耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡24OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

上节课

Last time,

我们讨论了由于人必有一死

we talked about how you should live your life,

我们应该如何度过一生

in light of the fact of our--your mortality.

知道自己必有一死

How does the fact that we will die--

会对我们的生活方式产生什么影响

how should that affect the way that we live?

我们下面要讲的

What we're going to turn to now,

这学期的最后一个话题

our final topic for the semester,

是这个问题的另一面

is the flip side.

我们必有一死

The fact of our mortality

是否意味着

raises the question as to whether or not

我们应该结束自己的生命

we should put an end to our life.

严格来讲我认为

Strictly speaking, I suppose

这不是我们寿命有限的问题

it's not the fact that we're mortal, per se,

而是我们以前讲过的

it's one of those extra features of death that

死亡其它性质里

I've discussed previously,

生命长度因人而异的问题

the variability of death.

而且更准确地说

And more particularly still,

是我们能控制自己生命长度的问题

the fact that we can control how long we live.

我们可以在享尽天年之前

We face the possibility of ending our life earlier than 结束自己的生命

it would end otherwise.

这当然就是自杀了

That's suicide, of course.

所以我们最后一个话题就是

And so our final topic is,

under what circumstances,

如果有的话自杀是合理的

if any, does suicide make sense?

在什么情况下

Under what circumstances,

如果有的话自杀是恰当的

if any, is it an appropriate thing to do?

我们的文化中弥漫着

Now, it's a fairly widespread feature of our culture

对自杀的鄙视

that suicide is looked upon with such a mixture of disdain,

恐惧和反感

fear, finding it offensive,

清晰地思考以及

that it's very hard, often, to think clearly

讨论这个话题都很困难

and discuss the topic clearly.

人们总是认为

Most people think it's either

自杀是一种疯狂的行为

that you've got to be crazy to kill yourself.

你关注自杀的事情

The very fact that you are contemplating suicide

就说明你已经疯了

is evidence that you're crazy.

如果你没疯就说明你道德沦丧

And if you're not crazy, then it shows that you're immoral.

自杀毋庸置疑

Suicide is clearly never,

从来都不是正确的选择

never right, the right thing to do.

所以我希望花些时间

So, what I want to propose is that we take some time

从两方面探讨这个问题

and look at the questions on both sides with a fair bit of care.

首先我们要做的是

And the very first thing to do, I think,

为了探讨自杀话题

in thinking about the topic of suicide,

我们需要区分理性问题和道德问题

is to distinguish questions of rationality from questions of morality. 我希望大家首先考虑一下

That is, I want us to take a look at, initially, the question,

under what circumstances,

如果有的话自杀是合理的

if ever, would suicide be the rational thing to do?

然后再关注在什么情况下

And then later turn to the question, when,

如果有的话自杀是符合道德的

if ever, would suicide be a morally legitimate

或者说符合伦理符合社会规范

or a morally permissible or morally acceptable thing to do?

做出这种区别

In posing this distinction,

我已经假设了这两个问题是不同的

I'm obviously presupposing that these questions can come apart, 或者至少它们需要分开讨论

or at least they need to be examined separately.

一方面是合理性问题

Questions of rationality on the one hand,

一方面是道德问题

and questions of morality on the other.

可以说它们都涉及应然性

These are both questions about oughts, as we might put it.

它们是评价性问题

They're evaluative questions.

但大多数人总是认为

But at least most people are inclined to think

我们采用不同的评价标准

that we are drawing on different evaluative standards

来评价一类问题

when we raise the one set of questions,

而不是另一类问题

as opposed to when we raise the other.

很多情况下不用说

In many cases, no doubt,

理性问题和道德问题紧密相连

rationality and morality go hand in hand.

一些哲学观点

And there are philosophical views

揭示了理性本质和道德本质

about the nature of rationality and the nature of morality,

基于这些本质它们总是紧密相连

according to which they always go hand in hand.

但很多人认为它们可以分开

But many of us are inclined to think that they can come apart.

比如说这个季节

Take, for example, given the season of the year that it is,

你又要报税了

consider doing your income taxes or,

说清楚一点你又要做假账了

more particularly still, cheating on your income taxes.

