耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡14OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

在上节课结束的时候

At the end of last class,

我提出一个问题

I began to raise the question as to whether or not

那就是我们是否应该区分两个

we should distinguish two questions

我们经常混为一谈的问题

that we would normally be inclined to run together. 我们一直在问自己

We've been asking ourselves,

到底需要什么我才能活下来

what does it take for me to survive,

才能继续存在

for me to continue to exist?

但我觉得

But it's possible, i suggested,

我们其实不应关注这个问题

that we really shouldn't focus on the question,

即如何才能活下来

what does it take for me to survive?

而应该关注

But rather,

"我在乎的是什么

"what is it that I care about?

什么活下来才有意义"

What is it that matters in survival?"

因为从逻辑上讲

Because it's possible, logically speaking,

有可能我活了下来

that there could be cases in which I survive,

却失去了我活着时通常拥有的东西

but I don't have what I normally have when I survive, 失去了对我重要的东西

and so I don't have what matters.

失去了当初想存活时我想要的那些东西

I don't have what I wanted, when I wanted to survive. 一般情况下我活下来

It could be that in the typical cases of survival

能够继续拥有这些东西

I've got that extra thing.

但我们可以设想另一些情况我活下来

But we can think of cases in which I would survive, 却失去了这些东西

but I don't have that extra thing,

我失去了所有对我重要的东西

and so I wouldn't have everything that matters to me.

在这种情况下

So as it were,

我们可以说

we might say,

仅仅是活下来或是肉体活下来

it might be that mere survival or bare bones survival

对我毫无意义

doesn't really give me what matters.

除了活下来我还想要更多

What I want is survival plus something else.

为阐明这个问题我要请大家思考一下

And I tried to motivate this question by having you think about 如果我们假设

perhaps the possibility,

灵魂理论是人格同一性的正确理论

if the soul view was the truth about personal identity,

那我们来设想一个

but imagine a case of

彻底的不可逆的失忆案例

complete irreversible amnesia,

尽管灵魂仍然是你的灵魂

while nonetheless, it's still your soul continuing.

但这个灵魂

But the soul is going to then,

已经被完全删除干净

having been scrubbed clean,

获得全新人格

get a brand new personality.

有了一系列新记忆新愿望和新信仰

A new set of memories, new set of desires, new set of beliefs. 无法恢复你以前的人格

No chance of recalling your previous,

或者说是你现在的人格

current, personality.

当我思考这个案例的时候

And when I think about that case,

我想说

I find myself wanting to say,

"好吧我能活下来但那又怎样呢

"All right, I'll survive, but so what?

我不在乎

I don't care.

因为这种情况下

It doesn't matter

活下来的人是不是我已经不重要了

that it's me, in that case.

因为我不仅希望活下来的人是我

Because I don't just want it to be me,

我还希望活下来的人是带有我人格的我"

I want to have there be somebody that's me with my personality."

同样假设我们认为肉体理论是正确的

Similarly, suppose we thought that the body view was the correct view 我们可以再设想一个完全失忆的例子

and we imagine, again, some sort of case of complete amnesia.

我们有了新的人格

And so then we get a new personality

你会说"瞧这就是你

and you say, "Oh look, that's going to be you,

你的肉体你的大脑你还活着"

your body, your brain. You're still around."

而我会说"也许这是真的但那又怎样

And I say, "It could be true, but so what?

这不是我想要的活下来

It doesn't give me what I want, when I want to survive.

我不仅希望活下来的人是我

What I want isn't just for it to be me.

而且希望活下来的人是带有我人格的我"

I want it to be me with my personality."

所以我们是否该这么下结论

So should we conclude, therefore,

真正重要的并不是活下来

that what really matters is not just survival

而是带有相同的人格活下来

but having the same personality?

那么

Would that--

假设人格同一性的人格理论是正确的

Suppose the personality view of personality identity was correct.

它能否让我们不仅活下来

Would that then give us not just personal survival,

而且有意义地活下来

but what matters?

我想它已经很接近了差点就可以了

I think that's close, but no cigar.

不过还不够完善

Not quite good enough.

要注意一点回想一下

To see that, recall the fact that

根据人格同一性的人格理论

according to the personality view, as a theory of personality identity, 是同一个人的关键不在于

the crucial point isn't

保持人格完全一样

that my personality stay identical.

