耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡04OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

我们一直在讨论这样一个问题

We've been talking about the question,

用什么论证可以证明灵魂的存在

What arguments might be offered for the existence of a soul? 我们首先会想到的一类

And the family of arguments

则是那种

that we're considering initially are arguments

被称作推理的论证

that get known as inference

或叫做最佳解释推理

or inferences to the best explanation.

其思路是

The thought is that

存在一些有关我们自身的亟待解释的事物

there's something about us that needs explaining.

但单从物理的角度我们无法对其进行解释

We can't explain it in terms of, in purely physical terms.

所以我们需要借助他法

And so we need to appeal to,

我们需要假定灵魂存在

we need to posit, the existence of, a soul.

我们待会儿再回到这个论题上

Now, I'll come back to that sort of argument in just a minute, 现在我们暂且先把它放在一边

but let me bracket that for a moment

开始学习柏拉图

and say something about Plato.

从下周开始

Starting next week,

我们要学习柏拉图的对话斐多篇

we're going to be looking at Plato's dialogue, the Phaedo.

尽管在讲到斐多篇时

And so although I'll be saying a great deal

我会向你们详尽介绍其中的内容

about the Phaedo once we turn to it,

但现在我还是想先花一两分钟的时间

I want to just take a minute or two

做一个简短的引言

and say a couple of introductory remarks.

我不知道你们当中有多少人

I don't know how many of you

之前未曾读过柏拉图的作品

have not read any Plato before,

但是还未拜读过柏拉图的同学们

but for those of you who haven't,

我敢肯定你们会喜欢上他的

I actually think you're in for a treat.

柏拉图是历史上最伟大的哲学家之一

Plato is not only one of the greatest philosophers in history, 人人影视

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5614950435.html,

并且他使用对话体形式来阐述其观点

he wrote his philosophy in the form of dialogues.

即以戏剧为表现方式

That is to say, plays,

其间各种人物悠闲地或坐或站集聚一块儿

in which various characters sit around or stand around

探讨各种哲学观点

and argue about philosophical positions.

我们要学习的这篇对话斐多篇

The particular dialogue that we're going to reading,the Phaedo, 就将场景设定在苏格拉底临死前的一幕

is set at the death scene of Socrates.

想必你们都知道

As I'm sure you know,

苏格拉底被人指控

Socrates was put on trial,

以教唆雅典青年的罪名被判处死刑

condemned to death for corrupting the youth of Athens--

也许罪名还包括

and perhaps, among other things,

和青年们讨论哲学

for arguing philosophy with them.

狱卒把毒芹汁端给他

And he's given hemlock, poison,

他一饮而尽然后生命就此终结

and he drinks it and he dies.

这是一个历史性的事件

Now, this is a historical event.

苏格拉底有一大群朋友和学生

Socrates had a circle of friends and disciples

和他讨论哲学

that he would argue philosophy with.

而柏拉图就是他的学生之一

One of his disciples was Plato.

柏拉图随后形成自己的思想

Plato then grew up

并写下了许多哲学著作

and wrote philosophical works.

柏拉图本人通常并不在自己的对话篇里出现

Plato does not typically appear in his own dialogues.

即使出现了也仅仅是个次要的角色

Or, if he does, he's only there as a minor character.

实际上如果我没记错的话

In fact, if I recall correctly,

柏拉图曾提到

Plato's mentioned as not

苏格拉底死时自己并不在场

being there on the day that Socrates dies.

那么我们如何辨别

So, how do we know,

在戏剧中

if we've got this play,

谁代表柏拉图本人的立场呢

whose position is Plato's position?

答案是苏格拉底

And the answer--the short answer--is, Socrates,

即剧中苏格拉底的角色诠释了

the character Socrates in the play, represents Plato,

戏剧作者自己的哲学观

the author of the play's, philosophical views.

如果这是在古代哲学的课堂上

Now, in fact, if this were a class in ancient philosophy,

我们可能要将讨论的内容延伸得更广一点

we'd have to complicate that picture,

因为柏拉图后期的哲学观点

because it's fairly clear that by late in Plato's career Plato has philosophical views 同他老师苏格拉底的观点迥然不同

that are very much unlike the views of his teacher, Socrates.

而且柏拉图一直没有在对话篇中现身

And yet Plato continues to not appear in the dialogue.