报税单被抽查的可能性非常非常低

The rate at which income tax forms get audited is very, very slight. 而且被抓住以后

And so--and the fines tend to not be especially egregious,

罚款也不那么惊人

even if you do get caught.

所以出于理性

So that from a rational point of view,

很多人会想

many of us might think it

做假是个合理的选择

might well be a rational decision to cheat.

你基本上不会被抓到

You're not likely to get caught.

即使被抓到罚款也没多少

Even if you do get caught, how bad's the fine anyway?

但即使我们都认可

But even if we were to agree

做假是个合理的选择

that it was rational to cheat,

大多数人还是

most of us would then immediately want to

会马上指出

follow that remark up by pointing out

这样做

that doesn't at all mean that

在税单上造假是不道德的

it's morally acceptable to cheat on your income tax.

这就是个例子

There's a case perhaps

说明道德规范要求你做的事

where you're morally required to do something

不一定合乎理性

that you're not rationally required to do.

我们再看个相反的例子

Or, take a choice from the other point of view.

现在你开始选择

There you are, trying to decide between--there you are,

选择上哪所大学

trying to decide between your various choices of college. 一个选择你可以上耶鲁

And you've gotten into Yale on the one hand,

另一个选择可能是个差学校

and perhaps some crummy school,

你的第二志愿

your second-rate backup school, on the other.

你在决定上哪个学校

And you're trying to decide what to do there.

你可能对自己说

Well, you might think to yourself,

道德上我没有义务上耶鲁

morally I have no obligations here.

没有特别的义务道德要求

There's no particular obligation, moral requirement,

要求我上好学校而不是差学校

to go to the better school rather than the worse school. 但不管怎么说我如果去了坏学校

But for all that, it would be irrational of me,

那就不是个理性的选择

perhaps, to go to the worse school.

所以这个例子中不存在道德要求

So there's a case where there's no moral requirement,

但存在理性上的要求

but there's a rational requirement.

当然两个例子中的细节还可推敲

Again, we could debate the details of the two examples, 但关键问题在于

but the point's just to show that,

至少从原则上讲从表面看来

in principle at least, on the face of it,

这两个问题可以分开谈论

these two questions can come apart.

有时候做的事情合理

Sometimes it's rationally acceptable to do something,

但不符合道德

but it's immoral.

有时候做的事情符合道德

Sometimes it's morally acceptable to do something,

但不合乎理性

but it's irrational.

所以在探讨自杀话题时

So in thinking about suicide,

我们需要分开探讨这两个问题

we need to pose the two questions, one after the other.

所以我们先来讨论

So, let's start with the

自杀的合理性问题

question about the rationality of suicide.

什么时候自杀是合理的选择

When, if ever, is suicide a rational decision to make?

再一次

Now, once again,

为了探讨自杀的合理性

the first thing I want to do in thinking about

我首先要做的是

the rationality of suicide

区分两种不同的情况

is to distinguish two different issues,

两个不同的问题

or two different questions.

第一个问题是

The first question is going to be this.

什么时候你死了会更好

When, if ever, would it be true that you are better off dead?

有没有这种情况

Could it be the case that

你的生活太糟糕了

your life is going so badly

以至于你死了会更好

that you'd be better off dead?

第二个问题

Second question,

假设第一个问题的答案是

assuming that the answer to the first question is,

在这样或那样的情况下

under such and such circumstances,

你死了会更好我们仍然会问

you would be better off dead, we still have to ask,

你怎么有理由相信自己的判断

could it ever be rational for you to trust your judgment

现在就到了生不如死的时候

that this is one of those cases in which you're better off dead? 你杀死自己怎么可能是合理的

Could it ever be rational for you to kill yourself?

可以想见

Conceivably,

第二个问题的答案会是否定的

the answer to the second might be no.

好的所以问题是这样的

All right. So, the question was this.

你可能会有下面这种想法

It's conceivable you might have a thought like the following.

在那些情况下

In those circumstances

生活痛苦不堪你生不如死

in which life has gotten so horrible that you'd be better off dead, 你神志不清

you can't think clearly.

你神志不清造成了

And the very fact that you can't think clearly would entail

你无法判断自己

that you shouldn't trust your judgment

是否已到了山穷水尽的地步

that you are in one of those cases.

这一说法是否正确

Whether that's a good argument or not

我们过后再说

is something we'll have to turn to later.