我不必保持完全一样的

It's not that I have to keep all

信仰愿望和记忆

exactly the very same beliefs, desires, and memories.

因为如果这样的话

Because of course, if we said that,

那我一有新信仰我就死了

then I'd die as soon as I got a new belief.

我一忘记自己二十分钟前做的事情

I'd die as soon as I forgot anything at all

我也就死了

of what I was doing 20 minutes ago.

当然不是这样根据人格理论

No, according to the personality theory,

判断人格同一性

what personal identity requires

并不需要完全相同的人格

isn't item-for-item the same personality,

而只需要是同一个不断演变的人格

but rather the same evolving personality.

我会有新信仰新愿望新目标

I gain new beliefs, new desires, new goals.

我可能会失去某些以前的信仰

I may lose some of my previous beliefs,

也可能忘掉某些以前的记忆

lose some of my previous memories,

但这都没关系

but that's okay

只要是同一个有足够重叠部分

as long as it's a slowly-evolving personality

慢慢演变的人格就行

with enough overlap.

好了现在让我们考虑下面这种情况

Okay, so now let's consider the following case.

从我开始我在这里

I start off. Here I am.

我有一些信念

I've got a set of beliefs,

比如相信自己是雪莱·卡根

a set of--I believe I'm Shelly Kagan,

记得自己在芝加哥长大

a set of memories about growing up in Chicago.

我有一些愿望

I have a certain set of desires

比如说想要完成自己的哲学著作

about wanting to finish my book in philosophy

如此等等

and so forth.

我不断变老越来越老

And I get older and older and older.

我有了些新记忆

And I get some new memories

有了些新愿望新目标

and some new desires and some new goals.

假设我已经很老很老了

Suppose that I get very, very, very old.

已经100岁 200岁 300岁了

I get 100 years old, 200 years old, 300 years old.

大约200岁的时候

Somewhere around 200,

我的朋友给我取了个绰号

suppose that my friends give me a nickname.

他们叫我乔乔

They call me Jo-Jo.

天知道为什么他们叫我乔乔

Who knows why, they call me Jo-Jo.

过了段时间

And after a while,

这个名字传开了

somewhere the name spreads

到了我250岁的时候

and by the time I'm 250 years old,

大家都叫我乔乔

everybody's calling me Jo-Jo.

没人再叫我雪莱了

Nobody calls me Shelly anymore.

到了我300岁 350岁 400岁

And by the time I'm 300, 350, 400,

我已经忘了曾经有人叫我雪莱

I've forgotten anybody used to call me Jo-Jo. [correction: Shelly]

也不记得自己在芝加哥长大

And I no longer remember growing up in Chicago.

我还记得我是个100岁小伙子时的事情

I remember things about my youth when I was a lad of 100.

但再早以前的事情不记得了

But I can't go back to what it was like in the early days,

就像你不记得三四岁时的事情

just like you can't go back to what it was like to be four or three. 假设随着年龄的增长情况一直如此

And suppose that all this is going on as I'm getting older and older. 我的人格以各种方式不断变化

My personality is changing in a variety of other ways.

我对哲学失去了兴趣

I lose my interest in philosophy

而开始对

and take up an interest in,

我也不清楚也许对有机化学产生了兴趣

I don't know, something that completely doesn't--organic chemistry

我以前对这门课压根就没兴趣

holds no interest to me whatsoever.

我对有机化学着了迷

I become fascinated by the details of organic chemistry.

我的价值观也变了

And my values change.

现在我是个现在站到这边来

Now I'm a kind--now, over here--

我是个和蔼充满同情心的热心人

I'm a kind, compassionate, warm individual

关心弱势群体

who cares about the downtrodden.

但到了300多岁我会说

But around 300, I say,

"那帮弱势群体谁要他们啊"

"The downtrodden. Who needs them?"

到了我500岁的时候

And by the time I'm 500,

我变得完全自以为是

I become completely self-absorbed

我变成个凶狠残暴卑鄙可耻的家伙

and I'm sort of a vicious, cruel, vile person.

现在我800岁 900岁了

Here I am, 800 years old, 900 years old.

《圣经》里的玛士撒拉活了969岁

Methuselah, in the Bible, lives for 969 years.

他是最长寿的人

He's the oldest person.

好啦我现在也969岁了

So okay, here I am, 969 years old.