而苏格拉底仍继续保持着主角的身份

Socrates continues to be sort of the hero.

所以学者们一直在争论

And so scholars debate which of the views put forward

在对话篇里的苏格拉底提出的观点中

by Socrates in which ones of the dialogues represent views

哪些属于历史上那个真实的苏格拉底的

that belong to the actual historical figure Socrates,

哪些是戏剧中的苏格拉底的

and which of the views put forward by the character Socrates

哪些虽在对话篇里说是苏格拉底的观点

in which of the dialogues represent views

但却并不符合真实的苏格拉底的原意

that are actually not held by the historical Socrates,

即实际上是柏拉图

but were instead held by the historical Plato

假借苏格拉底之口来表明自己的观点

and were merely put in the mouth of the character Socrates.

学者们是如此鉴别的柏拉图早期对话作品

Scholars distinguish between the early Platonic dialogues,

即在所谓的苏格拉底的对话中

the so-called Socratic dialogues,

主角苏格拉底的观点

where the thought is, those are the views of Socrates,

与历史上那个真实的苏格拉底的思想吻合

the actual historical figure.

而就柏拉图的晚期对话作品而言

And then there's the late dialogues,

尽管苏格拉底也频频出场

where even though Socrates appears,

大多数学者认为那些观点很可能

most scholars believe those are probably not the views

并不是真实的苏格拉底所持有的

that the historical Socrates actually believed.

对中期对话作品的鉴别就比较困难

You have middle dialogues where you have to worry about

因为你无法明确观点与人物的对应关系

whose views are whose.

但是我们不用担心

But we're not going to worry.

这不是在古代哲学课课堂上

This is not a class in ancient philosophy.

所以出于这门课程的目的

So for our purposes,

我们无需深究

we don't have to ask ourselves

苏格拉底在对话中的某个观点

when Socrates in the dialogue says something,

到底是属于那个真实的受死之人苏格拉底的

is this a view that the dead man Socrates actually would have held 还是属于已故之人柏拉图

or is this simply a view that the dead man Plato

通过作品中苏格拉底这个角色所表述的

put in the mouth of the character Socrates?

就我们这门课程的目的而言这都无关紧要

For our purposes, it won't really matter.

我会把苏格拉底提出的

I'll take every view that

所有观点都当做是柏拉图的

Socrates puts forward as a view of Plato's,

尽管我会随意地

though I'll typically sort of run back

将两者交替着说

and forth sort of in a careless fashion.

我会说

I'll say,

"柏拉图认为"或者"苏格拉底认为"

"Plato holds" Or "Socrates argues,"

因为就这门课的目的而言两种说法是等效的

because for our purposes it's all the same.

但是还有一个地方

But there's one other

我要提醒你们

complication that you've got to be warned about,

那就是由于这些是对话作品

which is this. Because these are dialogues

且它们全都采用了哲学论证的形式

and they take the form of philosophical arguments, 即人们先提出观点然后

people put forward views and then,

在讨论的过程中

over the course of the discussion,

改变自己的关于事物想法

change their minds about things.

随即收回之前的话

And they take them back.

也许类似的情形

And maybe something similar

在苏格拉底身上也发生过

is going on when Socrates says something.

因为毕竟柏拉图也没有说

Because, after all, this isn't Plato saying,

这就是我明确相信的观点

"Here's what I believe explicitly."

他只是在写一个关于哲学的戏剧

He's just writing a dramatic play about philosophy. 所以有时候我们会这样想

And so sometimes we'll find ourselves thinking,

看这里有一个论证

"You know, there's an argument here

是由苏格拉底提出的

that Socrates is putting forward.

它也许不是一个很好的论证

But maybe it's not a very good argument."

但至少

And it will, at least,

它值得我们偶尔停下来琢磨一下

be worth pausing periodically to ask ourselves,

也许柏拉图也意识到这不是一个好论证

maybe Plato realized it wasn't a very good argument.

通过了解那些由苏格拉底提出

We can often better understand the dialogues by seeing Socrates

但他自己也觉得不充分的观点

as putting forward certain positions

我们可以更好地理解这些对话作品

that he does not think are altogether adequate.

他会调整修改那些观点

And he modifies them or revises them

或者以引入新观点

or introduces new positions

来解决先前他遇到的难题

to deal with some of the difficulties that he was setting himself to be open to earlier. 我之前说过不要过多拘泥于细枝末节

As I say, don't worry about any of those details now,

但在阅读对话时应该谨记细节很重要

but it's a point to keep in mind as you read the dialogues.

