土木英语翻译

关于高层钢结构施工要点的探讨

摘要

高层钢结构施工具有标准高、场地狭小、立体交又施工等影响施工因素多的特点，由于施工条件的制约，对工期、质量的保证带来相当大的困难，本文通过对高层钢结构施工特点的分析，阐述了高层钢结构的施工要点。总结了钢结构施工前、施工过程中需要重点关注的环节，确保了钢结构施工的安全、顺利进行。

关键词:高层钢结构;施工特点;施工准备;施工要点;安全施工措施

自从我国进行改革开放后，经济也随着高速地发展，工业项目的建造也不断增多，国外不少国家的钢材也大量进入国内，我国钢材的产量和品种持续增加，钢材产品质量也提高幅度巨大。钢结构因其自身具有跨度大和施工速度快，建成后可利用的空间宽大，以及该结构建设经济实用等优点被广泛应用于高层建筑，以及工业厂房和跨度较大的公共建筑上，因此提高钢结构的施工水平和控制钢结构施工质量显得迫在眉睫。

1高层钢结构施工

国内已经建成的和正在建设的摩大大楼，基本都是属于高层钢结构这种形式。由于高层钢结构通常具有高及重等突出特点以及共性，高层钢结构建筑的主要承重材料属于钢结构，因此高层钢结构的施工难点是钢构件的制作，主要是将钢构件制作好才能保证高层钢结构质量。

一般来说钢结构工程的工程量特别大，构件多而用于施工和堆放构件的场地又相对偏小。高层钢结构建筑施工中，高度带来施工高风险。结构构件重和用钢量大，又提高厂对机械设备要求。高层钢结构施工的‘大特点是立体交叉施工‘般来说高层钢结构的构件安装要求比底层钢结构要高。尤其是对钢材选用以及测量和焊接等施工工艺都有很高的要求，因此这对施工的影响因素也很多，像在自然条件下的沉降和材料压缩变形，钢结构的温胀缩下的变形以及焊接变形等影响。因此在钢结构施工中对起重机的安装和拆除要求高。

2施工前准备要点

在对钢结构厂房进行施工之前，作为施工人员必须要做好施工前的准备工作，首先应清楚钢结构施工的基本流程。现场施工员应具备看懂施工图纸的能力，施工质检员也应熟悉钢

相关的施工质量验收规范，做好施工现场准备和施工机械准备。编制施工组织设计是将设计的思想融汇贯通到施工中。审阅并熟悉施工设计图纸除厂厂解对施工过程有大体的厂解还应做到察看图纸设计是否符合国家相关技术政策和规范要求;图纸资料能否满足施工现场需要。若有问题及时在图纸会审会议提出，或与设计及有关人员研究解决，办好变更洽商记录。而施工组织设计是指导施工的纲领性文件，它的编制内容包括工程概况和编制依据，施工准备以及施工技术方案，还有施工进度计划和专项施工措施。

高层建筑的钢结构工程必须施工准备工作，在进行刚构件安装前应进行现场的准备，主要包括钢构件的进场和进场的验收，测量仪器的校核和保护，准备好测量器具的才能进行基础复测，刚构件运输进场后应按符合要求的堆放方式进行构件堆场，还应对设备和材料进行周密的安排，在钢结构施工前做好施工组织。

3钢结构施工要点

一般来说钢结构的施工要点主要有施工放线和顶埋螺栓，以及包括钢结构的加工制作和吊装。施工放线是整个施工的基础性工作，此阶段的工作主要对钢结构的定位轴线和基础轴线进行复测，还应对标高和地脚螺栓位置进行检查。在对刚架进行定位时应尽量避免碰撞，特别是刚架柱脚与螺栓之间的碰撞，这样主要是为厂避免刚架柱的变形，从而减少钢结构与基础混凝土和螺栓接触处的变形，可以避免对螺栓进行纠直时带来的强度损耗。做完以上工作后还应再次进行检测，检测合格后才能办理交接验收手续，然后才能进行钢结构施工验收。必须确保顶埋柱脚螺栓的具体位置，这样才能在钢柱安装时能顺利进行，也才能够确保钢结构的安装质量。因此应严格对顶埋螺栓的位置进行控制，施工中应对基础轴线和标高基准点进行严格控制，在测点埋设后应进行两次复测，在埋设定位后进行第一次测量，在基础混凝土浇筑后进行第二次测量，如果在复测过程中发现位移超出规范的范围，则应必须重新进行测点的埋设。确保标高偏差能控制在‘定值以内，将控制定位轴线的偏差在两毫米之内。

