英汉笔译,词汇
A brief introduction of literal translation
10英师4班
郭菲 2012200992
摘要:本文主要探讨的是翻译方法中的直译。通过讨论直译的概念，特点以及如何正常地使用直译。直译是一个不错的选择，它保持了原文的形式，使原语言意思更直观、细腻，保留形式。但是直译并不是一字一字地翻译。有些句子不应该从字面上翻译。因为这些句子包含一些成语或不符合语言习惯。所以在翻译中能够直译就尽量直译。
关键词：直译意译逐字翻译源语言目标语言
Definition of literal translation
Literal translation, as a notion at the heart of most translation controversies for many centuies,has been given different definitions.Defined by dictionary of translation studies, Literal translation id the direct transfer of a source language text(SLT) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text(TLT) (shuttleworth & cowie 2004;95) according to Barkhudarov(1969;10),a literal translation can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”. Catford put literal translation between word-for-word translation and free translation. In China, translators and scholars also have various interpretation of this translation approach. As an advocator of literal translation, Lu Xun definedit as:literal translation means faithfulness and expressivness. It must contain two aspects: 1) being easy to understand 2)retaining the manner of the SLT(Zhang Jin&Zhang Ning,2005;322) Xu Chongxin explained literal translation from the perspective of sentence structure. He regarded sentences as the basic units. For example, if the original text consists of one sentence only, the target text should should be one sentence as well. Profeeor Liu Zhongde defines literal translation in a relatively complete way,”in the pross of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”(Tan Weiguo,2005;15) Considering all these scholars’ definitions together, I’d like to define literal translation in a few sentences. Literal translation, as the most common and most important translation approach, treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole text into consideration. Literal translation preserves in the version both the original form and content,including sentence structures, rhetorical devices, writing style and the basic tone, as well as implicit and explicit meaning of the source language text.
1．Significance of literal translation
Literal translation preserves the original intent of the text; it keeps the original use of language, syntax and diction. However, it can confuse the reader sometimes because there are differences between languages, and it would seem silly if everything is translated literally.
Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation.
That is to say, it is necessary for translators to study and master interference elements of
affecting literal translation in English-Chinese translation. Translators are guided to translate academic works and make a contribution in literal translation field. For beginners, having known these interference elements, you will make the fewer mistakes, enrich your knowledge and prepared for your further study.
2.the use of literal translation
2.1 Translate literally, if possible.
Why translate, if possible? What is the advantage of literal translation? Generally, rhetoric is often used in a passage to make the passage lively. Literal translation retains the rhetoric of the original, so it is lively as the original. But free translation only expresses the general idea of original, lively rhetoric of the original disappeared. So generally speaking, literal translation is a good choice in translation. For example:1) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美. Free translation: Kino和Juana以为,这一天非常重要. Free translation of examples 1) only expresses the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor and description of the original sentences have disappeared. After free translation, it was inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal translation of example 1) is clearer than the free translation. Actually, literal translation is the chief way of translation. It is close to the original, lively and natural. It is acceptable. Acceptability is very important in translation.. Translation not only does express the idea and style of the original message, but also need to accord with the culture and customs of the target language, so that the translation can easy be accepted by target language readers. Because the differences of two languages, sometimes it is difficult to retain the idea and style of the source language. The advantage of literal translation is that almost retain the idea and style of the original. So most of translators tend to use literal translation. From all above, that is the reason of "translate literally, if possible."
2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.