以上就是我对斐多篇做的简介

So that's all I really wanted to say by way of introduction.

考虑到下周的课程

You should start reading the Phaedo

你们应该提前开始阅读斐多篇了

for next week.

我们会在下周开始讨论斐多篇

We'll be talking about the Phaedo starting some time next week

外加下下周的一部分时间

and we'll continue the

或者全部时间继续

discussion of the Phaedo for at least a bit of,

讨论斐多篇

maybe all of, the week after that.

对于柏拉图这块我会做特别对待

In the case of Plato, I'm going to make an exception.

通常我会提到我们的阅读材料

Normally, I will mention our readings,

但是我不会花过多的时间

but I won't spend a lot of time

来讨论细节问题

actually discussing them in detail.

这也就是为什么你们不得不

That's why you have to

把课后阅读当做上课的补充

think of the readings as complementing the lectures

或者把听课当做课后阅读的补充

or think of the lectures as complementing the readings.

这次不是向你们发些名著导读那么简单了

I'm not just giving the Cliff Notes, as it were, of the readings. 对于斐多篇

Nonetheless, in the case of the Phaedo,

我还会花更多的时间来说明诸如

I am going to spend more time actually saying,

我认为首要论证是这样的

"Here's what I think the first main argument is.

让我们从前提和结论着手

Let's try to reconstruct it in terms of

重新构建这个论证

its premises and its conclusions.

这是我的一些反驳观点

Here are some objections I raise.

接下来是柏拉图提出的另一个论证

Here is then the next argument that Plato offers.

我们试着研究一下前提条件

Let's try to get that up in premises."

即便如此我也不会花时间大声朗读

Even there, I won't be spending time reading out loud

斐多篇的各大长篇

long passages from the Phaedo.

但在某种意义上

But, in some sense,

相对于其他阅读材料我会对斐多篇作出

I'll be giving a closer commentary of the Phaedo

更为细致的解说

than I'll do for the other readings.

为了下周的课程你们应该开始阅读了

So, still, what you should do is start reading it for next week. 斐多篇的主题

The topic of the Phaedo,

如前所说被设定在苏格拉底受死当天

as I say, is set on Socrates' last day.

在对话的结尾处

At the end of the dialogue,

他饮下毒芹汁走向死亡

he drinks the hemlock and he dies.

也许一点也不足为奇的是

And perhaps unsurprisingly,

直到生命的最后一刻他都在和朋友们

what he does with his friends up until that moment is,

探讨灵魂的不朽性

he argues about the immortality of the soul.

最令人惊叹的是苏格拉底并不苦恼

Quite strikingly, Socrates is not upset.

他根本不担心自己即将死去

He's not worried about the fact that he's going to die.

反而以某种方式迎接死神的降临

He actually welcomes this in a certain way,

因为他坚信灵魂是不朽的

because he believes his soul is immortal.

所以支持和反对

And so, in addition to philosophical arguments for and against 灵魂的存在与不朽的论证

the existence and immortality of the soul,

以一个感人至深的死亡场景告终

we end the dialogue with a quite moving death scene,

这简直就是西方文明史上

one of the great death scenes,

最伟大的死亡场景之一

if we could call it that,

如果我们可以这样说的话

of western civilization.

总之如前所说下周的安排就是这样

Anyway, as I say, that's all for next week.

现在让我们再回到这个问题上

So let's return now to the question,

我们怎样论证灵魂存在

"How might we argue for the existence of the soul?"

起初上节课上

Initially, last time,

我们探讨了一类或者说是

we considered a set of or

一小类论证这些论证的基本观点是

a subset of arguments that basically said,

我们肯定不仅仅是些物质实体

"Look, there's got to be more to us than just material objects. 人不是机器

People can't just be machines,

因为机器不能推理

because machines can't reason.

机器不能思考

Machines can't think."

而我也说过

And I said,

这看上去并不是一个令人信服的论证

"That doesn't seem to be a compelling argument."

毕竟会下国际象棋的电脑似乎是会推理的

After all, chess-playing computers, it seems, can reason.

它们对我的战术了然于胸

They have beliefs about what I'm likely to do next.

