英汉笔译(一)学生用书
北京外国语大学英语学院英汉笔译实践课教材
（一级）
2006级
学生用书
２００8年9月－２００9年1月
目录
开篇课程综述
课程介绍
课程大纲
考核方式
附：阅读书目
单元一关于翻译
什么是翻译？
翻译的目的、标准、要求
翻译技巧与方法综述与练习
案例分析：如何做翻译---评析Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
的翻译
单元二翻译技巧针对性练习
增词、减词的练习：
1．Father?s Toe
2。Henry David Thoreau
加注与释义的练习：
3．Long Bow Village
4．Mao's Childhood
5．My New Pet
拆译---长句翻译练习：
6．I Have a Dream
7．President Nixon's Toast
转换练习：
8．Portrait of A President
9．Amending U.S. Constitution
单元三综合技巧语篇练习
商务
10．A Letter to Vice Premier Li Lanqing
科技
11．Cyberphobics
12．Water
新闻
13．Up on the New Farm
14．X-Sports
散文、述评、文件
15. The Special Joys of Super-Slow Reading
16．The Age of Rock Revisited
17．The British Museum
附录---自主学习平台练习
课外练习The Price of Peace
开
篇
课程综述
笔译实践课介绍
(三年级第一学期)
1．课程名称: 笔译（英译汉）实践---初级笔译
2．课程简介：
本课程为大学英语专业三年级第一学期的翻译实践课。课程以每周一次的课堂练习和隔周一次的课后练习及讲评相结合，旨在系统向学生介绍翻译的定义、标准、技巧，并进行针对性的训练，同时在各种体裁和题材的翻译实践中强化技巧。学习完本课程的水平大致相当于全国外语翻译证书考试三级（初级）笔译的水平。本课程实用教材为任课教师自行编撰的油印教材以及申雨平、戴宁编撰的《实用英汉翻译教程》。
3．课程目标：参加完本课程的学习，学生将能够：
●在规定时间内进行翻译，速度为每小时300-350字（原文）
●完成课后作业、讨论、汇报、小论文及测验
●综述本课程中讨论的10个翻译的技巧与2个翻译方法，并能在练习中使用相
关技巧与方法
●完成一般科技、旅游、商务、经贸、新闻、散文等方面材料的翻译，同时体
现各种体裁所需要的不同翻译技巧
●在翻译时体现出忠实、通顺、流畅的标准，同时进一步提高双语翻译技巧，
对两种文化的差异保持敏感性
●逐步建立分析批评能力，对笔译工作进行评价
●为翻译和相关学术领域进行进一步研究做好准备
*4。国家大纲对大学本科英语专业三、四年级翻译实践课的要求
?根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中对翻译的要求：三年级（六级）
四年级（八级）要达到：
?了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同
?掌握常用翻译技巧
?将中等难度的英语篇章或段落翻译成汉语
?将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著翻译成汉语
?译文忠实原文、语言通顺、流畅
?速度为每小时翻译250~300个英文单词
?能担任外宾日常生活和一般外事活动的口译
5．本课程的要求
?要求达到国家大纲的上限，每小时翻译300~350英文单词
?对学生的作业从英语水平、汉语水平、知识面、工作态度等方面提出
要求
◆理解准确，不应出现重大的理解错误
◆表达忠实、通顺、流畅，语言比较地道，语法正确，标点符号正
确，搭配合理，结构工整，不鼓励编译、自由翻译
◆知识面宽，能够依靠上下文和知识面推测出意义
◆工作态度严谨，勤查字典，减少错字、别字，交作业前至少间隔
一天，至少有一次校对的过程
◆逐步展开专业翻译训练，培养解决问题的能力
◆逐步明确技巧型翻译与技能型翻译的差别，向技能型翻译发展
6. 练习安排：
1）课堂练习：油印教材的篇子，间或配合《实用英汉翻译教程》中的语篇。2）课后练习：油印教材中的篇子，对此进行深入、仔细的翻译实践和讲评。3）油印教材最后有附录，收录了学生自主学习的内容。
7．对书面作业的要求：一般都要打印。应注明：
To:
From:
Subject: (e.g.) Father‘s Toe
Date: September 24, 2006
8．教师评改作业可以使用的编辑符号
awk. （表达、用词、行文等）别扭
adding(?) 增译？/增意？
comp. 理解错误
collocation 搭配错误
expr. 表达错误
w. wording 用词不当
punc. 标点符号错误
str. 句子结构
meaning 意思不明确/准确
cap. 大小写错误
gram. 语法错误
spelling 别字
logic 逻辑错误
dic. 用字/词不当
pron.介词用法不当，主要是指第三人称衔接的滥用和误用。
*每个教师可以用自己的符号，只要事先和学生说明一下即可。
9. 考核评估：总评分按100分记
课堂练习、发言、测验25%
课后练习、论文、汇报13%
期中考试20%
期末考试40%
出勤2%
*每次无故缺席，总分将被扣除2-3分。
10．上课方式：教师讲授、小组讨论、学生汇报、评估与反馈
讨论：对翻译实践课（初级笔译）的期望（在学期末进行对照）：目前我（学生）对翻译的了解：
我对翻译实践课的期望：
我对目录中、课程介绍中所列内容的评价、问题：
A Course Syllabus for E-C Translation Practice
(Year III)