At first, which kind of translation is word-for-word translation? Word-for-word translation is that: When translating, consider every word. Every words of source language is translated coordinately. For example: 1) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣. From the example 1), we know word-for-word translation does not do any changes to source language. The form is close to the original, but it does not express the meaning of the source language. Strictly speaking, it is not translation. Nevertheless, some translation which did some change to source language and the structure of target language is also the same as source language, the translation is smooth, but the meaning and the style are far from the original, usually, target language readers did not know what it said. This is also word-for-word translation. For example: 2) Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear. Word-for-word translation: 你的肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己一样亲；即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的. Translation of example2）are smooth. But they do not accord with the expressive way of Chinese. It is word-for-word translation. From all above, word-for-word translation is so starchy, goes after the form of source language that it never think of the effect of target language. Because word-for-word translation does not accord with the expressive way of target language, it is hard to understand it even makes target language readers did not know what does translator want to express. Word-for-word translation makes target language readers confused. It is unqualified
translation. Literal translation also keeps the general form of source language, and keeps the structure and the metaphor of the original. But literal translation does make some necessary adjustment, make target language smooth, clean and acceptable. After reading, target language readers can have almost the same feeling as the source language readers. But word-for-word translation only translate word by word, it is stiff and unintelligible. Quality of literal translation is good. Word-for-word translation is inferior. Literal translation and word-for-word translation can give different feeling to target language readers. All translation which is hard to accept, which have bad effect, which message is indistinct, which meaning is far from the original is word-for-word translation. This kind of translation is abortive. Some translation that completely keeps the form of the original is literal translation. That is erroneous. They confuse the conception of literal translation with word-for-word translation. These translators translate like this: first, they look up the meaning of every word of source language in dictionary. Then, they combine the meaning of every word, never do any change. They do not know what translation is, so word-for-word translation emerges. But excellent translators know the meaning of the original. When translating, they do some necessary adjustment, make target language clearer, smooth and acceptable. They know the difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation. They can use literal translation properly, it is a skill of translation. All in all, literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Literal translation is acceptable and nimble.
2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.
Some source language sentences are very difficult to translate literally. translate it literally, the result is unintelligible and indistinct. Some sentences do not accord with expressive way in target language. Different country has different culture,different language, different custom and different way to express the same meaning, different language has different way about metaphors, and has different idioms. In China, people usually use some idioms to describe an event or a person. So do in abroad. But Chinese idioms are unintelligible in western countries. In these suituations, if translate literally, usually, it would have bad effect and be unacceptable. When target language readers read, they could not know the exact meaning of source language. Because the message which target language express was vague. For example: 1) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in. Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子. Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地. From the example, literal translation is unintelligible even absurd. But after had translated it freely, translation became cleaner, smooth, acceptable and accord with the culture of target language. But in which suituation translators should not translate literally? How to use literal translation correctly? Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example: In example 1), "Break out the pot that hole us in", it is an English idiom, it means do something successful. But how to translate it into Chines?There is also an idiom in China. It almost has the same meaning as"Break out of the pot that hold us in". It is "出人头地".
Conclusion
From all above, literal translation is a basic skill of translation. it is calculated that about 70% sentences should be transmitted with this method. So it is widely adopted by translators. It keeps the form of source language, including construction of sentences, mataphor. Sometimes it should do some neccessary change to the original, make the translation accord with the expressive
way of target language. So make the translation acceptable. A translation which translated literally is close to the original. But literal translation is not omnipotent. Some sentences should not translate literally, because these sentences contained idioms which are different in source language and target language. Translators should have extensive knowledge. Comprehened source language message correctly and thoroughly, enhance acceptability of translation. If translators want to use literal translation properly and skillfully, they must comprehened all above, and have some practice. After all, practise is the most important aspect in translation.
Bibliography
1，Mark Shuttleworth, Moira Cowie著，【M】谭载喜主译。翻译研究词典。2004.P95
2，谭卫国，菜龙权新编英汉互译教材【M】上海：华东理工大学出版社。2005. P16 P18 3，张今，张宁，文学翻译原理（修订本）【M】：从语言学角度看直译和意译。P261，P262，P264北京；清华大学出版社。2005
4，范仲英，实用翻译教材【M】.北京;外语教学与研究出版社.1994.P95,P102
5，周方珠，英汉翻译原理，【M】合肥市，安徽大学出版社，2002.P39
6，许建平，英汉互译实践与技巧【M】北京市，清华大学出版社，2000.P7
英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲
1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 译文：今天, 电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。 2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission 译文：本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。 3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 译文：青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境。青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。 4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 译文：因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态由于通信工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. 译文：骗人一夕一事易，欺众一生一世难。 6. Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 译文：应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器，不使其沾染灰尘，不让他们受潮。 7. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer．The more cigarettes smoked by the husband，the greater the threat faced by his non．smoking wife． 译文：这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟，妻子的肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多，妻子受到的威胁也就越大。 8. For the first time in the annals of space, a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite. 译文：载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星，这在航天史上尚属首次。 9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 译文：家务事的第一个特点，是反反复复。几乎天天都有，而且做完之后，过一段时间又要重做一番。 10. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.