就像玛士撒拉一样

I'm like Methuselah.

我们把这个例子称为玛士撒拉案例

Call this the Methuselah case.

这例子中的关键一点就是

And the crucial point about the case is that

我们规定其间没有发生过任何突变

we stipulate that at no point was there a dramatic change. 一切都是渐进地缓慢地演变

It was all gradual, slow, evolving.

就像在现实生活中发生的那样

in just the way it happens in real life.

只不过像玛士撒拉一样

It's just that as Methuselah,

我活得非常非常久

I live a very, very, very long time.

到了最后

And by the end of it, and indeed,

比方说到了六七百岁的时候

let's say somewhere around 600 or 700,

我其实已经完全变成了另一个人

I'm a completely different person,

就像我们刚才说的那样

as we might put it.

我不是指真的变了个人

I don't mean literally.

我是指就人格而言变了个人

I mean in terms of my personality.

现在不要忘了

Now, remember,

根据人格同一性的人格理论

according to the personality theory of personal identity, 判断是不是我的关键在于

what makes it me is the fact

拥有同一个不断演变的人格

that it's the same evolving personality.

这个例子里我们假定了

And I stipulated that

这是同一个不断演变的人格

it is the same evolving personality.

So that's still me

他在600年 700年以后还活着

that's going to be around 600 years from now, 700 years from now. 可是当我思考这个例子时

But when I think about that case,

我会说"那又怎样谁在乎呢"

I say, "So what? Who cares?"

当我思考这个例子时

When I think about that case,

我会说

I say,

"没错我们不妨说

"True, we'll just stipulate

他就是700岁时的我"

that will be me in 700 years."

但这并没给我想要的东西

But it doesn't give me what I want.

那时的我和现在的我判若两人

That person is so completely unlike me.

他不记得自己是雪莱·卡根

He doesn't remember being Shelly Kagan.

也不记得在芝加哥长大

He doesn't remember growing up in Chicago.

他不记得我的家人

He doesn't remember my family.

他有了新的嗜好品位和价值观

He has completely different interests and tastes and values."

我会说"就算他是我又怎样呢

I say "It's me, but so what?

这没给我想要的东西

It doesn't give me what I want.

这对我并没什么意义"

It doesn't give me what matters."

我想要的

When I think about what I want,

并不是有个人

it's not just that there be somebody

最终拥有我不断演变的人格

at the tail end of an evolving personality.

我希望那个人要像我

I want that person to be like me,

而并不仅仅是我

not just be me.

I want that person to be like me.

在玛士撒拉一例中

And in the Methuselah case, i've stipulated,

最后那个人和我一点都不像

it ends up not being very much like me at all.

所以我没得到自己想要的东西

So it doesn't give me what I want.

当我思考自己想要什么时

When I think about what I want--

我希望大家

and I'm just going to invite you to,

在座的每个人也都问一下自己

each one of you, to ask yourself

你想要的是什么

what is it that you want,

什么活下来对你有意义

what matters to you in survival?--

当我思考什么对我有意义时

when I think about what matters to me,

我想的不仅仅是活下来

it's not just survival.

不仅仅是带有

It's not just survival

同一个不断演变的人格活下来

as part of the same ongoing personality.

而是带有相似的人格活下来

It's survival with a similar personality.

不需要完全一样

Not identical, item for item,

只要足够接近跟我相当相似就可以

but close enough to be fairly similar to me.

如果是这样那这对我就有意义

Give me that, and I've got what matters.

如果不是这样

Don't give me that,

活下来就对我没意义

and I don't have what mattes.

我想再进一步阐述一下这个问题

In fact, I'm inclined to go a little bit further. 一旦我得到这些

Once you give me that,

未来有个人

give me that there's somebody

拥有和我相似的人格

there with my similar personality,

我想这也许就是活下来的全部意义

I think that may be all that matters.

到目前为止我一直在说

Up to this moment, I've been saying, okay,

仅仅活下来是不够的

survival by itself isn't good enough.

除了活下来你还需要一些额外的东西

You need survival plus something else.

至少在我的想法中

And I'm now suggesting that in my own case at least,

这个额外的东西

the something else is, something extra,

就是同一个相似的人格

is same, similar personality.