Course Name: English-Chinese Translation Practice for Year Three
Course Description:
This is a full course for one year. This syllabus is for the autumn semester.
This course is designed for the 3rd year college students to acquire basic skills in translation through weekly translation practice and feedback so as to empower them with basic and intermediate qualification in translation practice.
Course Objectives:After one year‘s course, 3rd year students should be able to:
●translate with or without the aid of dictionaries in a given time at
a speed of 300-350 words (source text) per hour
●summarize 10 translation skills and 2 translation methods
●translate texts of technology, travel and tourism, business,
economy, news report, simple literature works, etc. respecting
different features of styles and applying genre sensitivity into
translation practice
●finish assigned tasks, short papers, presentations
●identify and apply basic translation skills through practice
●nurture a deep and sensitive bicultural skills
●develop analytical and critical skills required to evaluate work in
translation
●prepare for further study in translation and relation academic
field
Course Assessment:
In-class exercises, discussions, quizzes, 25%
Take-home assignments, presentations, short papers 13%
Middle-term exam 20%
Final exam 40%
Class attendance 2%
*For each absence without grounded excuse(s), 2-3 points will be
deducted from the total score.
Aspects to Give Feedback on Translation Practice:
●Competence in source language (E)
●Competence in target language (C)
●Scope of knowledge
●Working ethics and conscientiousness
Teaching Methods:
●Provide in-class exercise---→feedback--→take-home assignment---→in-class
feedback
●Help group discussion
●Organize peer evaluation and feedback
单
元
一
关于翻译
第一周：讲座与讨论
1．什么是翻译？
?翻译的定义很多，根据不同目的的翻译活动，界定也不尽相同。
?字典定义：
◆to translate is to turn from one language into another (The Oxford
English Dictionary)：从一种语言转换成另一种语言；
◆to translate is to turn into one‘s own language or another language
(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English
Language)：转换成本族语或另一种语言）
?本课程大致认为：翻译是把一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来，使译
文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。2．翻译的标准
?翻译的标准也很多，不一而足，适用性是我们始终考虑的问题。本课程不
拘泥于一种翻译方法和标准。
?国内外对翻译的标准论述：
◆苏格兰法学家、历史学家Alexander Tytler (1749-1814)提出了翻译三
原则：
● A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the
original work.
●The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as
that of the original.