它们拥有极力实现自身目标的欲望

They have desires about the goals that they're trying to achieve. 它们推算怎样才能最彻底地打败我

They reason about how best to defeat me.

需要指出的

And it's worth pointing out that--

上次课我并没有提到这一点

a point that I didn't make last time--

需要指出的是电脑

it's worth pointing out that, what the computers,

至少最棒的国际象棋电脑并没有做什么

at least the best chess-playing computers don't do.

实际上没有电脑真正会做这些事情

Indeed, no computer actually does this.

你可能认为一台电脑

You might think that what a computer,

或一台下棋电脑所做的工作就是这样

what a chess-playing computer does is just this:

计算出所有可能的下法

it calculates every possible branch,

以及与之对应的各种可能的棋局

every possible game from here on out.

然后它再斟酌一下

And then it sort of works backwards.

恩在这些情形下我能胜出

"Oh, these are the ones where I'll win."

所以只有当它能够预见到

And so it only makes the move

自己接下来20步得以制胜的棋路时

where it can sort of look ahead 20 moves,

它才会继续往下走

right, and see which branches have the computer winning.

但国际象棋的程序并不是这样工作的

That is not the way chess-playing programs work.

原因很简单

For the simple reason that

棋局的潜在变数相当之大

the number of possible chess games is so huge,

以至于计算机根本无法将其完全计算出来

that computers can't calculate it.

因为这需要它们数以千年的工作量

They'd be busy for thousands of years.

我们可能会这么做

We can do that sort of:

当你和你七岁大的侄子或侄女

When you play tic-tac-toe

下三子棋的时候

with your seven-year old nephew or niece,

你就会先预测然后想

you just look ahead and work backwards.

要是我这样下

"Well, if I do that,

他就会那样下

he'll do that

如果他走了那一步那他就赢了

and he'll do that and then he wins,

所以我不会走这一步对吗

so I won't do that," right?

但是在下国际象棋时候我们不会那么做

But we can't do that with chess.

因为实在有太多盘棋了

There's just too many games.

那么下棋程序

So how do chess-playing programs,

特别是最好的下棋程序

and particularly the best chess-playing programs,

是如何工作的呢

how do they work? Well,

它们的下棋方式同你们如出一辙

they play chess the same way you do.

它们会想哪些棋子的威力更大

They have various ideas about which pieces are more powerful

需要重点庇护

and so they're more important to protect.

它们会想到

They've got various ideas

采用哪种策略获胜几率更高

about which strategies tend to be successful.

以及这些策略会带来哪些风险

What sorts of dangers come along with them?

如果你是一名严谨的棋手

If you're a serious chess player,

你可能还会研究国际象棋史上最伟大的棋局

you might study some of the great games of chess history. 的确当人们编写游戏程序时

And indeed, when they program these things,

会在这些程序中

the programmers will

一局接一局地

feed in game after game after game

输入历史上那些最伟大的棋局

of the great chess games in history.

然后用这些知识武装好自己之后

And then armed with all of that,

你就能做到最好

you sort of do your best.

当你下输了一盘时

And when you lose a game,

你也许会在心里记下

you kind of make a mental note to yourself,

这次实在太糟糕了

"That really screwed me up.

下次再换个别的什么试试

Let me try something different next time."

你会尽量避免使用那些着数

And you avoid those sorts of moves.

下棋程序也是这样工作的

That's how chess-playing programs work as well.

跳转一下话题我先来对此做一番评论

Jumping ahead, let me make a remark about this,

因为这和我们几分钟后

because this is going to be relevant for something

将要讨论的东西有关

I'll get to in a couple of minutes.

这意味着什么呢

What this means--what this,

其含义就是

the implication--is that

如果你正在玩一个不错的国际象棋程序

if you're playing a great chess-playing program,

要想推测出程序下一步的着数

it's not as though the way to tell

而对游戏程序进行全方位的研究

what it's going to do is

似乎并不是个有效的方法

to study its program and think it through.

这些程序的设计者

The people who design these programs,

很可能本身就棋艺高超

presumably fairly decent chess players themselves,

他们

the people who design these programs,

在玩这个程序游戏时

when they're playing the programs

并不会在心里想着

they're not thinking to themselves,

既然这个程序是我编制的

"Let's see. I programmed this computer so

所以如果我把皇后移到这里

that when I move a queen forward to this space,

它就会出相

it should come out with a bishop."