英汉笔译,词汇
A brief introduction of literal translation 10英师4班 郭菲 2012200992 摘要:本文主要探讨的是翻译方法中的直译。通过讨论直译的概念，特点以及如何正常地使用直译。直译是一个不错的选择，它保持了原文的形式，使原语言意思更直观、细腻，保留形式。但是直译并不是一字一字地翻译。有些句子不应该从字面上翻译。因为这些句子包含一些成语或不符合语言习惯。所以在翻译中能够直译就尽量直译。 关键词：直译意译逐字翻译源语言目标语言 Definition of literal translation Literal translation, as a notion at the heart of most translation controversies for many centuies,has been given different definitions.Defined by dictionary of translation studies, Literal translation id the direct transfer of a source language text(SLT) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text(TLT) (shuttleworth & cowie 2004;95) according to Barkhudarov(1969;10),a literal translation can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”. Catford put literal translation between word-for-word translation and free translation. In China, translators and scholars also have various interpretation of this translation approach. As an advocator of literal translation, Lu Xun definedit as:literal translation means faithfulness and expressivness. It must contain two aspects: 1) being easy to understand 2)retaining the manner of the SLT(Zhang Jin&Zhang Ning,2005;322) Xu Chongxin explained literal translation from the perspective of sentence structure. He regarded sentences as the basic units. For example, if the original text consists of one sentence only, the target text should should be one sentence as well. Profeeor Liu Zhongde defines literal translation in a relatively complete way,”in the pross of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”(Tan Weiguo,2005;15) Considering all these scholars’ definitions together, I’d like to define literal translation in a few sentences. Literal translation, as the most common and most important translation approach, treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole text into consideration. Literal translation preserves in the version both the original form and content,including sentence structures, rhetorical devices, writing style and the basic tone, as well as implicit and explicit meaning of the source language text. 1．Significance of literal translation Literal translation preserves the original intent of the text; it keeps the original use of language, syntax and diction. However, it can confuse the reader sometimes because there are differences between languages, and it would seem silly if everything is translated literally. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation. That is to say, it is necessary for translators to study and master interference elements of
英汉笔译期末考试试题
英汉笔译期末试题 考试科目：英汉笔译考试时间：90分钟 使用班级：英语1121/1121 考试形式：■闭卷□开卷 加PARTI TRANSLATIONMPROVEMEND%) Directions: There maybe one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in eac h of the following TRANSLATEVERSIONSPIease underline it (or them) andthe n correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWERHEE T. (4 points for each save as specified otherwise) 1. His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 2. Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. 