加工和制作钢结构是整个施工过程的核心，钢结构的适用性与结构性能决定于此阶段。因此在进行加工制作钢结构之前，必须对所选用的钢构件材料进行检验，还包括对所选用的钢构件型号进行确认，确认钢构件的规格和检查钢构件材料的质量。在确保钢构件材料符合规范后可进行钢构件下料。当然焊接方案主要从保证焊接质量和提高焊接功效来进行综合考虑。编制安装计划和构件供应计划必须在高层钢结构在进行吊装前进行，对基础施工的柱脚定位轴线和所埋设地脚螺栓进复核。应在地面把钢爬梯等装在钢柱上，刚构件在吊装前供登高作业用。钢结构厂房在进行加工时应按要求在两端设置临时固定用的连接。当钢柱对接完成应进行检查验收，在确保合格后再将连线进行害」除。钢柱一般采用一点起吊和两点就位。在进行钢构件的吊装的起吊前，应装好扶手杆或者扶手管之类的设施，必须确保主梁与主衔架已装，还应根据需要对次梁进行安装，扶手沿梁长通长设置高约为一米，主要为高空作业

人员做通道使用。钢构件安装完成后应尽量避免踩踏，必须禁止其它施工人员在其上行走抬重物。

4施工安全措施

高层钢结构建筑的施工属于高危险作业，因此在施工时更应完善‘此安全施工措施。垂直升高方法主要有临时性人货两用电梯，‘般还有永久或临时性扶梯来满足施工人员升高。当钢柱安装到柱顶进行吊索拆除施工时，常采取在地面捆扎固定在安装前来将爬梯临时固定在钢柱侧面，当爬梯使用完毕之后再进行爬梯的拆除。水平通道设施主要采用工具式脚手通道，还有钢管脚手通道和装配式通道板。采用扶手绳是在距钢梁一定高度的钢柱表面焊接连接件，在无安全通道的情况下采用使用钢丝绳，以及用尼纶绳穿过形成扶手绳。钢结构施工作业人员在钢梁上行走时可用于安全带固定来慢慢行走，在其上面行走的过程中来确保安全。在钢结构安装施工中必须设置水平和竖向防护网。一般来说钢梁面上主要可放置楼层水平网，也可将水平网放在钢梁下翼缘上和脚手通道的下，设置竖网和挑网可以进行侧向防护。在进行钢构件安装时现场立体交叉作业，有此物体可能通过防护网的漏下砸伤作业人员，因此还必须设置隔离层进行防护。一般在钢构件的安装施工过程中，应做好金属压型板的铺设工作穿插施工，这样才能起到安全隔离的作用。

5结束语

高层钢结构的施工过程是一个非常复杂的过程，在高层钢结构施工前必须制定施工组织方案和设计，在施工过程中根据实际情况不断调整和改善施工。这样才能保证高层钢结构工程施工的质量。

参考文献:[1]殷伟斌钢结构厂房工程施工‘常见质量问题及控制措施田中国科技信息，2005

[2]徐冠彤钢结构厂房工程施工质量控制的要点和措施田山西建筑，2007

[3]吴鸿伟浅论钢结构工程施工质量控制措施要点田经营管理者，2009[#]鲍广鉴钢结构施工技术及实例[M}中国建筑工业出版社，2005

[4]陈国津瑞丰国际商务大厦高层钢结构工程田浙江建筑，2004

ABSTRACT

With a standard high- rise steel construction ,three-dimensional cross- impact construction and construction of many factors such as the characteristics of the construction conditions due to the constraints of schedule, quality assurance has brought considerable difficulties , Based on the characteristics of high-rise steel construction the analysis describes the construction of high-rise steel elements . Summed up the former steel construction , what need to focus on the link in the construction process, to ensure the safety of steel construction and smooth .