这种想法根本无用

That's hopeless.

因为程序会不断依据过去

Because the program is constantly revising its strategies,

有效无效经验修改其策略

in light of what's worked and what hasn't worked in the past.

当程序员或其他任何人玩这个程序时

When the programmers play these programs or indeed when anybody, 比如一个优秀的棋手在玩这些程序时

a good chess player, plays these programs,

战胜它们的最好办法就是问问自己

the best way to try to beat them is simply ask yourself,

现在怎么走才最为明智

"What's the best move to make right now?"

推算计算机接下来最可能的动向才是制胜关键

The odds are the computer's going to make the best possible move. 将计算机视为一名象棋健将

Treat the computer as though it were just a great chess player.

事实上最棒的象棋程序已经是老辣的棋手

And indeed, the best programs are great chess players.

尽管曾一度出现过

There was a period of time in which,

强劲的象棋程序

although there were decent, chess-playing programs

无法战胜顶级人类棋手的情形

couldn't beat the best chess-playing humans.

但是那种局面在几年前

That ended some years ago when

以象棋程序击败象棋大师而告终

the best programs began to beat grand masters.

而现在

And now it's in fact the case

最优秀的象棋程序可以称得上是所向披靡

that the best programs can beat pretty much anybody.

当前的国际象棋世界冠军

In the current world champion of chess,

弗拉基米尔?克拉姆尼克

I think Vladimir Kramnik,

就在今年12月被一个国际象棋程序击败

was defeated in December by a chess-playing program.

克拉姆尼克当时只是把它当作一个强劲的对手

So Kramnik's simply treating this as an awesome opponent. 其所作所为堪称最佳行棋之道

And that's the best way to deal with these things.

好了我们还是把这些思考暂且先搁在一边

All right. So, bracket some of those thoughts for a moment. 稍后再对其继续讨论

We'll come back to them a little bit later

当我们开始探讨这样一个问题

when we start talking about the question,

机器有创造能力吗

"Could machines be creative?"

我先亮出我自己的观点

Tipping my hand,

显而易见

it seems pretty clear that

这个问题正好能够

that seems like the right

对国际象棋程序做出解释

thing to say about these chess-playing programs.

于是我们便产生了这样一个疑问

So we had the question,

机器能推理吗

"Could machines, could machines reason?"

虽然还未曾出现

And although we don't have machines

具有推理能力的机器

that can reason about a lot of subjects yet,

这一点相当明确

it seems pretty clear.

但仿佛机器

It seems like the natural thing to suggest, machines

在某些领域具有推理能力是再自然不过了

can reason in at least some areas.

所以人不是物理对象

And so it doesn't seem plausible

这一观点似乎并不能站稳脚跟

to suggest that we people must not be physical,

因为毕竟

merely physical, because after all,

我们人能推理而机器不能

we can reason and no machine can reason.

不机器可以推理

No, machines could reason.

但这引发了灵魂辩护者的

But this prompts a different

一个迥然的进程

move on the part of the defender of souls.

也许论证不应该是

Perhaps the argument shouldn't be,

我们必须相信灵魂

"We have to believe in souls

因为所有的物理对象都不能推理

because no mere physical object could reason."

而应该是

Perhaps the argument should be,

我们不得不相信灵魂

"We have to believe in souls

因为所有物理对象所有的机器都没有感觉

because no mere physical object, no machine could feel." 我们人拥有情感

You know, we have emotions.

会彼此相爱会心生恐惧

We love. We're afraid.

会拥有烦恼也会欢欣愉悦

We're worried. We'll get elated.

还会沮丧消沉

We get depressed.

所以或许这个论证应该这样表达

So perhaps the argument should go

对思考

"Yeah, yeah, thinking,

机器可以思考

that's the sort of thing a machine can do.

我们称之为思维机器

You know, we call them thinking machines.

但是感觉能力却是任何机器都不具备的

But feeling, that's the sort of thing no machine could do. 没有任何纯粹的物理对象

No purely physical object

可以感觉到什么可以有情感

could feel anything, could have emotions.

因为我们拥有感觉事物的能力

And so, since we clearly do feel things,

所以我们一定比物理对象高级

there must be more to us than a physical object."