原译：林肯是一个杰出的演说家，又是一个政治哲学系的学生。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 3. Thenewfather wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 4. A translator has to know everything of something and something of everything. 原译：翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对什么事情都要懂得一些。 改译：__________________________________________________ 5. Being in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating. 原译：在公司里工作，即使是最好的公司，也会很快就让人厌倦和消耗精力。改译：。 PARTI SENTENCES TRANSLATION%)
基础笔译课程标准
《基础笔译》课程标准 一、基本信息 适用对象：商务英语专业、翻译专业制定时间：2011-05 课程代码： 040249 所属系部：工商外语系 学分：4.5 学时：60 制定人：谢盛良批准人： 二、课程的目标 1、专业能力目标： 1)熟练掌握英汉翻译的基本理论及相关知识等。 2)熟练掌握合格译员所必须具备的基本素质、职业准则等。 3)熟练掌握笔译的几种基本技巧和方法。 4)在正确理解英语原文的基础上，熟练而通顺地将英文翻译成汉语，忠实于原文，速度为 每小时250-300词。 5)熟练掌握数字、专有名词、成语熟语翻译的基本技巧和方法。 6)熟练掌握商务、科技等各类文体句子、段落、篇章的基本笔译技巧和方法，具备良好的 双语能力。 2、方法能力目标： 1)能正确识别笔译材料的体裁，运用相应的翻译策略和方法。 2)能掌握英汉两种语言及文化的基本差异，正确认识英汉语言的内容与结构逻辑次序的不 同，摆脱原文束缚，准确翻译。 3)善于参考利用各种词典、百科全书、网络等工具在翻译理论的正确指导下从事翻译活动。 4)具备广博的知识，能够自主学习，自觉关注译学理论发展的前沿和动态。 3、社会能力目标： 1)具备译员良好的思想素质、职业道德精神和文化修养。 2)具备译员敏锐的政治意识，强烈的责任感和爱国主义精神，和吃苦耐劳的精神。 3)通专结合的复合型人才。 三、整体教学设计思路
1、课程定位 《基础笔译》是一门理论与实践紧密结合，并以实践为主的技能性课程。是翻译专业或（商务）英语专业的重要课程，目标是培养学生的英汉笔译基本能力，初步胜任一般日常性笔译工作。它以《综合英语》、《英语语法》、《英语写作》《英汉表达技巧》《英语阅读》等课程的学习为基础，也是进一步关联学习《商务笔译》《科技翻译》《商务翻译资格证书》《商务翻译单证》等课程的基础，在专业课程体系中处于承前启后的重要位置。通过学习这些课程，学生具备较强的英语读写译等各种语言运用能力，熟悉商务、科技及外事翻译活动的各个环节和要求，掌握基本的笔译理论和方法，能给客户提供一般书面笔译服务。 本课程旨在系统地传授英汉笔译的基本理论和技巧，通过大量的课堂实践和学生的自主学习，通过有针对性的循序渐进的讲授和练习及各种文体翻译训练，使学生熟悉翻译理论的基本知识和翻译的基本技巧，熟悉英汉两种语言与文化的异同，熟练运用常用的翻译技巧，培养学生的学习能力和英汉翻译的实践能力，从而能在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中借助词典翻译有关英语业务资料，进行一般水平的书面翻译，胜任一般性的政治、经济、商务、文化、科技、应用文等笔译工作，并为进一步翻译学习做好准备，为毕业后从事商务涉外工作奠定基础。 2、课程开发思路 笔译是各类涉外书面交流活动中不可或缺的环节。笔译能力的培养是英语专业人才培养的目标之一。因此，《基础笔译》则是依据英语专业人才培养方案而设计的。其总体设计思路是围绕培养学生在实际应用中笔译方面的能力为中心，依托学校的翻译服务中心（可筹建），结合校企合作培养模式，重点培养学生的英汉书面翻译的基本技能，强化不同语境下不同语篇翻译策略的选择和运用能力，提高学生的实际笔译水平，突出高职院校工学结合的特点，以工作任务为中心组织课程内容，并让学生在完成具体项目的过程中学会完成相应工作任务，并构建相关理论知识，发展职业能力。 本课程内容突出对学生职业能力的训练，理论知识的选取紧紧围绕工作任务完成的需要来进行，同时又充分考虑了高等职业教育对理论知识学习的需要，并融合了翻译职业资格证书对知识、技能和态度的要求。项目设计以笔译过程基本技能训练为主线来进行。教学过程中，要通过校企合作，校内翻译实训基地建设等多种途径，进行生产实训，充分开发学习资源，给学生提供丰富的实践机会。教学效果评价采取过程评价与结果评价相结合的方式，通过理论与实践相结合，重点评价学生的职业能力。
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water
play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now
英汉笔译例句
Conversion (Part I) II. Into Nouns 1. V→N 1) A government report targets earning from tourism at 200 million US dollars by 2007. 政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到2007年旅游业收入要达到2亿美元。 2) What impressed me most was his courage in the face of the death. 给我留下最深刻印象的是他面对死亡时所表现出的勇气。 3) He was blacklisted for striking his boss. 他因殴打上司而上了黑名单。 4) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, sat into the car. 一位穿着讲究的人坐进汽车里，他的外表和言谈像是美国人。 5) The Greek word ―atom‖ means―cannot be cut‖. 希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。 6) Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water. 水银的比重约为水的十三倍。 7) The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状就像一个球。 8) The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor. 电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。 9) The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易量有了很大的增加，给两国都带来了益处。 2. 受到……+n. 加以……+n. 1) His image as a good student was badly tarnished. 他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。