Keywords: High-rise steel structure; Construction characteristics; Construction preparation; The construction; Safe construction measures

Discussion on the high-rise steel construction elements

Since the reform and opening up to China , the construction of industrial projects have continued to increase .Many steel construction poured into many foreign countries, continued to increase our production and varieties of steel, steel products also improve the quality of enormous magnitude .Steel structure has its own span and speed of construction , the space available after the completion of large, as well as the construction of the structure of economic and practical advantages are widely used in high-rise buildings, and industrial plants and public buildings on a larger span , thus increasing the steel level and construction quality control of steel structures seem imminent.

1 High-rise steel construction

A large building friction has built and is building in China , many of belong to the high-rise steel this form. As the high-rise steel and typically have a high weight and other prominent features , the main load-bearing materials are steel high-rise steel buildings , high-rise steel construction difficulties therefore is to produce steel components , mainly the production of steel components in order to ensure a good senior steel quality.

General speaking ,engineering steel works is particularly large , multi- component and components for construction and stacking venue is relatively small. High-rise steel construction , the height of a high risk construction . Heavy and large steel structural members , but also improves the mechanical plant equipment requirements . Construction of high-rise steel 'big feature is the interchange construction Generally steel component installation requirements to be higher than the underlying steel .

2 Pre-construction preparation

Before the construction of the steel plant , as construction workers must be prepared to pre-construction , we should first understand the basic process of steel construction . On-site construction workers should have the ability to read construction drawings , construction quality inspector should also be familiar with the acceptance of construction quality steel , good construction site preparation and construction machinery ready . Preparation of construction organization design is to integrate design ideas through to construction.Review and be familiar with the construction design drawings except factory plant understanding of the construction

process plant solution should have a general look at the design drawings are done in line with national policies and technical specifications ; drawings can meet the needs of the construction site . If the problem in a timely manner in the drawing Mixed session , or research and design and related workers resolved to negotiate changes run record . The construction design is a programmatic document guiding the construction of its contents , including the preparation of project profiles and prepared under construction preparation and construction technology program , as well as the construction schedule and special construction measures .

Steel high-rise building construction project must prepare to work just components should be installed before proceeding to prepare the site , including the approach and the approach of the steel members check acceptance and protection , measuring instruments , measuring devices are ready to basis retest , just after entering the transport component should be in line with the requirements of components stacked manner yard, equipment and materials should also be careful arrangements , good construction organization before the steel construction .

3 steel construction elements

In general steel construction elements are mainly buried construction actinomycetes and top bolts, and include the manufacture of steel and lifting. Construction put the entire construction of the line is the basic work , this phase of work is mainly on the basis of steel axis positioning axes and retest , elevation and bolt position should also be checked .In the rigid frame should be positioned to avoid the collision , the collision particularly rigid frame between the legs of the bolt , so that the plant is mainly to avoid the deformation of the rigid frame , thereby reducing the deformation of the concrete foundation and the steel bolt and the contact point avoid bringing the correct bolt straight when strength loss. Work should be done after the above re- test, post-test qualified to handle the transfer and acceptance procedures before it can be of steel construction inspection .It should be ensured that the top of the column foot bolts buried in the specific location ,but also be able to ensure the quality of the installation of steel structures . On top of the buried bolts should be strictly controlled location , construction and elevation axes in response to basic reference point for strict control , the measuring point after twice retest should be buried , buried positioning after the first measurement , on the basis of concrete a second measure , after pouring retest if found in the course of displacement beyond the specification range , it should be re- buried measuring point . Ensure elevation deviation can be controlled within ' fixed value, the control deviation axis positioning within two millimeters .