但是正因为你会有这种想法

But it's because of the possibility of that argument

所以我需要区分第一个问题

that I wanted to distinguish the initial question,

是否有时候你会生不如死

could it be true that you're better off dead

以及第二个问题

from the secondary question,

即使有这种生不如死的时候

even if it could be true that you're better off dead,

你怎么有理由相信

could it ever be a reasonable or rational decision for you to believe 你正处其中

that you're in one of those situations?

除非我们把两个问题都解决了

Unless we've got the two things in place,

自杀才有可能

it doesn't seem likely that

是合理的事情

it's ever going to be rational to commit suicide.

所以我们要讨论的第一个话题是

So, the very first topic we have to look at is,

究竟有没有可能你死了会更好

could it ever be true that you'd be better off dead?

马上

And immediately,

一些同学会提出逻辑上的质疑

there's a kind of logical worry that may occur to some of you,

很多哲学家已经提出过这样的质疑

certainly has been raised by various philosophers.

也就是说

And that's to say that

这个判断这一说法

the very judgment, the very claim,

琼斯死了会更好不可能成立

that Jones would be better off dead can't make any sense.

让我们假设看

On the assumption that, look,

为了比较

in order to make comparisons--

哪个更好哪个更差

{\c

他现在处于这种或那种情况

{\c

他在另一种情况下会更好

he'd be better off in that other situation--

你一方面需要说明

you've got to be able to talk about, on the one hand,

这个人以前的状态

what condition or state the person is before

另一方面要说明他以后的状态

and what condition or state the person would be in afterwards,

如果他做了选择的话

if they were to make that choice.

我们称其为"双态要求"

Call this the two-state requirement.

一般情况下当我们判断一件事

Normally, when we make judgments about whether something

对你是好是坏

would leave you better off or worse off,

我们需要知道两种状态

we satisfy the two-state requirement.

你决定是否减肥

You're trying to decide whether or not to lose some weight.

你会想这是我现在超重的状态

And you think, well, here's how well off I am now, being overweight.

这是我减肥以后的状态

Here's how well off I would be later, if I were to lose that weight. 我可以比较两种状态

I can compare the two states,

如果第二个状态比第一个好

say the second state's better than the first state.

那我就能说

That's what makes it true

我会过得更好

that I'd be better off.

决定和某个人

Trying to decide whether or not

结婚还是分手

to marry the person or break up with the person

决定从事这个行业还是转行

or pick this career or change careers.

你都需要比较你现在的状态

You've got the state you're in and you compare it

和你以后的状态

to the state you would be in.

你比较两种状态

You compare the two states.

这样我们就可以说

That's what allows us to say,

是的我会更好

"Yeah, I'd be better off"

或者不我会更差

Or "No, I'd be worse off."

但当我们谈到自杀时

But when we're talking about cases of suicide,

好了现在我在这里

cases where, well, here I am now,

具有前一个状态

the before state requirement's in place,

但如果我们把它和后来的状态相比

but if we contrast that with the after state requirement,

那个状态不存在不是吗

well, that part's not met, right?

假设死亡就是终点

When you--On the assumption that death is the end,

你将不复存在

that you won't exist,

不存在不是一个你能经历的状态

nonexistence isn't a state that you will be in.

不是你的一种状况

It's not a condition of you,

因为状态和状况都以存在为前提

because states and conditions presuppose existence.

当我们谈论你是否高兴

We can talk about are you happy?

是否难过无聊兴奋

Are you sad? Are you bored? Are you excited?

都以你存在为前提

All of those things presuppose your existence.

即使你睡着了

Even are you sleeping?

也是一种你可以经历的状态

is a state or condition you can be in,

因为你存在

because you exist.

但如果我杀死自己我不存在了

But if I kill myself, I won't exist.

就没有第二种状态来比较了

There is no second state to compare.

所以反对者说我们怎能

So, how could we possibly say, the objection goes,

我们怎能说我死了会更好

how could we possibly say that I'd be better off dead?

这好像已经假设了还有第二种状态

That seems to presuppose that there's a second state

可以和当前的状态比较

that we can compare to my actual state.

但由于没有第二种状态

Since there isn't one,

判断我死了会更好就没有道理

the judgment, I'd be better off dead, can't even get off the ground. 这里面有个无法避免的逻辑错误

It's got a logical mistake built right into it.

