考研英语(一)英汉翻译高分特训(生态环境类)【圣才出品】

◆生态环境类

Practice 77

A natural resource or resource is usually defined as anything obtained from the physical environment to meet human needs. Some resources are available for use directly from the environment. Examples include solar energy, fresh air, rainwater, fresh water in a river or stream, and naturally growing edible （可食用的）plants. Other resources, fish, and game animals, are not directly available for our use. （1）Whether these and other materials in the environment are considered to be human resources depends on a combination of human ingenuity, economics and cultural beliefs.

（2）Human ingenuity enables us to develop scientific and technological methods for finding, extracting, and processing many of the earth’s natural substances and converting them to usable forms. Groundwater found deep below the earth’s surface was not a re-source until we developed the technology for drilling a well and in-stalling pumps and other equipment to bring it to the surface. Fish and game animals are not a resource unless we have some way of catching and （in most cases）cooking them. Petroleum was a mysterious fluid until humans learned how to locate it, extract it, and re-fine it into gasoline, home heating oil, road tar（柏油）and other products. （3）Cars, television sets, tractors, and other manufactured objects are available only because humans developed methods for

converting an array of once-useless raw materials from the earth s crust（地壳，地表）into useful forms.

Economics also determines whether something is classified as a resource or a potential resource. Some known deposits （矿床）of oil, coal, copper, and other potentially useful materials are located so far beneath the earth’s surface or in such low concentrations that they would cost more to find, extract, and process than they are worth. （4）In the future, however, their prices may rise due to their scarcity, or cheaper, more efficient mining and processing technologies may be developed, converting these potential resources to actual resources.

Cultural beliefs3can also determine whether something is considered a resource. For example, protein-rich4 grasshoppers and other insects are considered food resources in some parts of Africa, but are viewed with disgust as sources of food in the United States and in most MDCs5. In some cultures, religious beliefs prohibit the use of pork or other types of food resources. （5）The perceived or actual degree of risk involved in using a resource such as nuclear power can also play a role6 in whether or how widely it is used.

【解析及译文】

（1）【解析】whether引导主语从句，主句谓语是depend on，表示“取决于”。ingenuity “心灵手巧，独创性”，cultural beliefs“文化言仰”。

【译文】人类的聪明才智、经济状况和文化信仰综合起来决定了是否将自然环境中这些以及其他原料作为人类的资源。

（2）【解析】本句需注意文中三个and连接的前后内容，只要分清这一点，就可以判断本

句是简单句。短语“for…to usable forms”做定语修饰methods。“convert to”

表示“转变为…”。

【译文】人类的聪明才智使我们能够运用科技方法来寻找、开采和加工地球上的许多天然物质，并把它们转化为可用的形式。

（3）【解析】本句主语是由一系列简单名词构成的，表示因果关系的because连接前后两部分。短语“for…into useful forms”做定语修饰methods。“manufactured

objects”指“人造物品”。raw“未加工的”。

【译文】正是因为人类采用各种方法将地表上大量的一度无用的原材料转换成有用的形式，才有了汽车、电视、拖拉机和其他人造产品。

（4）【解析】本句是or连接的并列句，“cheaper”对应“their prices may rise”，省略了“they may be”。短语“converting…actual resources”做状语。

【译文】然而，将来这些矿产可能会由于稀少而价格上涨，但也可能便宜，因为更高效的开采和加工技术将出现，从而把这些潜在资源转换成真正的资源。

（5）【解析】本句是一个简单句，“The perceived…nuclear power”在句子中做主语。

“play a role in”表示“在…起作用”。

【译文】对于是否使用原子能这类资源以及在多大范围内使用它，人们的风险意识及实地风险度也在起着作用。

Practice 78

How can humanity deal with the problems of expanding population? Can we avoid the greatest threat of all? （1）Human numbers may outstrip1earth’s ability to provide sufficient food and simultaneously impair2 that ability through

environmental degradation.

The supply-side answer to food shortage is to grow more and distribute it equitably3. But in many areas farmland is deteriorating （变坏）under the pressure to maximize yields. Failure to husband soil properly had made erosion （侵蚀）a global problem.

Moreover, many of the technologies that helped raise crop yields dramatically in the1960s and 1970s have achieved most of their potential. Much more fertilizer is being applied to farmland than was used three decades ago. （2）But fertilizer use provides a classic example （典型例子）of diminishing returns5—at some point gains in productivity from additional use are so small that further applications are not worth the cost of the fertilizer.

The degree to which food production can be boosted6 by bringing more land under cultivation is also severely limited. People have farmed the best land first. Most of what remains uncultivated or un-grazed is of poor quality: rocky, steep, infertile, too dry, too wet, or inaccessible. Furthermore, much “empty” land is actually providing civilization with crucial ecosystem services. This is particularly true for humid tropical areas such as the Amazon basin, which have important influences on the planet s climate.

The prospects of obtaining substantially more food from the oceans are also poor. Since the early 1970s, the world fish catch per person has been declining.