只要我的相似人格活下来

It might be that I get what matters to me even if I have,

那这对我就有意义

as long as I have, similar personality,

即使我没活下来也没关系

even if I don't have survival.

假设虽然我不相信灵魂

Suppose--I don't believe in souls,

但假设灵魂真的存在

but suppose there really are souls.

假设灵魂是人格同一性的关键

And suppose the soul is the key to personal identity.

假设洛克担心的事情真的发生了

And suppose the thing that Locke was worried about really does happen. 约翰·洛克英国哲学家经验主义的开创人参见本课程系列之第十一课

每天午夜上帝都会毁灭旧灵魂

Every day at midnight God destroys the old soul

用新灵魂代替它

and replaces it with a new soul

这个新灵魂与午夜前那个旧灵魂有着

that has the very same personality as the one before midnight,

相似的人格

similar personality,

相同的信仰愿望等等

same beliefs, desires, and so forth and so on.

如果我发现这就是形而上学中的情况

If I were to discover that's what was happening metaphysically

且灵魂理论真是人格同一性的正确理论

and the soul view was the true theory of personal identity,

我就会说"哈看来我活不过今晚了

I'd say, "Huh! Turns out I'm not going to survive tonight.

我就要死了"

I'm going to die."

但谁又在乎呢

Who cares?

明天还是会有一个人拥有我的信仰

There'll be somebody around tomorrow with my beliefs,

我的愿望我的目标我的抱负

my desires, my goals, my ambitions,

我的恐惧以及我的价值观

my fears, my values.

这就足够了

Good enough.

我其实不在乎我能不能活下来

I don't really care whether I'm going to survive.

我在乎的是就人格而言

What I care about is whether there'll be somebody

是否将有一个人和我很像呢

that's similar to me in the right way in terms of my personality. 所以也许我们一直在探讨的

So it might be that the whole question we've been focusing on, "我如何才能活下来"这个问题

"What does it take to survive?"

误导了我们

may have turned out to be misguided.

真正的问题并不是

The real question may not be

"如何才能活下来"

"What does it take to survive?"

而是"什么活下来才有意义"

but "What matters?"

也许我们可以说尽管通常情况下

And it might turn out that although, normally,

拥有这些重要的东西和活下来密不可分

having what matters goes hand in hand with surviving,

但从逻辑上来说它们是可以分开的

logically speaking, they can come apart.

至少在我看来

And what matters, or so it seems to me, at least,

重要的并不是活下来本身

isn't survival per se,

而是拥有相同的人格活下来

but rather having the same personality.

我个人倾向于认为

Since I'm inclined to think

肉体理论是人格同一性的正确理论

that the body view is the correct theory of personal identity,

我会说瞧明天会有个人

I want to say, look, somebody around tomorrow,

如果上帝昨晚把我的肉体替换成

if overnight God replaces my body

另一具看起来一模一样的肉体

with some identical looking body

而且还带有相同的人格

and keeps the personality the same,

就算那人不是我也没关系

that won't be me, but all right.

已经够好的了

It's good enough.

对我来说重要的不是活下去本身

What matters to me isn't survival per se.

严格说来根本不是活下去

Indeed, isn't survival, strictly, at all.

而是拥有相同的人格

It's having the same personality.

那么这种看法还给我们什么启发呢

Still, what does that leave us?

这告诉我们可能在某些情况下

That leaves us with the possibility that there could be cases where 你死了你没能活下来

you die and you don't survive,

或许上帝让我起死回生

maybe God swoops me up upon death.

尽管肉体已经毁灭

My body dies,

但上帝取出我的人格信息

but he sort of swoops up my information about my personality

放在天堂里新造出的一个人里面

and recreates somebody up in heaven with that similar personality. 如果他有另一个灵魂那他就不是我

It won't be me, if it's a different soul.

如果他有另一个肉体那他也不是我

It won't be me, if it's a different body.

但我还是要说

But still, I want to say,

"这给了我有意义的东西"

"It will give me what matters!"

这是一种可能性

That's a possibility.

但事实上我认为这不会发生

But I don't, in fact, think it's going to happen. 我告诉过你们我是个物理主义者

I believe--I've told you I'm a physicalist--

我相信将会发生的事情是

I believe that what's going to happen is,

我的肉体死亡之时

at the death of my body,

一切也就终结了

that's going to be the end.