以上就是这一质疑

Well, that's the objection.

正如我所说

And, as I say,

很多哲学家认同这一观点

there are a number of philosophers who are drawn to it.

也许一些同学也被它吸引

Maybe some of you are drawn to it as well.

但我认为它是错的

It seems to me that it's mistaken.

回忆一下我们在谈到

Consider what we wanted to say

剥夺理论时的说法

when we talked about the deprivation account,

关于死亡主要坏处的那个理论

the central account of what's bad about death.

对于大多数人来说死亡是件坏事

For most of us, dying would be bad,

因为它剥夺了我们

because it would deprive us

生命中的美好事物

of the good things in life

只要我们活着我们就会得到的美好事物

that we would get, if only we didn't die.

这个观点看起来很自然

That seemed like a natural thing to say.

也恰如其分

It seemed like an appropriate thing to say.

但是我们会说

Of course, we might ask,

如果我们接受"双态要求"

if we believe in the two-state requirement,

上述说法就有问题毕竟

how could we have said that? After all,

根据双态要求

given the two-state requirement,

如果说死亡对我是坏事

to say that death is bad for me,

那我最好还没死

I'd be better off staying alive.

如果我们接受双态要求我们会说

If we believe in the two-state requirement, we've got to say,

哦当我死后

Oh, so had I died,

我应该处于某种状态

I would have been in some state

和我现在的状态相比是比较差的

that I could compare to my current state and say that it's worse. 但是当然死亡不是一种状态

But, of course, death isn't a state.

所以这里没有满足双态要求

So, the two-state requirement's not met.

这一说法给我们造成了障碍

Well, we might say this should give us some pause.

如果"双态要求"

If the two-state requirement--

如果"双态要求"只是说明

It would be one thing if all that the two-state requirement said was, 我们根本无法断定我死了会更好

you know, we can't ever say we'd be better off dead.

这就简单了

But it turns out

但它的推论不只如此

the two-state requirement's got more implications than that.

它还表明

It's got the implication

你甚至无法断定自己活着会更好

that you can't even say you're better off staying alive.

人们很难接受这一点

And that's very, very hard to believe.

想象有个快乐的人

Imagine that you've got some happy person,

他非常幸福日子过得非常好

some incredibly happy person with a wonderful life filled

想多好有多好

with whatever goods you think are worth having in life--

爱情事业学问等等

love and accomplishment and knowledge and whatever it is.

他过马路时眼看要被卡车撞上

He's walking across the street and he's about to get hit by a truck. 你冒险冲上去

And so, at some risk to yourself, you leap into the way,

把他推开救了他一命

pushing him out of the way, saving his life.

很幸运你也没受伤

And happily, you don't get hurt either.

他看了看

He looks up,

意识到自己与死神擦肩而过

realizes he was this close from death

他说谢谢你

and he says, "Thank you.

谢谢你救了我一命

Thank you for saving my life.

现在你该说的话是

"And now what you have to say is,

我觉得你可能没搞明白

"I'm afraid you're rather confused.

因为你感谢我救了你一命

Because to say 'thank you' for my saving your life

是假设我已经施惠于你

is to presuppose I've benefited you in some way.

你假设我施惠于你

To presuppose I've benefited you in some way

是在假设

is to assume that you're--

你继续活下来是件好事

it's a good thing that your life has continued.

但是你看基于"双态要求"

But, you see, given the two-state requirement,

我们不能说你继续活下来是件好事

we can't say it's a good thing that your life continued,

因为根据"双态要求"

because the two-state requirement says

我们只有在前后状态

we can only make that kind of remark

都存在的情况下才能这么说

when there's a before state and an after state.

但现在后一种状态是"不存在"

And the after state would have been nonexistence.

所以你看

So, you see,

当你认为我救你一命是件好事时

you're really rather philosophically confused in thinking

你就在哲学上把事情搞混了

that I've done you some sort of favor by saving your life."

我不会把这种说法当真

I can't take that argument seriously.

在我看来

It seems to me that--

我也希望没有同学把它当真

and I hope that none of you would take it seriously, either.

