing with supplied materials and samples, compensation trade, co-operation in manufacturing and the partnering of joint ventures with external businesses. 6、同时，我国政府已同瑞典、罗马尼亚、德国、丹麦、荷兰签订了相互促进和保护投资协定，同加拿大、美国、法国、比利时-卢森堡经济联盟、芬兰、挪威、泰国、意大利、奥地利签订了投资保护协定，还同日本、美国、法国、德国、英国、比利时等国签订了双重征税协定。我国还参加了保护工业产权（包括技术转让）的巴黎公约。 Meanwhile, the Chinese Government has signed agreements on mutual promotion and protection of investment with Sweden, Romania, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands,agreement on the protection of investment with Canada, the USA, Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union(BLEU), Finland, Norway, Thailand, Italy and Austria and double taxation relief treaties with Japan,the USA, France, Germany, Britain, Belgium and other countries. China is a member of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (including technology transfer). （二）根据专业来确定词义 1、良好的内包装可以其创意设计和适宜的色彩打动消费者。 Good inner packaging may impress consumers with creative designs and suitable colors. 2、不仅仅是各家银行所发生的恐慌性挤兑，还有那如滚雪球般的取消存款，都有可能引发导致金融危机的不良反应。
汉译英翻译十大技巧
汉译英翻译技巧1：了解中英文区别，避免机械对等翻译 英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言。在汉英双语互译时，其差异具体体现为词汇、句式、衔接等方面的差异。因此，对于备考大学英语四级考试的考生，了解中英文两种语言的以下主要区别，对段落汉译英答题很有帮助。 1.汉语重意合，英语重形合。汉语强调意义上紧密结合，主要靠词义手段连接，讲究“意境美”，所以有时候语法是不完整的；英语则注重句法、词汇手段等形式上的紧密结合，讲究“结构美”，强调句式完整和上下文的衔接。因此，汉译英需要通过对汉语句子进行句型变换，使用逻辑衔接词、从句等来显现句中的逻辑关系，从而符合英语的表达习惯。 2.汉语多短句，英语多长句。汉语侧重语义，多用短句、分句来表达；英语多用长句及复合句，其结构通过时态、标点符号及关联词来表达。因此，汉译英往往需要对原文进行合译、增补词汇等。 3.汉语多重复，英语多替代。汉语由于结构较松散，常对名词进行重复，使语义更加清晰，对动词进行重复起增强语气的作用：而英语常使用代词、名词及do，do so或so do，so，as或其他词组来代替重复出现的部分。
4.汉语多用主动，英语多用被动。 5.汉语用词多动词，英语用词多名词和介词。汉语句子多用动词，具有动态性和具体性的特点；英语句子则喜用名词和介词，体现静态性和抽象性的特点。这一不同的特点决定了汉译英过程中常常需要转换词性。 6.汉语句中的定语通常放在所修饰的名词之前，英语中定语的位置却可前可后。因此，汉译英时往往需要调整语序，如汉语中定语过多，英语可使用介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等后置定语以求句子结构上的平衡。 7.汉语重心在后，英语重心在前。在表达多逻辑思维时，汉语一般是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后；英语则往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前。【例1】九寨沟气候宜人，夏季凉爽，冬无寒风。 译文: Jiuzhaigou enjoys a favorable climate which is cool in summer but free from cold wind in winter. 解析：原句含三个汉语短句，但都是对“九赛沟”的描述，存在逻辑上的联系，译文中将第一个短句处理成主句，后两个短句则处理成 which引导的定语从句，既能体现三个句子间的逻辑联
商务英语翻译实训英译汉1
Purchase Contract CONTRACT NO.: SIGNING DATE: SIGNING PLACE: Buyer: Seller: Tel: Tel: Fax: Fax: Mobile: Mobile: The contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. COMMODITY，SPECIFICATION，QUANTITY AND UNIT PRICE： 2. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN AND MANUFACTURE: 3. PACKING: All goods are to be packed in seaworthy export standard packages according to international standards. 4. SHIPPINGMARK: Option by buyer 5. TIME OF SHIPMENT: 6. PORT OF SHIPMENT: PORT OF DESTINATION: 7. TERMS OF PAYMENT: 8. INSURANCE: To be covered by the buyer for 110% of invoice value covering risks with the Buyer as beneficiary.