● A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
(A.F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)
◆严复（1853-1921）：信、达、雅
◆鲁迅、茅盾：忠实、通顺
◆傅雷：神似
◆钱钟书：化境
◆美国翻译理论家，《圣经》翻译专家Eugene Nida （奈达）提出了
Dynamic equivalence, functional equivalence(动态对等、功能对等)的原
则。（Toward a Science of Translation, 1964）
◆王佐良：一切照原作，雅俗如之，深浅如之，口书如之，文体如之
?本课程选择的翻译标准：
1）忠实、通顺、流畅
2）翻译的标准是动态的，如下图所示：翻译是科学性和艺术性的矛盾与统一。
◆有的文体（法律、科技文体）在艺术性的坐标轴上所占的比例略
小。翻译的标准主要紧跟科学性；
◆有的文体（文学文体等），则在科学性的坐标轴上所占比例略小，
翻译的标准要紧跟艺术性；
◆翻译的标准是多元的、是动态的；翻译实践课的关键问题是培养
翻译中的意识和灵活性。
3．翻译的技巧与方法综述
翻译实践课不能不涉及技巧。
第一，我们应当明确翻译技巧和翻译方法。技巧是：―表现在艺术、工艺、体育等方面的巧妙的技能。‖方法是：―关于解决思想、说话、行动等问题的门路、程序等‖（见《现代汉语词典》）。通俗地说，翻译技巧侧重在具体操作中，集中在词法和句法的翻译层面；而翻译方法更多地指导我们在宏观和语篇层面的翻译。当然也有很多学者将技巧和方法统一、综合起来看待，如：―翻译技巧是指译者在翻译过程中使用的方法，它们是许许多多个译者通过翻译实践总结出来的宝贵经验。‖（华先发、绍毅《新编大学英译汉教程》）
第二，通过归纳一些专著和翻译教材，我们将翻译技巧总结为：(以例子说明)
1) 加注（annotation）：由于社会文化差异，英语有些词义在汉语中不存在，
形成了意义上的空缺，翻译时常采用加注法来弥补。可分为音译加注；直译加注。注释可以采用文中注释或脚注，个别情况下也可以不用括号，直接说明（这更象是释义的技巧）。
音译加注：Saint Valentine‘s Day：圣瓦伦廷节（情人节，2月14日）
直译加注：Ground Zero: 零地带（指911事件后纽约世贸大厦的瓦砾场，源自原子弹的爆炸点。）
不标注括号：He shot the ball like a Jordon. 他投篮像飞人乔丹那么棒。
2) 释义(paraphrase)：采取解释性的方法，舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻。
●I don‘t know if he is a Trojan Horse. 我不知道是不是内奸。
●The three main newspaper never feature nude pin-ups.这三家主要报纸从
不刊登裸体美女的照片。
3) 增词(amplification/adding)：为了语法、意义、修辞上的需要，在翻译时
要增加一些词，使表达更准确、通顺。
●语法的需要：a plane: 一架飞机（增加了量词）
●意义的需要：The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds
are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. 人脑只有三磅重，但就在这三磅物质中，却包含着一百亿个神经细胞，以及一千亿个更小的细胞。（增加了实义名词）
●修辞的需要：The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered
raindrops felt like slivers of ice. 天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零星星的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片。（增加了叠词）
4) 减词(omission)：从语法角度和修饰角度考虑，在译文中减省不需要的词
语。
In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter with such force most of it fell on the floor at my feet.不一会儿功夫，她又回来了，将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一摔，大半都撒落在我脚边。（减省了―地板‖一词）
He is not well today, but he still came to class and handed in his homework.他今天不舒服，可还是来上了课，交了作业。（减省了―他‖、―他的‖等代词的修饰。）
5) 转换(shifting)：在翻译中，根据需要改变或转化表达方式。
●词类转换：The happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion, and
the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦，两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱，洒下了欣喜的泪花。（《傲慢与偏见》，名词转换成动词）
●句子成分转换：Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next.他
于9月3日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下安特卫普。（主语转换为宾语，介词宾语转换为主语。）
●表达方式转换：Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on
this continent a new nation. 八十七年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。（计量词转换，变为译语中清楚明了的表达方式。）
●语序转换：Slowly climbs the autumn moon.秋天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。
（倒装句转换为自然语序）
●语态转换：It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but
on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。（将被动语态转换为主动语态，将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语，如：人们、大家等做主语。）
6) 切分(division/splitting/cutting)：将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分，尤其是
长句进行拆译，分解成两个或两个以上的单位，灵活处理。