救人一命当然是施惠于人

Of course, you are doing somebody a favor when you save their life, 因为他们的生活本来很好

given the assumption that their life has been

以后也会很好

and would continue to be wonderful.

这里要说明的不是"不存在"是

And what that shows is not that so nonexistence really

一种幽灵般的飘忽状态

is a kind of spooky, super thin state or condition.

不当然不是

No, of course it isn't.

不存在就是不存在

Nonexistence is nonexistence.

它根本不是一种状态

It's no kind of condition or state at all.

这里要说明的是"双态要求"

What it shows is the two-state requirement

不是这类评估中真正需要的前提

isn't a genuine requirement on these sorts of evaluations. 我们不必说如果你死了

We don't have to say that if you had died--

当你面对被救之人时

when you point to the person whose life you saved,

我们不必说如果你死了

we don't have to say that had you died,

你会处于一种很悲惨的状态中

you would have been in some inferior state.

我们只用说

We simply have to say

如果我救了你你将来的生活

the life you would have had, had I saved you

而且我确实救了你

and indeed will have, given that I have saved you,

会是非常美好的生活

is a great life.

因为它很美好

Since it's good,

所以失去它是件坏事

to lose it would be bad.

因为失去它是件坏事

Since losing it would be bad,

所以救了你你没失去它

saving it for you is benefiting you.

对你就是件好事

It's doing you a favor.

"双态要求"不是这样说的

Two-state requirement says otherwise.

所以我们应该摒弃它

Two-state requirement's got to go.

同时放弃"双态要求"

But, having gotten rid of it,

原则上也能解释另一方面的事情

we can say the same thing in principle on the other side.

想象有个人生活很糟糕

Imagine there was somebody whose life was horrible,

痛苦不堪难以忍受

full of pain and suffering and misery.

当然是否会有这样一个人

Now, whether there could be such a person, again,

我们一会儿再谈

that's a question we'll turn to in a second.

但是如果有这样一个人

But if there were such a person,

那我们会说

then we can say,

他们生命的延续

for their life to continue

对他们不是好事而是坏事

{\c it's bad for them.

他们生活中充满悲伤

Their life is full of misery

痛苦挫折和失望

and suffering and frustration and disappointment.

这类东西越多生活越糟糕

And the more and more of that, the worse and worse the life is. 过100年这样的生活

To lead a life of 100 years,

每分钟都是煎熬

where every moment is torture and pain,

比过30年这样的生活

is worse than a life of 30 years,

要更糟糕

where every moment is torture and pain.

所以如果存在这样的人

So, if you had such a person,

延长他们的生命对他们就是坏事

for their life to go longer would be bad.

在这种情况下

In which case,

他们活得越短对他们越好

for their life to be going shorter, would be better for them. 这就是我们说

And that's all we mean when we say

他们死了会更好的全部意思

they'd be better off dead.

并没有一个我们死后幽灵般飘浮不定

Not that there's some spooky super thin

难以描述的状态存在

and hard to describe condition that they'd be in if they were dead. 很简单

But simply,

回想一下两种可能的生活

we look back at the two possible lives they could have.

那个获救的人

Just with the person whose life we saved.

第一个人

The first person,

我们把他100年的幸福生活

we compare the great life that lasts 100 years

以及要是没获救

versus the great life that only lasts 20 years

20年的幸福生活加以比较

because you didn't save their life.

我们会说哦

We say, oh,

100年的生活是更好的生活

the life of 100 years, better life.

所以救他一命对他有好处

And so, saving their life is a good thing for them.

同样我们把漫长的痛苦生活

Similarly, we compare the lives of misery,

和较短的痛苦生活加以比较

the long life versus the short life of misery.

我们说哦漫长的痛苦生活

And we say, oh, the long life of misery is a worse life

比较短的那个更糟糕

to have than the short life of misery.

这就是我们说

And that being the case, we

你死了会更好时的情况

simply can say you'd be better off dead.

不是说你会得到更好的状态

Not that you'd be in some condition that's a good one.

只是说你能避免痛苦的状态

It's simply, you'd avoid this condition, which is a bad one.

如果"双态要求"不是这样说的

And if the two-state requirement says otherwise,

那么"双态要求"就更应被摒弃

so much the worse for the two state requirement.