现在我想我们有理由认为

Now, I think it is plausible to suggest

与象棋计算机的例子不同

that unlike the case of chess-playing computers,

我们现在还没有能感觉事物的机器

we don't yet have machines that feel things.

但问题不是我们有没有这样的机器

But the question isn't, "Do we?"

而是

The question is,

能否存在这样的机器它可以感觉到某物

"Could there be a machine that could feel something,

可以有某种情感

could have an emotion of some sort?"

我们来谈一点科幻作品想一想

So let's go a little science fictiony and think about

在科幻电影中

some of the robots that

出现过的一些机器人

have been shown in science fiction movies,

在科幻电影

some of the computer programs

以及科幻小说等其他科幻作品中

that have been shown in science fiction movies,

出现过的一些计算机程序

science fiction novels, or what have you.

我小时候

When I was a kid

有一部叫"迷失太空"的电视剧

there was a television show called Lost in Space.

我已经记不起

I'm afraid I've forgotten

剧中机器人的名字了

the name of the robot that was on that show.

但在这档电视节目中

But as it was a TV show and so sure enough,

每一集都会戏剧性地发生一个新的危机

every single episode, some new dramatic danger would take place. 于是机器人就会开始全速前进大声疾呼

And the robot would start whizzing and binging and shout out, "危险罗宾逊指挥官"

"Danger, Commander Robinson!"

"危险威尔?罗宾逊"

"Danger, Will Robinson!"

就是这样 "危险威尔?罗宾逊"

That was it. "Danger, Will Robinson!"

机器人好像一直都很担忧

It seemed as though the robot was worried.

再举个更近一点的例子

More recent example.

你们可能有人读过道格拉斯?亚当斯的书

A number of you have probably read some of Douglas Adams' books. 如银河系漫游指南以及其续集

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and the sequels to that.

书中有一个叫马文的机器人

There's a robot in those books, Marvin,

我想可以用"消极"一词来概括他的特点

who's --depressed, I think is the simple word about it.

他很聪明

He sort of--He is very smart.

对于宇宙万物都有着自己的思考

He's thought about the universe,

他认为人生毫无意义所以行事消极

thinks life is pointless and he acts depressed.

他把自己的想法告诉另一个机器人

He talks to another robot,

后者的情绪也变得低迷

depresses the other robot.

最后自杀了

The other robot commits suicide.

故事就讲到这里

All right.

"消极"用在机器人身上似乎再自然不过

Seems natural to ascribe depression to Marvin, the robot.

因为他的言行举止就是如此

That's how he behaves.

再来举个我最喜欢的例子

Or, my favorite example,

2001太空漫游(电影名)

the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.

我先申明

Now, I've got to tell you,

没有看过这部电影的同学们

for those of you who have not seen this movie,

我要剧透了好吧

I'm about to spoil it. All right?

所以请你们捂住耳朵

So you cover your ears.

太空漫游

In 2001:A Space Odyssey,

一些迹象表明

we get some kind of indication

另一个星球上有生命存在

that there's life on another planet.

一切都很神秘所以我们

It's all very mysterious and we

派遣一艘飞船去调查星球上的印记

send off a spaceship to investigate the markings,

以及那些从其他星球传来的无线电信号

the radio signals from the other place.

这是一项非常重要的任务

This is a very important mission

因此一个被命名为哈尔的计算机程序

and so there is a computer program named Hal

被安排协助飞船的运行

that helps run the ship

减轻飞船上

and takes a lot of the

人类宇航员的负担

burdens off of the part of the human astronauts who are on the ship. 哈尔有一个目标

Hal's got the goal--

从理性和欲望等角度来说

in terms of reasoning and desires and so forth and so on--

哈尔的目标就是确保该任务能成功完成

Hal's got the goal of making sure the mission is successful. 但哈尔看似有凭有据地认为

But Hal thinks to himself fairly plausibly,

人类只会威胁到任务的执行

humans really screw things up.

这是一项至关重要的任务

This is a very important mission.

除掉人类以确保任务的顺利执行

Let's kill the humans to make sure they don't screw things up. 其中的一个宇航员

One of the astronauts,

发现了它的阴谋

discovering the plot,

试图阻止哈尔

attempts to stop Hal.

而他唯一

And proceeds to do the only

能使让哈尔不伤害到自己的举措

thing he can do to defend himself against Hal,

就是关闭该程序基本上也就是杀死

which is shut down the program, basically killing--

如果我们可以那样表达的话杀死哈尔

if we can talk that way--killing Hal.