英汉笔译
No Giant Skyscrapers Chicago and New York are famous for their1 tall buildings2. California cannot be3. Its4 buildings have to be famous for their beauty or their historical importance5. California is earthquake country. The San Andreas Fault is a cause of earthquakes6. It7 is a long crack in the earth that stretches from Southern to Northern California. Rocks inside the earth8 move and the earth shakes. These earthquakes make the fault bigger9. The most famous earthquake in California happened in 1906. It10 destroyed most of the young city of San Francisco. People rebuilt the city11. They looked at the buildings that did not12 fall in the earthquake and they learned more about13 building in California. Tall buildings can be dangerous14 in earthquakes. Today California has codes that say15 how a building must be built and how tall it can be. Los Angeles has16 several earthquakes each year. The tall buildings move a little17 and everyone takes a deep breath18. Usually tourists and newcomers are the most frightened19. People who grew up20 in California say, “We're used to it21!” Earthquakes do not stop the building industry in California, but they do make architects work a little harder. The buildings they design have to look good and stand up in an earthquake22. These buildings are good examples of modern California architecture. The Nonaventure Hotel is a few city blocks from the old Mission church. The Century City Complex is near the Ocean. It stands on the site of the old Twentieth Century Fox movie studios. These buildings show that people are not afraid to build23 in California. (264 words) 苗族龙船节 苗族龙船节，与汉族的端午节不同。除时间不同外，一般不举行竞赛，主要活动是串寨子，走亲访友。清晨，龙船在江水中游动，所到之处，亲友们纷纷到岸边“接龙”。 龙船过寨，鸣放铁炮传告亲友，岸上以鞭炮声相呼应。亲友们上前，向船上的人各敬两杯米酒，并将礼品——鹅鸭、彩绸挂于龙头。如系女婿、姑舅等至亲，送上的礼物则是猪羊。 下午四时左右，龙船靠岸休息，水手们将糯米饭团和肉放置船帮上就餐，不用碗筷。岸上的妇女和小孩前来“讨路边饭”。传说，吃了龙船上的食品，能消灾免难，百事如愿。后来这就成为传统的风俗习惯。 岸上，还有苗家传统的赛马、斗牛、踩鼓等活动。姑娘们身着节日盛装应着木鼓鼓点翩翩起舞。飞歌往来，通宵达旦，青年男女得以相识，往往以后成为夫妻。（318字）
英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
第一单元翻译概论 1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译 Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. 例如：paper tiger—纸老虎 Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱 3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ） 归化的例子： as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。 7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the br idge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？ 10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元英汉对比 1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。 2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。 3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋
英语笔译基础英译汉课程教学大纲.doc
英语笔译基础（英译汉）教学大纲 （2013年6月修订） 兰州商学院陇桥学院 二○一三年六月