（3）The most ominous threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems are human-induced changes in climate projected to result from additions to the

atmosphere of trace gases （微量气体）that will bring on the greenhouse effect.

Extremes in weather usually result in crop losses—as last summer s drought and heat wave in the North American grain belt clearly demonstrated. While it cannot be demonstrated that the 1988 drought was caused by climate change induced by the green-house effect, scientists do point out that it was just the kind of un-usual weather expected to become more frequent as the greenhouse gases build up.

（4）Further, crop losses in North America s farm belt are a disaster for the world; the region is the chief supplier of a world grain market on which roughly a hundred other nations depend.

Yet, disheartening as the prospects may seem for feeding a population that grows by 90 million a year, there is no need for despair. Human beings have created their dilemma, and they still have the opportunity and ability to solve it. Crop yields can still be increased in many regions.（5）Surplus foodstuffs can be more effectively transferred to the hungry, soils can be saved, and the burning of fossil fuels can be made more efficient to slow the rate of release of greenhouse gases, buying time to make adjustments to climatic change.

【解析及译文】

（1）【解析】本句是由and连接的并列句，谓语动词是outstrip和impair，翻译时当作两个句子来译即可。注意句中的that ability指的是“ability to provide sufficient

food”。“through environmental degradation”表原因。outstrip“超过”，

impair“削弱”。

【译文】世界人口可能超过地球为人类提供足够食物的能力，同时，环境退化也削弱了地球的这一能力。

（2）【解析】破折号把句子分成了两部分，后一部分是“so…that”结构，对破折号之前的内容进行解释说明。“diminishing returns”表示“日益减少的收益”。“at some

point”表示“在某一程度上”。Application“应用，使用”。

【译文】但是，化肥的使用提供了一个表明经济收益日益减少的典型例子。在某种程度上，额外使用化肥所获的生产收益极小，致使进一步使用化肥所获的收益还抵

不上肥料的成本。

（3）【解析】过去分词“projected to”引导的短语做定语修饰“changes in climate”，that引导的定语从句修饰“trace gases”。短语“result from”表示“源于”。

ecosystems“生态系统”，bring on表示“带来”，greenhouse effect“温室效

应”，threat to“对…的威胁”。

【译文】对农业和自然生态系统最严重的威胁是由人类诱发的气候变化，这些气候变化被认为是由于大气层中可能引起温室效应的微量气体的增加造成的。

（4）【解析】本句是由分号隔开的并列句，后半句中depend on中的介词on提前，构成介词+which引导定语从句修饰grain market。“farm belt”译为“农业带”。。

depend on表示“依赖，依靠”。

【译文】此外，北美农业带的农作物歉收对全世界来说是一个灾难，因为该地区是大约100个国家所依赖的世界谷物市场的主要供应地。

（5）【解析】本句是由and连接的并列句，结构均为“can be+过去分词”的形式。现在分词短语“buying time to…”作目的状语。“transferred to”指“转让，转运”。

【译文】多余的食物能够更为便捷有效地转运给饥饿的人们，土地得以节约使用，可

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1、1994年 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. " (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74)Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 精美译文 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 （73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。 鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，

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46.scinentists jumped to the resure withsomedistimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eatusup of birds failed to control them 46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。 47.but we have at least drawn near the pointofadmitting that birds should continue as a matter ofintrinsicright,regardless of the presence or absence of economicadvantageto us 47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。 48.time was when biologists somewhat overwordedthe evidence that these creatures preserve the health of gamebykilling the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthlessspecies 48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。 49.in europe,whereforestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercialtreespecies are recognized ad mrs of native forest community ,tobepreserved as such ,within reason 49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。 50.It tends to ignore,andthus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the landcommunitythat lack commercial value, but that are essential to itshealthyning. 50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。 2009年 46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive 可以说,任何社会机构价值的衡量在扩大和改进的效果，但这种效果并不是它的原始动机。 47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。 只能是机构的附带结果被逐渐的提及；也仍然只能是在机构行动中作为指导性因素的结果才能逐渐的被提及。 48. while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 在我们接触他们（指代不清）的时候，很容易忽略我们处于他们位置的行为结果，然而在我们处理与成年人的关系时，却不是那么容易忽略这一点。 49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 既然我们对他们（代词指代不清）的主要任务是使他们能够与我们共同生活，所以我们就不得不考虑我们是否正在形成一种能确保这种能力的势力。 50. We are thus led to distinguish. within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering. a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling. 因此在我们目前为止一直认真思考的漫长的的教育进程中，我们被引导去识别更加正式的教育，即直接支付学费或者奖学金 2008年 46 he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, 他相信，或许这种困难也有其好处，正是这种困难促使他能够长时间专注地思考每一个句子；从而能够在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。 47 He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 达尔文还声称，对于冗长且完全抽象的思想，他的理解能力十分有限。因为这个原因，他确信自己在数学方面根本不会