与此同时一切都在进行中

Meanwhile, as all this is going on,

哈尔和那个叫戴夫的人类宇航员交谈

Hal and Dave, the human astronaut, are talking to each other. 哈尔最终意识到将要发生什么事情了

Hal realizes what's going on.

它试图阻止戴夫这一点完全可以理解

Hal tries to stop Dave, understandably enough.

当戴夫开始关闭它的电路时哈尔说

And Hal says, as Dave begins to shut down Hal's circuits,

我害怕我害怕戴夫

"I'm afraid. I'm afraid, Dave."

他害怕什么

What's he afraid of?

他害怕死亡

He's afraid of dying.

赋予哈尔恐惧感这似乎也是自然而然

It seems perfectly natural to ascribe fear to Hal.

哈尔准确地表现出你所期望他

Hal is behaving in exactly the way you would expect him to behave, 或称为它理应表现的行为方式

or it to behave,

如果它确实感到恐惧的话

if it felt fear.

它有理由恐惧

It's got reason to be afraid.

它表现得恰如其分

It's behaving appropriately.

它告诉我们它很害怕

It's telling us that it's afraid.

于是自然而然我们就会说哈尔感到害怕

It seems natural to say Hal's afraid.

现在你可以继续补充这方面的例子

Now, you could continue to sort of fill in examples like this.

正如我所说的确

As I say, of course,

这些都只是科幻作品而已

they're all science fiction,

但我们仍然可以从中有所领悟

but the fact that we can grasp--

我们并不会直接走掉说

and it's not as though we go running away saying,

哦不这实在是太不可思议了对吗

"Oh no! This was outrageous," Right?

计算机会说我害怕

"It makes no sense to

这简直说不通

think a computer could have said, I'm afraid.

它会有试图杀死要将程序关闭的人等其他举动

"It makes no sense to think that it could try to kill the people 这些完全说不通

who are trying to shut it down and so forth."

以上的想法在我看来是一种偏见

That seems to me to be prejudice,

正如我上次所说

as I said last time.

这边人们可以自然而然地说

The natural inclination here is to say,

这些计算机程序这些机器人能感受情感

"These computer programs, these robots are feeling emotion."

人人影视

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5614950435.html,

但那边却没有理由相信

But there's no particular reason to think

电路之外有其他什么东西在运转

there's anything going on there than the circuits.

它们只是些物理对象

They're just physical objects,

只是些机器上的程序罢了

programs on machines.

如果这是正确的如果这种说法正确

If that's right, if that's the right thing to say,

那么我们不得不说

then what we have to say is,

我们不需要诉诸灵魂来

"We don't need to appeal to souls in order to

解释情感和感觉

explain emotions and feelings.

物理对象可以有

Physical objects could have,

纯粹的物理对象可以有

mere physical objects could have,

情感和感觉

emotions and feelings.

所以我们没有理由假定灵魂存在

So we have no reason to posit the existence of a soul."

现在我认为二元论者对这一答复的

Now, I think the best response on the part of the dualist to 最好回应就是区分感受的两方面

this reply is to distinguish two aspects of feelings,

情绪的两个方面

two aspects of emotions.

比方说感觉恐惧的行为方面

There's the behavioral aspect of feeling fear, let's say.

行为方面是

The behavioral aspect is

当你意识到环境中的某种事物

when you're aware in the environment of something

对你构成危险会伤害或者摧毁你

that poses a danger to you, that will harm you or destroy you, 或在这个计算机程序的例子中关掉你

or in the case of a computer program, turn you off,

于是你采取各种

then you take various kinds of behaviors

反击行动以解除危险

in opposition to that to try to disarm the danger,

耶鲁大学公开课：博弈论全集下载

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Robert J. Shiller is Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics at Yale University and a Fellow at the International Center for Finance at the Yale School of Management. Specializing in behavioral finance and real estate, Professor Shiller has published in Journal of Financial Economics, American Economic Review, Journal of Finance, Wall Street Journal, and Financial Times. His books include Market V olatility, Macro Markets (for which he won the TIAA-CREF's Paul A. Samuelson Award), Irrational Exuberance and The New Financial Order: Risk in the Twenty-First Century. 目录: 1.Finance and Insurance as Powerful Forces in Our Economy and Society 金融和保险在我们经济和社会中的强大作用 2. The Universal Principle of Risk Management: Pooling and the Hedging of Risks 风险管理中的普遍原理:风险聚集和对冲 3. Technology and Invention in Finance 金融中的科技与发明 4. Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions (CAPM Model) 投资组合多元化和辅助性的金融机构(资本资产定价模型) 5. Insurance: The Archetypal Risk Management Institution 保险:典型的风险管理制度 6. Efficient Markets vs. Excess V olatility 有效市场与过度波动之争 7. Behavioral Finance: The Role of Psychology