汉译英翻译技巧分析解析资料讲解
汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti- hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字（Diction） 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？ Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结， 天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益（Ampification） 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. （英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多） 2、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. (增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。
自考商务英语翻译汉译英
Lesson17 1.第一次世界大战以前,金本位制建立了固定汇率制,每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩 来确定的平价. Before the First World War ,the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par values. 2.1944年44国在美国布雷顿森森林举行仁义签署了协议,计划在世界贸易和货币方面实现 更好的合作. In 1994,44 nationas held a conference at Bretton Woods,U.S.A,to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter. 3.弹性汇率制从没有真正地”干净”或自由地浮动过.因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各 种措施对货币价格进行干涉. The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float,because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate. 4.在特定条件下,提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金,提高一国的外汇汇率. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short—term international fund,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency. 5.外汇汇率有三种形式,即:买进汇率,售出汇率和两者的平均值---中间汇率. There are three types of foreign exchange price namely:the buying rate,the selling rate and average of the previous two the medial rate. Lesson18 1.这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生 活水平. The common objective of these insititutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them form developed countries. 2.国际复兴开发银行的资金有相当大一部分来自它的留存盈余以及偿还贷款的不断流入. A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans. 3.该银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会发展较高阶段的发展中国家提供的. The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth. 4.国际货币基金组织旨在向那些在付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中期贷款. The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties. 5.为了承担这项使命,多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险,向发展中 成员国政府提供咨询,并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话. To undertake this mission ,MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks ,advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues. Lesson19 1.对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式,一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外资获取另一 国的资产 Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
汉译英第二讲(句子翻译技巧)学生版
汉译英（二）句子翻译技巧 主语选择 ●汉语：话题式主语，不一定是动作的执行者，作主语的词性很灵活。 ●英语：主语是动作的执行者，词性很固定，只可以是名词，代词，非谓语动词（doing, to do), 主语从句等。另外，英语表达侧重于多样性，可以用不同的单词作为主语。 汉译英时，不同的句子起始点，结构完全不同，我们要尽可能变化思路，使译文句式多样。 ●例1：中国人民的生活水平近年来得到很大提高。 ●思路一：Chinese people’s living standard has been improved a lot in recent years. （语序未调整，句子起始点没有变化。） ●思路二：There has been great raise in the living standard of the Chinese people in recent years. ●(以“提高”作主语，原文动词作谓语，现变为名词，作主语) ●思路三：These years have witnessed great improvement in the Chinese people’s living standard. （以“近年”作主语，原文时间状语变为主语） ●（还有其他思路吗？仔细想想。记住：汉语中名词皆可以充当英语句子中的主语， 只看你想不想的到，当然句子有优劣之分。） ●以上三个版本，第三句应该评分最高。用时间或者地点作主语，不仅强调了时间观 念，而且句子简洁、生动，符合西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯。类似的动词有：see, witness, find等。 ●拓展练习：（1）这个运动会首先在北京兴起。 ●Beijing first saw the rise of the movement.（地点作主语） ●(2) 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 ●Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.（地点作主语） ●(3) 近十年来，中国教育发生了重大变革。 ●The past decade has witnessed great changes in Chinese education.（时间作主语) ●China has witnessed enormous changes in education in the past ten years.(地点作主 语） ●(4) 中国在2012年成功发射了“神州九号”飞船。 ●2012 saw the successful launching of China’s “the Ninth Shenzhou Spacecraft”. （地点作主语） ●主语选择还必须符合逻辑关系。 ●例2：我们国家的建设事业不仅需要工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧 匠。 ●难点一：选词：能工巧匠：talents, skilled workers, craftsmen, artisan, gifted people. 应该选哪个？建设：building-up, construction, development应该选哪个？） ●难点二：主语的选择。我们国家，建设事业，应该选择哪个？ ●译法一：Our country’s construction not only needs engineers and scientists, but also various craftsmen. (字对字翻译，不符合逻辑） ●译法二：In her development, our country needs not only engineers and scientists, but also various skillful craftsmen.（主语选择正确，与need照应） ●译法三：Our country in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but also talents of various kinds. ●换个思路：以工程师，科学家，能工巧匠做主语怎么改？