一、课程基本信息 课程名称：英语笔译基础（英译汉） 课程编码：0411056 课程类别：专业主干课，必修 课程计划总学时：54学时 课程学分：3 适用专业：英语专业（翻译方向） 课程归属系（部）：外国语言文学系 本课程是否有单独的实验（实训、实习）教学大纲：无 二、课程性质、目的和任务 《英语笔译基础（英译汉）》是为英语专业翻译方向高年级学生的一门专业必修课。课程力求理论与实践相结合，传授基本的翻译知识及常用的方法和技巧，通过反复实践培养学生的翻译熟练技能。以翻译知识为先导，英汉语言的对比为基础，翻译技巧为主干，通过讲解、范文赏析、译文对比、练习和讲评等具体措施为学生打开思路，提高双语的转换能力，使学生们掌握必要的翻译知识与技能。 通过介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析以及不同翻译方法，结合大量实践对所学内容进行练习和巩固，使学生能够掌握翻译的基本技巧，培养学生英汉翻译基本技能。同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义，从而切实提高学生的翻译水平，将学生培养成合格的翻译人才。 三、本课程与相关课程的关系 后续课 四、课程考核方式 本课程为院级考试课；本课程考采用形成性评价和终结性评价相结合的考核方式。总评成绩由平时成绩和期末考试成绩两部分构成，其中平时成绩占40%（含考勤、作业、课堂表现、测验等），期末考试成绩占60%。 五、学时分配一览表
六、建议教材及教学参考书目 （一）建议教材 王恩冕.大学英汉翻译教程(第三版)[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社，2009. （二）教学参考书目 [1] 冯庆华.实用翻译教程(修订版)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2006. [2] 许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2000. [3] 程永生.汉译英理论与实践教程(第一版)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2005. 七、课程教学内容 第一章翻译概论 教学目的与要求：使学生基本了解我国翻译简史，并掌握翻译定义与分类、翻译的悖论和翻译的标准。 主要内容：我国翻译史简介；翻译的性质；翻译的标准。
英汉笔译基础
第一章省略论 1.0概述 省略本来是语法修辞中的一种方法，目的是使话语更加言简意赅。无论是汉语还是英语，都运用省略来使话语更加流畅。首先我们来看看英语的省略现象： Reading makes a full man; conference, a ready man; writing, an exact man. Bacon: Of Studies 依照英语语法修辞，在一句话中，或一个句群中，如果一个动词，出现在一连串的分句中，从第二个分句开始，动词可以省略。上面的句子引自培根的《论读书》。大家知道，培根的散文，以简约见长；因为他精通英语的语法修辞规则，善于运用省略这种修辞手段。 汉语也提倡言简意赅，尤其是书面语，更讲究省略的修辞手法。究其原因，恐怕跟印刷出版史有关。在蔡伦发明纸张以前，书面表达都是刻在竹简上，或写在锦帛上。所以汉语的文言文真可谓“惜字如金”。纸张发明以后，书写的材料廉价了许多，但一种文风流传下来就成了传统。因此即使到了明清时期，由于小说文体的大量出现，形成了白话文。但是简约仍然是中国风。请看《聊斋》中的一个片段： 马子才，顺天人。世好菊，至才尤甚。闻有佳种，必购之，千里不惮。一日有金陵客寓其家，自言其表亲有一二种，为北方所无。马欣动，即可臵装，从客至金陵。客多方为之营求，得两芽，裹之如宝。 蒲松龄：《聊斋》；黄英篇 如果我们用大白话来讲这个故事，就会是这样一番话语： 马子才，顺天人士。祖祖辈辈爱好菊花，到马子才时更加酷爱。他一听到有好的菊花品种，就一定要把它买回来，不顾路程有千里之远。一天有个金陵来的客商住在他家，自我介绍说他表亲有一两种菊花，是北方所没有的。马子才欢喜动心，当即整理行装，跟从来客到了金陵。这个金陵客商千方百计为他营求，弄到两株菊苗，马子才把它们当宝贝一样包藏起来。 以上两例充分地说明，省略不是什么翻译家的新发现，而是两种语言固有的习惯表达。但是两种语言的省略手段差异很大。这就是我们翻译中要仔细探究的。比如说，上述的英语例子，英语是省略重复的动词，而汉语修辞则不允许这种省略。所以汉语译文应当重复动词，才符合汉语的修辞规律： 读书使人渊博；说话使人机敏；写作使人精深。 那么，英译汉时，什么情况下可以进行省略？什么情况下非进行省略不可？在什么文体中最好进行省略，才能使译文更美呢？这些问题很值得我们探究一番了。 1.1 限定词的省略 限制词（determiners）是指在名词词组中对中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等作用
英汉笔译期末考试试题
第 1 页 共 4 页 A 卷 英汉笔译期末试题 考试科目： 英汉笔译 考试时间：90分钟 使用班级： 英语1121/1121 考试形式：■闭卷 □开卷 PART Ⅰ TRANSLATION IMPROVEMENT (20%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the f ollowing TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (o r them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. (4 points for eac h save as specified otherwise) 1. His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译： 。 2. Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. 原译：林肯是一个杰出的演说家，又是一个政治哲学系的学生。 改译： 。 3. The new father wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译： 。 4. A translator has to know everything of something and something of everything. 原译：翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对什么事情都要懂得一些。 改译： 。 5. Being in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating. 原译：在公司里工作，即使是最好的公司，也会很快就让人厌倦和消耗精力。 改译： 。 PAR T Ⅱ SENTENCES TRANSLATION (20%)
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances.