●单词分译：The American commander, Admiral Nimitz, was understandably
reluctant to join the battle. 美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战，这是可以理解的。（将副词分译成一个小句。）
●短语分译：Playing its principle role, Israel in a few days destroyed more
towns and villages and committed more savage acts all over the territories it invaded than the Vandals of old committed in many a month. 以色列表演了它的拿手好戏，几天之内在其入侵的全部土地上，摧毁的城镇和村庄就
（将比古代汪达尔人在好几个月之内摧毁的还要多，犯下的罪行还要野蛮。
分词译成一个小句）
●从句分译：This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of
greatness which can build a new and a better world.我们两国人民攀登高峰的时刻已经到来。在这个伟大高峰的境界之上，我们才能建立一个美好而崭新的世界。（将定语从句分译成一个句子，同时运用增词法，加上―我们‖做主语，将原文的意思梳理清楚。）
7) 合并(combination)：有一些英语句子较短，在翻译时应注意采用合并的方
法，使意思紧凑连贯。
●I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this
struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 我把椅子挪过来坐下，起初两腿分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，不太拘礼节，便把两腿并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。（四句合一）
●One may have to learn to live with pain, but there‘s one thing you never have
to live without. Hope. 一个人可能必须学会忍受痛苦活下去，但有一样东西是你活着绝不能缺少的，那就是希望。（并列复合句与简单句合并）
8) 具体化(specification)：在翻译时考虑把一些抽象的概念具体化。
●No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe‘s. Her novels are amusing
enough; they are worth reading; some fun and nature in them.我要是看小说，那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思，值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。
●I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，情同手足。
●Owing to his unorthodox upbringing, and the fact that he had no parents to
teach him the facts of life, Quasimodo became convinced that he was not a bird at all and refused to fly. 加西莫多从小疏于教养，又没有父母教授生活常识，所以自以为根本就不是鸟，因而拒不飞行，到哪里都走着去。
9) 抽象化(abstraction)：英语中有一些具体意义或形象不便于在翻译中移植，
那就要进行抽象化处理。
●He is a rolling stone. I don‘t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想
他不会有多大出息。
●If you dare to play the fox with me, I‘ll shoot you at once.你要是敢对我耍
滑头，我立马毙了你。
●I was practically on my knees but he sill refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他
依然拒绝。
10) 正说反译、反说正译(negation)：英语中有一些不带否定词no, not, never,等的否定表达，如：too…to…, fail to…, -free, instead, rather than 等等以及不含有否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-等和否定后缀-less等的句子称为―正说‖，在汉语中可以用―反译‖。而汉语中不带―不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、别‖等的句子也是―正说‖，在翻译时可以采用灵活的正说反译、反说正译的技巧。
●He yelled ―Freeze!‖他大喊一声：―不许动！‖（正说反译）
●Mary drew a long, soft breath, as though the paper daffodils between them
were almost too sweet to bear.玛丽轻轻地、长长地吸了一口气，就好像摆在他们中间的那些纸水仙几乎是香得让人受不了了似的。（正说反译）
●You can‘t be too careful.你要特别小心。（反说正译）
●For three weeks I held both jobs, working from eight in the morning until
midnight. Never in my life have I been happier.我身兼两职历时三个星期。每天从早晨８点钟一直工作到午夜。我的一生中却以那一段时间最为快乐。
（反说正译）
应当注意：这些技巧是相辅相成的，其间有交叉和重叠的部分，在翻译实践中千万不可教条机械地使用。我们应该力争从技能型译者转变为技巧型译者，让技巧为我所用，而不是为技巧所束缚。
技能型翻译：competent translator
技巧型翻译：skillful translator:
第三，在更宏观的层面上，我们将翻译方法主要总结为两组概念：
１) 直译和意译：主要由中国学者茅盾、巴金等人谈及过，关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义
●直译(literal translation) ：在译入语条件许可的前提下在译文中既传达
原文的思想内容又保留原文的语言表达形式。
●意译(liberal translation/free translation)：译文能正确表达原文的思想内
容，但不必拘泥于原文的表现形式
举例说明：A stone kills two birds.