我一直在论证的是

Now, what I've been arguing is that,

从逻辑上讲即使你是物理主义者

logically speaking, even if you are a physicalist, 也无法排除幸免一死的可能性

that doesn't rule out the possibility of survival. 假设你相信人格理论

Suppose you believe in the personality theory.

你的肉体将会消亡

Your body's going to die,

但你的人格却能保留下来

but your personality could continue.

再或者即便你是个肉体理论者

Or it might be, even as a body theorist,

我将不复存在

I'll cease to exist

但对我有意义的东西会接着活下来

but what matters will continue.

这些都有可能

These are possibilities.

但不论真假

But for what it's worth,

其实我不相信

I don't in fact believe

这些真会发生

they're actually what's going to happen.

当然这都是神学的事了

Of course, these are also theological matters,

我今天不会在这里

and so I'm not trying to say anything here today 劝说你们放弃神学信仰

to argue you out of the theological conviction

不管是上帝使你肉体复活

that God will resurrect the body

还是上帝把你的人格放到某位新天使身上

or God will transplant your personality into some new angel body, 如果你相信人格理论

but if you believe in the personality theory,

那个人就是你如此这般

that will be you, or what have you.

我的目的并不是

I'm not--it's not my goal here

去争辩或去驳斥神学上的可能性

to argue for or against these theological possibilities,

花时间从哲学上

having at least taken the time to explain philosophically

来把事情搞清楚

how we could make sense of them.

但我真的想说我不相信那些观点

But I do want to report that I don't believe them.

我相信当我肉体死了我就死了

I believe that when my body dies, that's it for me.

之后再不会有别的什么我

There won't be anything that's me afterwards.

不会再有别的什么

There won't be anything that's--

即便我想要的还不仅仅是活下来本身

even though what I want per se isn't survival.

不光我不会活下来

Not only won't I survive,

我相信在我死后

I believe after my death

那些对我来说重要的东西也将不复存在

what matters to me in that situation won't continue either.

在我肉体死后

There won't be somebody with

不可能有人拥有和我相似的人格

a similar personality to mine after the death of my body.

好了我们已经花时间

All right, so having spent all this time

搞清楚了人格同一性的本质

getting clearer about the nature of personal identity,

搞清楚了人是什么

and getting clearer about what people are,

还有幸免一死的种种可能性等等

and the possibilities of survival, and so forth,

我们驳斥了灵魂存在的说法

having argued against the existence of souls,

并从物理主义者的角度

and for a physicalist view--

物理主义似乎能同时接受肉体理论

physicalism seems compatible with both the body view 以及人格理论

and the personality view,

具体选择哪一个就是你的事情了

leave it to you to decide between them,

目前我是比较偏好肉体理论

I myself currently favor the body view--

让我们问一下

Let's ask,

"从物理主义的角度出发

"So just what is death,

死亡到底是什么"

anyway, on the physicalist view?"

尽管看起来似乎很明确

It might seem as though it's fairly straightforward. 人说到底就是一具肉体

A person, after all, is just a body

它以正确的方式运转

that's functioning in the right way

以便完成一些人的行为

so as to do these person tricks.

也就是人体功能

It's P-functioning,

我们不止一次提到过

as we've put it at one time or another.

人就是一具实现人体功能的肉体

And so a person is just a P-functioning body,

无论你强调它的肉体方面

whether you emphasize the body side there

还是人格方面

or the personality side of that equation.

死亡到底是什么我何时死亡

What exactly is it to die? When do I die?

我们现在讨论这个问题

Let's turn to that question.

我何时死亡死亡究竟是什么

When do I die and what is death?

大致上说答案大概是

Roughly speaking, the answer, presumably,

在物理主义者看来

on the physicalist view,

死亡就是

is going to be something like--

若我的肉体能实现人体功能我就活着

if I'm alive when we've got a P-functioning body,

简单来说当它停止运转

roughly speaking, I die when that stops happening,

当肉体分解停止正常工作时

when the body breaks and

我就死了

it stops functioning properly.

这或多或少算是

That seems, more or less,

物理主义者给出的正确答案

the right answer from the physicalist point of view,

我们一会儿会看到

although as we'll see probably later today,

我们还要稍微完善这个答案

we need to refine it somewhat.

但是首先我们问一个略有不同的问题

But first, let's ask a slightly different question.