《英汉笔译》教学大纲
《英汉笔译》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 中文名称：英汉笔译 英文名称：English-Chinese Translation 适用专业：英语辅修专业 课程类别：专业核心课程 开课学期：大二（下） 学时：48学时 学分：3学分 二、课程简介 《英汉笔译》是英语辅修专业的核心课程，以实战演练为主、知识讲解为辅，通过比较英汉在语言、思维和文化三个层面的异同，了解不同话题所涉及的相关领域、全译过程中的重难点以及相应文本的全译特色和窍门，熟练掌握和运用基本的全译方法与技巧，强化学生的翻译转化意识，夯实英汉翻译基础，并帮助他们结合主修专业的学习，瞄准自己感兴趣的翻译领域或话题，为适应未来翻译市场奠定坚实的双语功底。 三、教学目的、要求与方法 1. 教学目的 本课程旨在帮助学生了解不同领域话题涉及的领域、内容、文本特色以及翻译的重难点，区分英汉在词汇、句子、段落、篇章、修辞等方面的异同，掌握相关全译知识、窍门和主题知识，熟练运用对译、增译、减译、移译、换译、分译、合译等七种全译方法和相应技巧，能够每小时翻译约200-250单词的不同话题类型的英语文本，确保译文忠实原意，表达顺畅，从而培养学生的英汉全译意识，有效提高转换技能，夯实双语功底。 2. 教学要求 这是一门实践性、操作性、互动性、挑战性很强的课程，要求学生在具备较强英语基础的前提下，掌握英汉翻译理论和方法技巧，完成课堂内外的大量实践。具体要求：1）课前预习与练笔：了解相话题与全译的关系、全译知识与窍门、主题知识，完成600-800单词的全译实践。 2）课堂讨论与体悟：积极参与课堂讨论，努力做到“五动”（脑、眼、耳、手、口），比较不同译文的优劣，体悟自己笔译的得失。 3）课后复习与提高：及时复习课堂讲解与讨论的内容，进行文本比读，再次体会双语文本的异同，撰写读后感，整理译文并写出心得，认真完成课后的实训题。 3. 教学方法 1）实战演练法：整个教学过程以强调笔译实践为主，讲解全译基本知识与为辅，训练至少18000汉字的笔译量。课前以学生热身练习、预习知识为主，教师引导安排为辅；课堂以学生实践为主、教师讲解与学生讨论为辅；课后以学生练习提高为主，教师辅导答疑为辅； 2）话题中心法：整个教学过程按照由浅入深的教学梯度和由易到难的教学进度，紧紧围绕教材提供的30多个话题，明确不同话题涉及的知识内容、体现在全译实践中的重难点及其相应的全译特色和窍门。 3）批判思维法：不硬性规定所谓标准译文，强调学生的主观积极性和批判性思维，通过学生配对或分组，赏析佳译的入“化”效果，反思劣译的不“化”弊端，分析译文提出改进意见；通过参考译文激发学生的多向思维。 4）互动交流法：强调教学三环节的互动，融课前实践、课中讨论与课后提高于一体，