【1005】2020考研英语KK阅读三步法精华总结讲义(何凯文)

*建议在听何凯文老师【五夜十篇】课程之前听完翻译和这个课，能达到更好学习效果，即

便之前没听过何老师阅读课的同学也能通过此课更好的跟上节奏，取得明显的提升！*最晚要在10月份搞定阅读，之后留更多时间给写作、以及其他科目！大家冲鸭！！！

20考研KK 阅读三步法精华总结课补充电子讲义以下例题为“定位信息充分”时举的例子

例题1—E1-2016-T4

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.

36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ________.

[A]the high cost of operation

[B]the pressure from its investors [C]the complaints from its readers [D]the increasing online ad sales

例题2—E1-2016-T4

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should ________.

[A]seek new sources of readership [B]end the print edition for good [C]aim for efficient management

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例题3—E1-2011-T1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music

director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.

21.We learn from Paragraph 1that Gilbert’s appointment has .

[A]incurred criticism [B]raised suspicion [C]received acclaim [D]aroused curiosity

以下例题为“定位信息不充分”时举的例子例题4—E1-2011-T2

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated [C]top performers care more about reputations [D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

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例题5—E1-2015-T2

Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping

sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.The court,though,may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.

29.In Paragraphs 5and 6,the author shows his concern that ________.[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed [B]the court is giving police less room for action [C]phones are used to store sensitive information [D]citizens’privacy is not effectively protected

例题6—2007-T2

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars,they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.（C ）[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

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例题7—2008-T4

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people

remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong –and yet most did little to fight it.

38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

例题8—2008-T4

And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;the new land was carved into 13states,including three slave states.

39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.

[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课02

以下例题为“问例子证明了/说明了/引出了什么”时举的例子例题9—E1-2012-T4

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp

down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.

39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions .

[A]often run against the current political system [B]can change people’s political attitudes [C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms [D]are dominant in the government

例题10—1999-T5

Science,in practice,depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall.But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.What kept them in place?Why didn’t they fall out of the sky?The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and the planets.

67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A]inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments [B]science advances when fruitful researches are conducted [C]scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research （A ）

[D]unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

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例题11—2003-T2

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the

triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,“Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.

48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s ________.

[A]discontent with animal research

[B]ignorance about medical science [C]indifference to epidemics （B ）[D]anxiety about animal rights

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课03

以下例题为“比对出现原文重现=正确答案”时举的例子例题12—2005-T2

There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to

awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as ________.[A]a protector [B]a judge [C]a critic （D ）

[D]a guide

例题13—2000-T1

How things have changed!In 1995the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.“American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”

54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.

[A]turning of the business cycle [B]restructuring of industry

[C]improved business management （A ）

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[D]success in education

以下例题为“比对归纳不推理”时举的例子例题14—2008-T4

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people

remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past 30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong –and yet most did little to fight it.

38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.关注微信公众号【考研成长笔

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例题15—2003-T4

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician,I

know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.

59.In contrast to the U.S.,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.

[A]more flexibly [B]more extravagantly [C]more cautiously （D ）[D]more reasonably

例题16—E2-2015-T3

But this seems to be the irony of office speak:Everyone makes fun of it,but managers love it,companies depend on it,and regular people willingly absorb it.As a linguist once said,“You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning,office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.

35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it.[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense.

[C]Companies find it to be fundamental.[D]Regular people mock it but accept it.

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课04例题17—E2-2013-T3

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether

someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly,within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors.To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five.It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality,like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

31.The time needed in making decisions may ________.[A]vary according to the urgency of the situation [B]prove the complexity of our brain reaction [C]depend on the importance of the assessment [D]predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

以下例题为“正确选项特征词”时举的例子例题18—E2-2015-T2

For years,studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher.But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education,colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.This has created “a paradox”in that recruiting first-generation students,but then watching many of them fail,means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen,rather than close”an achievement gap based on social class,according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

26.Recruiting more first-generation students has .

[A]reduced their dropout rates [B]narrowed the achievement gap

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例题19—E1-2013-T2

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not

oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

29.which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

以下例题为“态度题中质疑常成为正确答案”时举的例子例题20—E1-2016-T3

In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about 20%results in fines that generally are 40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,”says one researcher.