定义死亡时刻时哪些功能至关重要

Which functions are crucial in defining the moment of death? 毕竟

After all,

我们意识到这里有个肉体

we've got the idea that here's the body,

这是个正常运转的肉体

here's a functioning body.

在你们面前有一个

Here's one in front of you.

你们每个人也有一个

Each one of you has got one.

你就是一具正常运转的肉体

You're a functioning body.

你的肉体可以做很多事情

There's a variety of functions that your body's engaged in. 有些部分只负责消化

Some of them have to do with merely digesting food

有些移动肉体

and moving the body around,

有些让心脏跳动

and making the heart beat,

让肺呼吸

and the lungs open and close.

我们把这些称为肉体功能

Call those things the bodily functions.

同时我们每个人

And there's also, of course, in each one of our cases, 都有高级心理认知能力

there's these higher mental cognitive functions

我称这些为人格功能

that I've been calling the person functioning,

这边是肉体功能

there's the B-functions

这边是人格功能

and there's the P-functions.

大致说来

Well, roughly speaking,

当这些功能停止时我就死了

I die when the functioning stops,

但到底是哪种功能呢

but which functions?

是肉体功能还是人格功能

Is it the body functions or the personality functions? 我们看个通常情况下的例子

So let's take a look at the normal situation.

这是你肉体存在的时间

Here's the existence of your body.

在你肉体存在的大部分时间里

And during most of the existence of your body,

它都在工作

it's functioning.

肉体功能

The body functions.

这里它就不再工作了

Over here, it's no longer functioning.

成为尸体

It's a corpse.

在你的肉体正常工作期间

During some of the period when your body's functioning, 你可以进行高级认知活动

it's doing the higher cognitive stuff.

即人格功能

The personality functions.

这边是早期

Now, this is the very early stuff

你的肉体还在孕育

when your body's still developing

你的大脑还没启动

and your brain hasn't turned on yet,

也或者大脑已经启动了

or your brain is turned on,

但还不能称为一个人

but it hasn't actually become a person yet, right?

至少胎儿不能称为人

At least in the case of the fetus,

胎儿没有自我意识

it's not self-conscious.

没有理性

It's not rational.

无法交流

It's not able to communicate.

没有创造力等等

It's not creative and so forth.

这些要之后才能有

That comes later.

这是A阶段

All right, so there's Phase A.

这是B阶段

There's Phase B.

这是C阶段

There's Phase C.

这就是通常情况

That's the normal situation,

通常案例

the normal case.

肉体存在

The body exists.

在人格功能开始前就已经工作一段时间了

It functions for a while before the P-functioning begins. 之后不久

And then after a while

肉体功能和人格功能同时运转

the body and P-functioning are both going on.

再过不久两者都停止

And then after a while they stop.

通常情况下

In the normal case,

要是遇到车祸什么的

I'm in a car accident or whatever it is,

我的肉体功能停止

and my body stops functioning,

人格功能也停止

my personality stops functioning,

那就成为一具尸体了

and you're left with a corpse.

我何时死亡

When did I die?

一般认为我死于这个时候

Well, the natural suggestion is to say I died here.

我画个星号

I'll draw my little star, an asterisk.

通常情况下

In the normal case,

当我肉体停止运转时

I die when my body stops functioning,

肉体功能停止我就死了

in terms of the body functions.

同时人格功能也停止了

And it stops functioning in terms of the personality functions. 这就是通常的情况

That's the normal case.

但我们仍然可以提出一个哲学问题

But we could still ask the philosophical question.

既然在这一时刻我们

Since what we had here was

同时失去一般化的肉体功能

simultaneously losing both the ordinary body functioning

以及个性化的人格功能

and the special personality functioning,

哪一个损失更关键

which loss was the crucial one

哪个决定我的死亡时刻

in terms of defining the moment of my death?

我们等一下再来考虑这个问题

Let's come back to that question in a minute.

首先我问个略微不同的问题

First, I want to ask a slightly different question.

我何时停止存在

When did I cease to exist?

或者换种稍微不同的说法

Or, to put it slightly differently,

在阶段C

do I exist during Phase C,

当肉体停止工作的时候我还存在吗

when the body has stopped functioning?

无论从肉体功能还是人格功能出发

Both in terms of body functions and personality functions, 我都只是个尸体我还存在吗

I'm just a corpse. Do I exist?

