历年真题翻译考点集锦

翻译是两种语言的转换。考生首先必须对英语和汉语两种语言的不同特征有所了解。词典所提供的词语的中文意思是翻译的基础，而词语在句子中的意思则要依照上下文的具体语境而定。在英语中，词和词组的意思要根据词语之间的前后搭配关系而定；句子的意思要根据句子之间的修饰关系与逻辑关系而定。

具体地说，动词词组要看其前后的主语和宾语；介词要看它所修饰的中心词的词义和习惯搭配；连词要根据整个句子的意思及句子之间的关系而定；状语要看动词部分的意思；各种从句的意思要看它们与主句的关系：因果、并列、递进等关系的翻译方法各不相同。

汉语则不同。汉语字词本身没有语法上格和数等方面的变化，不同的顺序组合可以使同样的词产生不同的意思。所以，英译汉的关键在于调整汉语语序。根据英语产生汉语意思，用汉语的语序和汉语的表达习惯完整准确地把意思表达出来。如果只知其大意，而不懂调整语序，那么翻译过来的句子会洋腔浓重、佶屈聱牙。这也正是通常说的翻译者自己知道原文的意思，就是说不出来或表达不清楚的情况。

简单而言，考研英译汉历年考题中的专用名词和专业术语的实例及正确的译法。

2005年英译汉试题（全国试题）

special preserve 专门的工作

intellectual equipment 知识素养

everyday reality 日常生活中的实际情况

established convention 既定的规范

news media 新闻媒体

story 新闻报道

notion 见解，看法

make one's own judgment 作出自己的判断

2005年英译汉试题（北京等地区置换试题）

multi media group多媒体集团

television business 电视行业

take a loss 亏损

European identity 欧洲统一体

strategic choice 战略抉择

2004年英译汉试题

the structure of language 语言结构

native language 本族语

exotic language 外来语

habitual thought 习惯思维

the grammatical patterns 语法结构

linguistic determinism 语言决定论

2003年英译汉试题

life forms 生命形态

social science 社会科学

intellectual enquiry 知识探求

humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为

a cross cultural perspective 跨文化视角

complex whole 复合体

the anthropological concept of "culture" 人类学的“文化”概念the concept of "set" in mathematics 数学中“集”的概念

an abstract concept 抽象概念

concrete research 具体研究

2002年英译汉试题

behavioral science 行为科学

states of mind 心态，意识状态

traits of character 性格特点

explanatory items 用以解释的要素（内容、项目）

autonomous （self governing）自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段

2001年英译汉试题

television chat shows 电视谈话节目，电视谈话秀

pollution monitors 污染监控器

personality chips 个性芯片

in built personalities 内置个性

smell television 气味电视机

digital age 数字化时代

millennium technology calendar 技术千年历

man machine integration 人机一体（化）

a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全电子人

kitchen rage 厨房狂躁症

2000年英译汉试题

centralized control 中央控制

operational research expert 运行研究专家，运筹学家

the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率mass communications 大众通讯

population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸

modern means of transport 现代交通工具

social pattern 社会结构

1999年英译汉试题

traditional historian 传统历史学家，历史传统派

social science historian 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派

1998年英译汉试题

cosmic cloud 宇宙云

the Big Bang 宇宙大爆炸理论

ground based detector 陆基探测器

the South Pole 南极

balloon borne instruments 球载仪器

small hot spots 小热点

the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说

cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀

elementary particle physics 基本粒子物理学

其他：

pure science 理论科学，纯科学

the driving force 驱动力

comparative validity 相对效度

social inequality 社会不公

self accelerating 自我加速

new standards of elegance 完美的新标准，新的完美标准

social contract 社会契约

一般的习语和惯用语意思固定，不需要看上下文，可以直接翻译。惯用语的掌握依靠平时积累，是词汇量记忆成果的直接体现。

考研真题实例

in general 一般来说，总而言之

under more favorable circumstances 在更优越的条件下，在较好的环境中

to some extent 在一定程度上

in every relevant respect 在各相关方面

in action 起作用

for the reasons given above 由于上述原因

for the better part of a decade 七八年来（译注：decade 意为“十年”，the better part表示比五六年多，比九年十年少的概念，所以，译作“七八年”比较贴切。）

2）词类转换

由于英汉两种语言的表达习惯不同，在翻译时有时需要进行词类转换。在英译汉实践中，词义引申或词类转换是常见现象。比如：outside the area of moral choice可译为“无须考虑道德问题”；extremists of this kind可译为“这类人持极端看法”。在这两个例子中，英文中的介词和名词在翻译过程中变成了动词。

词类可根据词语在上下文中所起的作用进行转换，也可根据汉语表达习惯的要求进行转换，在实际操作中须变通处理、灵活掌握。下面提供词类转换的部分实例，请考生多加体会。

考研真题实例

名词转动词

Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. （机器人已经被用于探索外空间。）

名词转形容词

He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter. （他对直升机的操作很陌生。）

动词转名词

The university aims at the first rate of the world. （学校的目标是成为世界一流的大学。）

形容词转名词

The Internet is different from traditional media in that it sends and receives information faster. （因特网和传统媒体的区别就在于因特网可以更快地发送和接收信息。）

形容词转动词

Success is dependent on his efforts. （成功与否取决于他的努力。）

形容词转副词

The pictures give a visual representation of the situation. （这些图片直观地展示了当时的情景。）

副词转名词

Internally the earth consists of two parts,a core and a mantle. （地球的内部由两部分组成：地核和地幔。）

介词转连词

With all its shortcomings this composition is regarded as the best.（尽管这篇作文有缺陷，但仍被认为是最佳的。）

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