Processing and production of steel structure is the core of the whole construction process, the applicability of the steel structure and the structure performance depends on the stage. So before

carry on the processing production of steel structure, must be the test material selection of steel members, include to confirm chooses steel component model, confirmation of the specifications of the steel members and check the quality of the steel material. In compliance to ensure that the steel material for steel members. of course , mainly from the guarantee welding quality and increase the effectiveness of welding for consideration. Prepare the installation plan and component supply plan should be carried out in front of the high-rise steel structure during hoisting, for foundation construction of column foot axis positioning and the embedment anchor bolt into the review.

It should be put steel ladder on the ground r,, just components for high homework before assembly. Steel structure workshop in processing should be required to connect to set up temporarily fixed at both ends with. When the steel column should complete inspection acceptance, to ensure qualified after attachment to harm ". Steel column with a bit of lifting and two in place. Before hoisting the lifting of steel members, shall be installed grab bar or handrail facilities, must ensure that the girders and the main bit frame has been shipped, also should be installed according to the need of times beams, handrails long pass along the beam length set about a meter high, main channel used for aerial work personnel. Steel members should try to avoid trampling after installation is complete, walk on other construction personnel must be forbidden in the lift heavy things.

4 Construction safety measures

Construction of high-rise steel buildings belonging to high-risk operations, and should therefore be perfect ' This construction safety measures during construction . Vertical rise methods are temporary dual-use goods elevators, as well as permanent or temporary construction workers to meet rising escalator . When the sling attached to the removal of construction carried out ,it should taken on the ground will come bundled fixed ladder installed temporarily fixed at the side of the steel column , when finished using ladder ladder then removed. Horizontal channel facility used mainly instrumental scaffold channels , as well as fabricated steel scaffold channels and channel plate .

Horizontal channel facility used mainly instrumental scaffold channels , as well as fabricated steel scaffold channels and channel plate . Using the handrail rope is certain height steel column welded connection surface , in the case of the absence of a secure channel using the rope at a distance using beams and nylon rope with rope handrails through the formation . Steel construction workers walking on steel beams can be used for belt anchorages to walk slowly , walking the above process to ensure their safety .Installation of the steel structure must be set horizontal and vertical fence . Floor beams should be placed on the surface of the main level of the network , the network can also be placed in the upper level of the bottom flange steel beams and

scaffold channels , vertical networks and pick the network settings can be lateral protection. When steel components during the installation site interchange operations, this object may have protective nets by injured workers leave out , so you must also set the isolation layer protection. Typically installed during construction of the steel components , metal pressure plate should be prepared to work interspersed laying construction , so as to play a role in security isolation .

5 Conclusion

The process of rising steel construction is a very complex process, it must be developed before construction organization plan and design in the construction process and constantly adjusted according to the actual situation and improve the construction . So it could be ensure the quality of construction of high-rise steel.

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

土木工程英语翻译1doc

Chapter 10 Construction Management 建设管理部门 10.1 the procurement and implementation of structural steel for buidings begins with the owner`s decision to use steel as the primary structural system for the building 采购和实现的钢结构的建筑开始与业主的决定使用钢作为主要结构系 统的构建 this decision is generally made early in the design process in conjunction with the architect and structural engineer for the project 10.1 这个决定通常是在设计过程中尽早做出会同建筑师和结构工程师的项目 the construction manager or design-build firm advises the owner on material availability 设计、建设施工经理或公司建议业主在材料的可用性 costs, suitability 成本、适用性 and scheduling aspects of the structural frame types和调度方面的结构性框架类型 in many cases 在许多情况下 the construction manager or design-build firm consults with steel fabricators for preliminary pricing设计、建设施工经理或公司担任钢铁制造商为初步定价scheduling, and layout information that is used in deciding which structural system to utilize 调度和布局信息,用于决定哪些结构系统利用 Structural Design 结构设计