好了这就是逻辑上的质疑

All right. So this is by way of the logical worry,

质疑我们是否有可能去谈论

that we can't even get off the ground in talking about the possibility 你死了会不会更好

that you'd be better off dead.

我认为如果我们接受"双态要求"

I think if we believe in the two-state requirement,

我们就必须认同这个质疑

maybe we'd have to say that.

但接受"双态要求"的代价太高

But the cost of accepting the two-state requirement is so implausible, 如果有人得心脏病快死了

that the person's dying of a heart attack

你为他实施心脏复苏

and you perform CPR.

他不说"谢谢你" 而是说

Instead of saying "Thank you," they say,

我没觉得这比死了好多少

"Oh, I'm really no better off than I would have been if I died,

尽管我的生活很幸福

even though I'm having a wonderful life."

"双态要求"如此有悖常理

The two-state requirement's just so implausible,

所以我们必须放弃它

we should let it go.

得到这个结论仍然没有解决

Now, having done that, of course, doesn't yet tell us that it could, 是否有些人生活非常糟糕

in fact, be the case that somebody's life could be so bad

以致他们死了会更好

that they'd be better off dead,

他们的存在

that the existence that they've got

是不是还不如他们根本没存在过

is worse than not existing at all.

迄今为止我们未做结论

{\c

保留这种说法逻辑上的可能性

open the door to the possibility of saying that coherently.

但这不意味着它就是对的

But that doesn't mean it's true.

是否存在这种生不如死的情况取决于你

Whether or not there could be such lives depends on your view

对幸福的理解

about what's the correct account of well-being.

什么东西使得一个人的生命值得过下去

What is it that goes into making somebody's life worthwhile?

正像我们前面看到的

Now, as we've seen previously,

这是一个有争议的话题

this is a controversial topic.

人们对美好生活的组成部分有异议

People disagree about the ingredients of the best kind of life.

因为这些区别

And because of these differences,

所以在哲学上有不同的观点

we're going to get philosophical differences of opinion

关注是否有一种生活

with regard to whether or not a life

如此糟糕以至于

could be so bad

把它结束是比较好的选择

that it would be better for it to come to an end.

我不会去罗列所有的观点

I'm not going to try to rehearse all the possible theories there are. 或者说

Or, for that matter,

罗列前面提到的所有观点

even all the theories that we've talked about previously.

而是告诉你它何时可能发生

But to give you an illustration of how it could be true,

回忆一下

imagine,

最简单的幸福理论享乐主义

go back to our simplest theory of well-being--hedonism,

你生活的质量

according to which your quality of life

是把所有快乐相加

is a matter of adding up all the pleasure

减去所有痛苦

and subtracting all the pain.

当然我们需要考虑

And we need to take into account

快乐和痛苦的持续时间

how long the pleasures and the pains last

以及它们的强度

and how intense the pleasures and the pains are.

不过我们仍然是把所有快乐相加

But still, we add up the total amount of pleasure,

把所有痛苦相加

add up the total amount of pain,

从快乐中减去痛苦

subtract the pain from the pleasure and look to see

然后看看结果是多少

what our grand total is.

如果是正数

If it's positive,

那么你的生活值得过下去

your life's worth living.

数字越大

And the greater the number,

正值越大

the greater the positive number,

你的生活越值得过下去

the more your life is worth living.

如果是负数

If it's negative though,

如果你的生活充满痛苦和煎熬

if your life is filled with pain and suffering,

或者至少痛苦和煎熬

or at least so much pain and suffering that

超过你生活中的快乐

it outweighs whatever pleasures you may have in your life, 那么你的结果就是负数

so that your balance is a negative one,

那么你的生活就不值得过下去

then your life's not worth living.

这样的生活越长

Having that go longer and longer

坏处就越大

is just more and more negative balance.

这样的生活对你来说就是坏事

That's a life that's bad for you to have

你失去它会更好

and you'd be better off not having it.

你最好给它画上句号

You'd be better off having your life come to an end.

你死了会更好

You'd be better off dead.

那么当然

And, of course,

结果的负值越大

the more and more negative the grand total is,

你的生活就越糟糕

the worse your life is.

所以你死了就越好

And so the more it's true that you'd be better off dead. 好了这就是享乐主义的结论

Well, that's what hedonism says.