?直译：一石二鸟。
?意译：一举两得。
?直译和意译相结合：一箭双雕。
在很多情况下都是直译和意译相结合的方法。不论哪一种方法，都要避免硬译、死译、胡译。
２) 异化和归化：是直译和意译概念的延伸，突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化、美学等因素。这一概念国内由刘英凯率先提出（《现代外语》1987年第2期），国外由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯·韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）于１９９５年在其专著《译者的隐形》中提出。下面的定义是按照国内某些学者的理解给出的。
●异化：foreignization要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原
语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。中国异化派的代表人物：鲁迅、董秋斯、卞之琳等人。
●归化：domestication：要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯
的表达方式来传达原文的内容。中国归化派的代表人物：严复、林纾、朱生豪、张谷若、傅东华、杨必等人。
举例说明：
A stone kills two birds.
?异化法：一石二鸟。
?归化法：一举两得；一箭双雕
All roads lead to Rome.
?异化法：条条大路通罗马。
?归化法：殊途同归。
翻译技巧和方法的训练实际上使我们培养起一种敏感性和灵活性，自如地游走在各种要求和规范许可的范围内同时展示自己的再创造能力，在直译和意译、异化和归化中体现对―度‖的把握。
4．练习与讨论：翻译（笔译）的分类
香港学者周兆祥根据“翻译的自由度”，把翻译分为以下几类：
?逐字对译（word-for-word translation）
?字面翻译（literal translation）
?语意翻译（semantic translation）
?传意翻译（communication translation）
?编译（free translation and editing）
?改写（adaptation）
可以通过以下一句话的翻译，体会几种翻译方法的区别：
Mr. Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morning. He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagements. (BBC news 11/10/2000)
首先自己翻译：
_____________________________________________。
其次对照以下译文：
?逐字对译：杜瓦尔先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期
二早晨。他拣起自己起来和继续去实行两个午餐约定。
?字面翻译：星期二早晨杜瓦尔先生滑倒在他的爱丁堡官邸外面。他爬
起来继续去参加两个午餐约会。
?语意翻译：星期二早晨，杜瓦尔先生在爱丁堡官邸外滑倒了，但他仍
爬起来继续去参加两个午餐活动。
?传意翻译：杜瓦尔先生的官邸在爱丁堡。星期二早晨，他不小心在屋
外摔了一跤。不过他仍然奋力爬起，去参加两个午餐活动。
?编译：杜瓦尔先生在爱丁堡有一座官邸。星期二早晨，他刚出门就摔
了一跤。不过，他觉得没事，就爬起来继续参加当天的活动，午餐时
还与两个团体进行了正式会谈。
?改写：爱丁堡的早晨空气新鲜。杜瓦尔先生喜欢晨练。那天一大早，
他穿着运动装出门，正要开始晨跑，不小心踩到一块香蕉皮上，跌倒
在地。他奋力爬起，打消跑步的念头，出门上班，午餐时还坚持参加
了两个见面会。
（该例来自
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c011240786.html,.tw/~hchung/freedomontranslate.htm. 译文有
改动。
（转引自李长栓编著《非文学翻译理论与实践》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2004）
讨论：
1）在上述各种翻译分类的译文中，你更认可哪一种翻译？为什么？
2）在什么情况下，我们可能分别用到各种翻译的方法？举例说明。
3）从上例中可以看出，从“逐字对译”到“改写”，译者的自由度越来越大，译文在形式上与原文距离越来越远。你对此有何看法？
4）你认为“改写”一例的译文合适吗？你有何评价？
5）你认为你自己的翻译应该归为哪一类型的翻译？为什么？
5. 翻译技巧与方法综合练习---句子练习
改译下面的句子：
1）有些英语惯用语表达的真正含义是其喻义或引申义，如果只将其字面意义直译出来，就可能产生误译。
①In a flash the evil intent of the vice-president to usurp power hit the president between the eyes.