土木中英翻译

2.4 开启功能修复 解放桥中跨为开启跨，开启系统为施尔泽尔（Scherzer）式。这一系统通过电动机的动力输送，由齿轮组、动轮、齿条、弧形梁、平衡重密切的配合运动，使得末端齿轮轴的水平移动转化成扇形齿在固定齿梁上的滚动，这一随着开启角度而变化的转动轴，使桥梁在开启过程中，整个开启跨结构围绕转动轴处于受力的平衡状态，使桥梁有控制地徐徐向后仰起完成开启动作。桥梁开启后，两墩之间有42.7m的自由航道。 2.4 Repairing of the movable function The middle span of Liberation Bridge is a movable span whose movable system is Scherzer’s pattern. The opening system is driven by an electric motor. With the team motion of gear set, driving wheel, rack, curved beam and balance weight, horizontal motion of the gear shaft can be converted to be the roll of gear sector on fixed gear whose position varies with opening angle. Bridge structure is on the state of equilibrium with respect to the rotation axis when opening, which make it possible to open the bridge deck gradually in a controllable way. The width of free waterway is about 42.7m after bridge deck is opened. 解放桥开启系统严格按照原开启方式恢复，主要通过三步工作来实现。 1.通过实地考察、勘查与了解，明确解放桥的开启系统原理，完成开启系统的设计工作。 The opening system is repaired strictly according to the former opening pattern, and the repairing procedure can be divided into three steps as follows: 1. After field investigation and exploration, design the opening system with clearly comprehending the principle of opening system of Liberation Bridge. 2.安装调试 (1).车间内初安装调试 在车间内首先对每个传动部件进行初安装，调整好齿轮、支承件的位置与间隙，并在各个支承部件处加润滑脂，保证部件转动灵活；在车间内搭设辅助初调试平台，将所有上桥传动部件放在车间内的辅助初调试平台上，单侧活动跨的整体传动系统联接安装初调试，调整好各对齿轮间的位置与间隙，并在各个支承部件处加润滑脂，使得系统转动灵活，检查全部零部件并确认无遗漏情况。 2 Installation debugging (1) Initially installation debugging in workshop Every transmission part should be initially installed firstly in workshop. In this stage, the position of each gear and strutting piece should be adjusted and lubricating oil should be applied to each strutting piece to make sure their free rotation. Then all the transmission parts should be placed on the auxiliary initial debugging platform in

土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他

土木工程英文翻译

外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS 院（部）：建筑工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木081 姓名：孙继佳 学号：200811003192 指导教师：樊江 翻译日期：2012.5.4

3.1 PROTECTION AGAINST WA TER Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, storm surge, or seeping through the exterior enclosure, water can cause costly damage to a building. Consequently, designers should protect buildings and their contents against water damage. Protective measures may be divided into two classes: floodproofing and waterproofing.Floodproofing provides protection against flowing surface water, commonly caused by a river overflowing its banks. Waterproofing provides protection against penetration through the exterior enclosure of buildings of groundwater, rainwater,and melting snow. Buildings adjacent to large water bodies may also require protection from undermining due to erosion and impact from storm driven waves. 3.4.1Floodproo?ng A ?ood occurs when a river rises above an elevation,called ?ood stage,and is not Prevented by enclosures from causing damage beyond its banks.Buildings con- Structed in a ?ood plain,an area that can be inundated by a ?ood,should be Protected against a ?ood with a mean recurrence interval of 100 years.Maps Showing ?ood-hazard areas in the United States can be obtained from the Federal InsuranceAdministrator,DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,who Administers the National Flood Insurance Program.Minimum criteria for?ood- proo?ng are given in National Flood Insurance Rules and Regulations(Federal Register, vol.41,no.207,Oct.26,1976). Major objectives of ?oodproo?ng are to protect fully building and contents from Damage from a l00-year ?ood,reduce losses from more devastating ?oods,and Lower ?ood insurance premiums.Floodproo?ng,however,would be unnecessary if Buildings were not constructed in ?ood prone areas.Building in ?ood prone areas Should be avoided unless the risk to life is acceptable and construction there can Be economically and socially justi?ed. Some sites in flood prone areas possess some ground high enough to avoid flood damage. If such sites must be used, buildings should be clustered on the high areas. Where such areas are not available, it may be feasible to build up an earth fill, with embankments protected against erosion by water, to raise structures above flood levels. Preferably, such structures should not have basements, because they would require costly protection against water pressure. An alternative to elevating a building on fill is raising it on stilts (columns in an unenclosed space). In that case, utilities and other services should be protected against damage from flood flows. The space at ground level between the stilts may be used for parking automobiles, if the risk of water damage to them is acceptable or if they will be removed before flood waters reach the site. Buildings that cannot be elevated above flood stage should be furnished with an impervious exterior. Windows should be above flood stage, and doors should seal tightly against their frames. Doors and other openings may also be protected with a flood shield, such as a wall. Openings in the wall for access to the building may be protected with a movable flood shield, which for normal conditions can be stored