我们假设

Now, let's suppose

我们相信人格同一性的人格理论

we believe the personality theory of personal identity.

根据人格同一性的人格理论

According to the personality theory of personal identity,

判断一个人是不是我

for something to be me,

需要拥有同样的人格

it's got to have the very same personality,

同样的演变过程

the same evolving,

同样的信念愿望和目标等等

but still the same set of beliefs, desires, goals, so forth. 而在C阶段

Now, during period C,

没有东西拥有我的人格

there's nothing with my personality, right?

没人认为自己是雪莱·卡根

Nobody thinks they're Shelly Kagan.

没人拥有我的记忆信念

Nobody has my memories, beliefs,

愿望和目标等等

exact desires, goals and so forth.

非常清楚根据人格理论

Pretty clearly then, on the personality theory,

在C阶段我不存在

I don't exist at Phase C.

这就是为什么我们很自然地

That's why it's natural to point to

把星号标记的时刻定为我死亡的时刻

the moment of star when we say that's when my death occurs. 在C阶段我不存在

I don't exist at Phase C.

但有趣的是

But interestingly,

若我们抛开人格理论而采用肉体理论

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《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

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Be a real man Dead Poets Society There are certain films that can heavily shock your soul, then elicit your thinking, and finally change your attitude of life. No doubt Dead Poets Society is one of these infrequent films. It is a film about a teacher and his students. It is a film about perseverance and change. It is a film about love and cruelty. The film is set in the United States in 1959. It shows us a series of things which happened to Mr. Keating and the young boys in Wilton Preparatory School. Mr. John Keating is certainly the main character of this film. He is a respectable teacher with a high self-cultivation. He has an advanced conception which is different from traditional education. The other two main characters are Neil, a boy who is keen on performing, and Todd, a boy with a little shyness. From Todd, I see how a boy grows into a man. The film starts with the opening ceremony of Wilton Preparatory School. Todd, a shy boy, starts his school life with his roommate, Neil. On the first lesson, their teacher, Mr. Keating, just told them ‘Seize the day, make your life extraordinary’.He reads Whitman’s poet Oh Captain! My Captain. He taught the students to swim against the steam and to be themselves but not to perform. Students regard Mr. Keating as a different

耶鲁公开课笔记2

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耶鲁大学公开课

甭看名人励志演讲了，去看看耶鲁大学的公开课吧(中文字幕)，能学到太多了，国内的大学真是误国误民啊。。。转来当日志收着来源：陈俐彤小C~的日志 最近一朋友和我讲，YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来，并发布在因特网上，供网络传播浏览。 一个全世界排名第二的大学，竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来，并在全世界传播，在大学产业化的中国，有些人会觉得不可思议，你没交学费，怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢？可是人家并不是这样认为的，本着人不分贵贱，教育不分你我的原则，耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动，实在是非常钦佩。。。 好了，不说大话，这个公开课真的非常的好，我有义务分享给我的朋友们 首先你得会用电驴，具体怎么用百度去 ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的，而且这个字幕是非常考究的，所以出的非常慢，理解一下。。。 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 音乐学 聆听音乐Listening to Music（教授本人著述） 课程简介： 本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配，并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐，从巴赫，莫扎特，格里高利咏叹调到蓝调 关于课程主讲人： Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位，在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。 Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教，目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。 在耶鲁大学，Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。 每年夏天，他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国，德国和意大利采风。

DeadPoetsSociety《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society Background: Dead Poets Society," the story takes place in 1959 in the United States, in a Originally calm school.English teacher named John Keating with his unique life Philosophy and anti-traditional teaching methods on the students so that a number of Born rich, clear future students learn to think independently and pursue self ideal own life. He skillfully teach students to experience a way of life. He inspired some brave students did not hesitate to rebuild secret society "of Death Poets Society. "Their main activities are gathered at night in a cave for histological comedy tone continued until Neil commit suicide under the pressure of his imperious father . This provoked a blind repression school, not only the film's most expelled, but the idea of freedom has taken root in mind the students, but also laid the film history of Education chapter status. Themes: This movie is about what happens when these students decide to pursue their own desires, and to live life with the passion that Mr. Keating encouraged. U ltimately, it is about what happens when a few idealistic students find themselves confronted against conservative forces that resist all change, including the drive for personal self-determination.

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