商务英语翻译题汇总
1. 汉译英 (1) 没有一种企业结构能够适合所有的企业，每种结构都有利有弊。 There is not one business structure that suits every business and each structure has advantages and disadvantages. (2) 采用有限责任公司作为企业的介质可以将你的企业与自己的个人事务分清楚，公司结构在顾客和供应商看来也显得更加专业。 Using a limited liability company as your business medium will allow you to keep your business distinct from your personal affairs and a corporate structure might appear more professional to customers and suppliers. (3) 创办企业最简单的方法就是独资经营。你可以完全控制自己的企业，而且税后的利润也全都归你所有。The simplest way to start up a business is as a sole trader. You will have complete control over your business and all profits after tax will go to you. (4) 一般情况下公司的运营成本要比合伙经营和独资经营高很多。 Generally, the running costs of a company can be significantly more than those of a partnership or a sole trader. (5) 你应当依据你的企业性质采用能够使你达成自己企业目标的组织结构。 Depending on the nature of your business, you should adopt an organizational structure that enables you to meet your business objectives. (1) 要永远记住自己想要成功的决心比其他任何事情都更为重要。 Always bear in mind that your own determination to succeed is more important than any other things. (2) 大声赞扬是下属很喜欢的一种激励方式。 Praising loudly is a motivation that subordinates like a lot. (3) 直接公开的交流会营造出一种信任的氛围，这对于成功地完成任务和达成目标是至关重要的。 Open communication develops an atmosphere of trust, essential to successful task completion and goal attainment. (4) 作为经理，你所能做的就是为团队成员们“营造一种氛围”，使他们能够自我激励。 As a manager, all you can do is “create a climate” in which your team members motivate themselves. (5) 经理们最常犯的错误就是以为激励的所有形式都是围绕着钱的。 The most common mistake that managers make is to believe that all forms of motivation revolve around money. (1) 有效培训员工的关键就是要识别员工本人的主要职责，并确保他们了解自己的角色和职责。 The key to effective staff training is to identify the principal duties of the staff members themselves, and to ensure that they are aware of their individual roles and responsibilities. (2) 研究表明最成功最能干的职员往往是那些接受过广泛训练的人。 Studies have shown that the most successful, productive employees are those who have received extensive training. (3) 训练有素、技术精湛、学识渊博的员工对任何公司来说都是最重要的资产。
汉译英翻译技巧
Theory：Translation Process 1. The comprehension 1) Nida: translation process consists in analysis, translating, re-constituting and checking. 2) to read the text carefully and have a correct understanding 3) to understand word meaning 4) to seek help from dictionary 5) to attend to the role of logic 6) to know the role of context 汉英短语比较： 1、汉词英译法： 翻译词，基本任务是词义的对应转换，形式问题是第二位的任务。 对应，又称“直译法。”但必须受一词多义和惯用法等机制的调节。 如：佳期wedding day，佳人beautiful woman，佳节joyful festival， 佳句well-turned phrase，佳音good news，佳肴dainty food 2阐释，主要是难以取得双语对应契合时，义恰如其分的铺衍方式加以解释，常见的是文化隔膜形成的对应障碍。 如：城楼tower over a city gate 民工irregular laborer working on a public project/ migrant worker 留用人员personnel kept on after reshuffle 民乐traditional instrumental music 井底之蛙a frog sitting at the bottom of a dried well/ person with very narrow outlook 夜郎自大be blinded by presumptuous self-conceit 空城计undefended city, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 3引申， 由一般的、泛指词义到具体的、特指词义的引申 如：时令season 太平间mortuary 清茶green tea/ tea served without refreshments 轻生commit suicide 体魄健壮的男孩an athletic boy 由具体的、特指词义到一般的、泛指词义的引申。 如：连珠in rapid succession 文盲illiteracy 十二万分地（感激）extremely 慢镜头slow motion 微笑外交并非在五湖四海都奏效。Smile diplomacy, then, is working, but not everywhere. 我们客栈热诚欢迎来自五湖四海的朋友！Our hotel welcomes friends from all over the world! 4转换：词类转换，句中肯、否定式的转换， 例： 人生琐事the little nothings of life 等闲视之think nothing of 家常便饭make nothing of 请来吃顿家常便饭。Come along and take potluck 在北京，堵车是家常便饭。Be in Beijing, blocking a car up is common occurrence. 5. 淡化（虚化） “闹名利”译为：be out for fame and gain