土木工程中英文翻译

Structural Systems to resist lateral loads Commonly Used structural Systems With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression. It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology. Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows: 1.Moment-resisting frames. 2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames. 3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls. 4.Tube-in-tube structures. 5.Tube-in-tube structures. 6.Core-interactive structures. 7.Cellular or bundled-tube systems. Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays. The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is

土木工程中英文翻译

from：journal of Constructional Steel Research.V olume 59,Number 1,January 2003 Cyclic behavior of steel moment frame connections under varying axial load and lateral displacements Abstract: This paper discusses the cyclic behavior of four steel moment connections tested under variable axial load and lateral displacements. The beam specim- ens consisted of a reduced beam section, wing plates and longitudinal stiffeners. The test specimens were subjected to varying axial forces and lateral displace- ments to simulate the effects on beams in a Coupled-Girder Moment-Resisting Framing system under lateral loading. The test results showed that the specim- ens responded in a ductile manner since the plastic rotations exceeded 0.03 rad without significant drop in the lateral capacity. The presence of the longitudin- al stiffener assisted in transferring the axial forces and delayed the formation of web local buckling. 1. Introduction Aimed at evaluating the structural performance of reduced-beam section(RBS) connections under alternated axial loading and lateral displacement, four full-scale specimens were tested. These tests were intended to assess the performance of the moment connection design for the Moscone Center Exp- ansion under the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) and the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). Previous research conducted on RBS moment connections [1,2] showed that connections with RBS profiles can achieve rotations in excess of 0.03 rad. However, doubts have been cast on the quality of the seismic performance of these connections under combined axial and lateral loading. The Moscone Center Expansion is a three-story, 71,814 m2 (773,000 ft2) structure with steel moment frames as its primary lateral force-resisting system. A three dimensional perspective illustration is shown in Fig. 1. The overall height of the building, at the highest point of the exhibition roof, is approxima- tely 35.36 m (116ft) above ground level. The ceiling height at the exhibition hall is 8.23 m (27 ft) , and the typical floor-to-floor height in the building is 11.43 m (37.5 ft). The building was designed as type I according to the requi- rements of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. The framing system consists of four moment frames in the East–West direct- ion, one on either side of the stair towers, and four frames in the North–South

土木工程专业英语(苏小卒版)翻译.

第一单元 Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration. 从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。它与创建新的实体、设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。 Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process. 工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。理想化的使用和发展建立可以确定行为的边界的程序，是过程的一部分。 Many problems, by their very nature, can’t be fully described—even after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering. 很多的问题，就其本身的性质而言，不能完全被描述——即使这一事实，在其开始之前。然而还必须找到对于这些问题可接受的工程解决方案，来满足预定的需求。直觉或判断是建立可能的替代策略、流程或解决方案的关键因素。。而这也是工程的一部分。 Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to our convenience and safeguard our health. 土木工程是工程的最多样化的分支机构之一。土木工程师计划、设计、施工，和维护大量的结构和公共、商业和工业使用的设施。这些结构包括住宅，办公室和工厂大厦；公路、铁路、机场、隧道、桥梁、港口、渠道和管道。在其他大多数的国家它们还包括运输系统许多其他设施，以及将为我们的生活带来便利的和维护我们的健康污水及废物处理系统。 The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John