如果我们不是享乐主义者

If we're not hedonists,

当然前面我说过

and of course, previously I've argued that

我们不应该成为享乐主义者

we shouldn't be hedonists,

那么我们就需要更复杂的幸福理论

then we need a more complicated theory of the good.

我们需要引入一些其它东西

We need to throw in other things,

或许是一些外部价值

perhaps, certain external goods.

有意义的并不仅仅是自我感觉

It's not just a matter of getting the insides right--

不仅仅是快乐痛苦

the pleasure and the pain

还有其它的精神状态

and the other mental states--

你还有很多

there are various facts

和这个世界的客观联系

about your objective hookup with the rest of the world. 你是否真在攀登珠峰

Are you really climbing Mount Everest?

你是否真的获得了成就

Are you really accomplishing things?

人们是不是真的喜欢你等等

Do people really love you, and so forth and so on?

你可以列出很多客观上的好事

Whatever your list is of those other objective goods-- 你也可以

well you'll probably also want to

列出除痛苦以外客观上的坏事

have a list of other objective bads, besides pain.

但是基本思路和前面一样

But still, the same basic idea is going to be in place. 我们要把所有

We're going to want to somehow

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Be a real man Dead Poets Society There are certain films that can heavily shock your soul, then elicit your thinking, and finally change your attitude of life. No doubt Dead Poets Society is one of these infrequent films. It is a film about a teacher and his students. It is a film about perseverance and change. It is a film about love and cruelty. The film is set in the United States in 1959. It shows us a series of things which happened to Mr. Keating and the young boys in Wilton Preparatory School. Mr. John Keating is certainly the main character of this film. He is a respectable teacher with a high self-cultivation. He has an advanced conception which is different from traditional education. The other two main characters are Neil, a boy who is keen on performing, and Todd, a boy with a little shyness. From Todd, I see how a boy grows into a man. The film starts with the opening ceremony of Wilton Preparatory School. Todd, a shy boy, starts his school life with his roommate, Neil. On the first lesson, their teacher, Mr. Keating, just told them ‘Seize the day, make your life extraordinary’.He reads Whitman’s poet Oh Captain! My Captain. He taught the students to swim against the steam and to be themselves but not to perform. Students regard Mr. Keating as a different

耶鲁公开课笔记2

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耶鲁大学公开课

甭看名人励志演讲了，去看看耶鲁大学的公开课吧(中文字幕)，能学到太多了，国内的大学真是误国误民啊。。。转来当日志收着来源：陈俐彤小C~的日志 最近一朋友和我讲，YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来，并发布在因特网上，供网络传播浏览。 一个全世界排名第二的大学，竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来，并在全世界传播，在大学产业化的中国，有些人会觉得不可思议，你没交学费，怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢？可是人家并不是这样认为的，本着人不分贵贱，教育不分你我的原则，耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动，实在是非常钦佩。。。 好了，不说大话，这个公开课真的非常的好，我有义务分享给我的朋友们 首先你得会用电驴，具体怎么用百度去 ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的，而且这个字幕是非常考究的，所以出的非常慢，理解一下。。。 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 音乐学 聆听音乐Listening to Music（教授本人著述） 课程简介： 本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配，并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐，从巴赫，莫扎特，格里高利咏叹调到蓝调 关于课程主讲人： Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位，在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。 Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教，目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。 在耶鲁大学，Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。 每年夏天，他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国，德国和意大利采风。

DeadPoetsSociety《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society Background: Dead Poets Society," the story takes place in 1959 in the United States, in a Originally calm school.English teacher named John Keating with his unique life Philosophy and anti-traditional teaching methods on the students so that a number of Born rich, clear future students learn to think independently and pursue self ideal own life. He skillfully teach students to experience a way of life. He inspired some brave students did not hesitate to rebuild secret society "of Death Poets Society. "Their main activities are gathered at night in a cave for histological comedy tone continued until Neil commit suicide under the pressure of his imperious father . This provoked a blind repression school, not only the film's most expelled, but the idea of freedom has taken root in mind the students, but also laid the film history of Education chapter status. Themes: This movie is about what happens when these students decide to pursue their own desires, and to live life with the passion that Mr. Keating encouraged. U ltimately, it is about what happens when a few idealistic students find themselves confronted against conservative forces that resist all change, including the drive for personal self-determination.

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