34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record ________.[A]has an impact on their decision [B]comes across as reliable evidence

[C]increases the chance of being penalized [D]constitutes part of the investigation

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课05例题21—E1-2016-T4

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but

only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should ________.

[A]seek new sources of readership [B]end the print edition for good [C]aim for efficient management [D]make strategic adjustments

例题22—E1-2018-T3

DeepMind has almost apologised.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it “controlled”the data and DeepMind merely “processed”it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.

32.The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with _____.[A]empty promises [B]tough resistance

[C]sincere apologies

[D]necessary adjustments

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例题23—E1-2012-T3

Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to

newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2that credibility process requires .

[A]strict inspection [B]shared efforts [C]individual wisdom [D]persistent innovation

例题24—E1-2014-T3

As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time,rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.

33.The discovery of

the

Higgs

boson

is

a typical

case

which

involves_________.

[A]controversies over the recipients’status [B]the joint effort of modern researchers

[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes [D]the demonstration of research findings

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例题25—2005-T4

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of

memorized poetry in their heads,while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.Mr.McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary,and proposes no radical education reforms --he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.”A shame,perhaps,but probably an inevitable one.

39.The description of Russians’love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.

[A]interest in their language [B]appreciation of their efforts [C]admiration for their memory （B ）[D]contempt for their old-fashionedness

例题26—2006-T3

Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account.They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the “shifting baseline.”The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels.Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.

34.Dr.Myers and other researchers hold that ________.

[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time [B]fisheries should keep their yields below 50%of the biomass [C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level （D ）

[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation

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以下例题为“错误选项类型—定位错误—答非所问”时举的例子例题27—E1-2012-T2

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.

Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

23.In the author’s view,Rosenberg’s book fails to .

[A]adequately probe social and biological factors [B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C]illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect

例题28—2005-T3

At the end of the day,there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says.Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep --or rather dream --on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

[A]Lead your life as usual.[B]Seek professional help.

[C]Exercise conscious control.（A ）[D]Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课06例题29—2002-T3

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC

agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26a barrel,up from less than $10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-80,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.

51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.[A]global inflation [B]reduction in supply

[C]fast growth in economy （B ）[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports

以下例题为“错误选项类型—偷换主语”时举的例子

例题30—E1-2011-T2

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated [C]top performers care more about reputations [D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

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以下例题为“错误选项类型—偷换动词”时举的例子例题31—2008-T2

No longer.The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies,who are

questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it –is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.

27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.

20考研阅读思路解析总结课07

以下例题为“过度推理”时举的例子例题32—2004-T2

The humiliation continues.At university graduation ceremonies,the ABCs proudly get their awards first;by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.Shortlists for job interviews,election ballot papers,lists of conference speakers and attendees:all tend to be drawn up alphabetically,and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”(Lines 2-3,Paragraph 5)?

[A]They are getting impatient.[B]They are noisily dozing off.

[C]They are feeling humiliated.（B ）[D]They are busy with word puzzles.

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例题33—2008-T1

Adeline Alvarez married at 18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to

finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6,Para.5)shows that

[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

以下例题为“主题题”时举的例子例题34—E1-2016-T4

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once [B]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand

[C]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good [D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion

例题35—E1-2010-T1

25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers [C]Mournful Decline of Journalism [D]Prominent Critics in Memory

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20考研阅读思路解析总结课08以下例题为“排除”时举的例子例题36—2006-T4

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery.They worked

until exhausted,lived with few protections and died young.In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.Given all this,they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.37.The word “bummer”(Line 5,paragraph 5)most probably means something ________.

[A]religious [B]unpleasant [C]entertaining （B ）[D]commercial

例题37—2006-T3

Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available 50years ago.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore,in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.

33.By saying "these figures are conservative"(Line 1,paragraph 3),Dr.Worm means that ________.

[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly [B]the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded [C]the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss （C ）

[D]the data collected so far are out of date

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例题38—2003-T1

Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of

mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymaster’s https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ed6713925.html,st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“As soon as that report runs,we’ll suddenly get 500new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman,a former political science professor.“And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks,of course,since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

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以下例题为“整体做题”时举的例子例题39—E1-2016-T3

“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,”Wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits”.But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse “halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis

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TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.

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