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Life is there for us to enjoy After watching the movie Dead Poets Society, my eyes were full of tears. What could not be removed from my heart is that these young men finally learned the way to look at things from different ways from Mr. Keating. Seize the day, when you notice this point, it is never too late to start to do something. In Welton School, four pillars were set for the students to obey: tradition, hour, discipline, excellence. But what the school leaders performed left them an image as hypocrisy, and the school like a place of hell. Not until the day John Keating came, did they find some new meaning of life. I still remember on Keating's first class, one boy copied every sketch Keating drew on the blackboard, and then was told all that was nonsense. Keating told them to rip off the very page about theory on poetry, which may restrain their free thought about poetry. Then standing on the desk, he showed the young men they could look at things from different angles. "Carpe Diem, seize the day, boys, make your life extraordinary.” In order to make them realize the true meaning of life, Keating disguised as one of the precursors on the picture, whispering to them. When I heard this sentence, I began to think about my own life. Being a senior student faced with graduation, we are pushed to believe that every second is a inseparable part of life to become a step near to success. That is to say, for almost every one of us, to seize the day means to be successful, it is same with me. Not until a piece of news on the Internet shocked me some other day—Kaifu Lee found himself suffering from cancer. In my eyes, he is always positive, ready to give job hunters tips for searching jobs. What's more, I took for granted that such a person could live a happy and healthy life. The truth is that I was wrong. Hence, I have been reconsidering about life. To pursue success on career is one kind of passion, but life is not only made up of fame and profit, there are

电影死亡诗社观后感影评650字

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Be a real man Dead Poets Society There are certain films that can heavily shock your soul, then elicit your thinking, and finally change your attitude of life. No doubt Dead Poets Society is one of these infrequent films. It is a film about a teacher and his students. It is a film about perseverance and change. It is a film about love and cruelty. The film is set in the United States in 1959. It shows us a series of things which happened to Mr. Keating and the young boys in Wilton Preparatory School. Mr. John Keating is certainly the main character of this film. He is a respectable teacher with a high self-cultivation. He has an advanced conception which is different from traditional education. The other two main characters are Neil, a boy who is keen on performing, and Todd, a boy with a little shyness. From Todd, I see how a boy grows into a man. The film starts with the opening ceremony of Wilton Preparatory School. Todd, a shy boy, starts his school life with his roommate, Neil. On the first lesson, their teacher, Mr. Keating, just told them ‘Seize the day, make your life extraordinary’.He reads Whitman’s poet Oh Captain! My Captain. He taught the students to swim against the steam and to be themselves but not to perform. Students regard Mr. Keating as a different

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耶鲁大学公开课

甭看名人励志演讲了，去看看耶鲁大学的公开课吧(中文字幕)，能学到太多了，国内的大学真是误国误民啊。。。转来当日志收着来源：陈俐彤小C~的日志 最近一朋友和我讲，YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来，并发布在因特网上，供网络传播浏览。 一个全世界排名第二的大学，竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来，并在全世界传播，在大学产业化的中国，有些人会觉得不可思议，你没交学费，怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢？可是人家并不是这样认为的，本着人不分贵贱，教育不分你我的原则，耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动，实在是非常钦佩。。。 好了，不说大话，这个公开课真的非常的好，我有义务分享给我的朋友们 首先你得会用电驴，具体怎么用百度去 ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的，而且这个字幕是非常考究的，所以出的非常慢，理解一下。。。 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 音乐学 聆听音乐Listening to Music（教授本人著述） 课程简介： 本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配，并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐，从巴赫，莫扎特，格里高利咏叹调到蓝调 关于课程主讲人： Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位，在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。 Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教，目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。 在耶鲁大学，Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。 每年夏天，他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国，德国和意大利采风。

DeadPoetsSociety《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

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