误译：一刹那间，副总统篡权的罪恶意图给总统当头一棒。
改译：
②The changes in the education system are a step in the right direction and will improve the teaching in our school.
误译：教育体制改革朝着正确的方向迈进了一步，它将改进我们学校的教学。
改译：
③This is a dangerous and violent city. In some parts of it, the only law is the law of the jungle.
误译：这是一个危险的充满暴力的城市。在有些地方，唯一的原则就是森林法则。改译：
④When my ship comes in, I‘ll take a trop to Casablanca.
误译：当我的船进港时，我就要到卡萨布兰卡去。
改译：
⑤They slip out one by one and I was left holding the baby.
误译：他们一个个都跑掉了，剩下我来抱孩子。
改译：
2）有些英语惯用语在字面上同汉语表达相似，却貌合神离。如果不求甚解，就会出错。
⑥Mr. Nixon said, ―We two countries have common interests over and above our differences.‖
误译：尼克松先生说：―我们两国具有远远高于我们分歧的共同利益。‖
应译为：
⑦You don‘t seem to come anywhere near to knowing the importance of working on the pro gram, you‘d better take your fingers out.
误译：你看来一点也不了解这项计划的重要性，你干脆别再插手了。
应译为：
⑧To my joy, my son knows a thing or two about Italian.
误译：使我高兴的是，我儿子对意大利语也略知一二。
应译为：
⑨His speech was given a warm reception by the crowd.
误译：他的讲话受到了群众的热烈欢迎。
应译为：
⑩When do you hope to start a family?
误译：你希望什么时候成家呢？
应译为：
3)许多英语惯用表达中包含着固定搭配，如不认清这些特殊句型所表达的意义，极易出现误译。
⑴ It is a good athlete that never loses points.
误译：从不丢分的运动员才是优秀的运动员。
应译为：
⑵You are not going to marry her, and that‘s final.
误译：你不准同她结婚，那就算了。
应译为：
⑶The visit can‘t have left us a deeper impression.
误译：这次访问根本不会给我留下较为深刻的印象。
应译为：
⑷ I can‘t see you quickly enough.
误译：我不可很快见到你。
应译为：
⑸ No criticism will be too severe to be gratefully acknowledged.
误译：没有一种批评会是尖锐得使人无法领谢的。
应译为：
4)一些英语表达在特定的语境里，尤其在口语中，有特定的含义，翻译这些表达时，应该将其包含的语气译出。
⑹ They had a good laugh at my expense. How do you like that!
误译：他们大大地把我取笑了一番。你觉得他们做得对吗？
应译为：
⑺—―In the face of all this they actually stood up by and did nothing.‖
---―You don‘t say so!‖
误译：―面对这一切，他们竟然袖手旁观，什么都不做。
―你不要这样说！―
应译为：
⑻ ---―You accepted her offer, didn‘t you ?‖
----―No fear!‖
误译：――你接受了她的建议，是吗？
――不用怕，我当然接受了。
应译为：
⑼ I‘ll be blessed if I do it!!
误译：如果我干这种事，我就太有福了！
应译为：
英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲
1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 译文：今天, 电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。 2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission 译文：本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。 3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 译文：青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境。青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。 4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 译文：因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态由于通信工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. 译文：骗人一夕一事易，欺众一生一世难。 6. Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 译文：应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器，不使其沾染灰尘，不让他们受潮。 7. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer．The more cigarettes smoked by the husband，the greater the threat faced by his non．smoking wife． 译文：这项研究表明，妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟，妻子的肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多，妻子受到的威胁也就越大。 8. For the first time in the annals of space, a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite. 译文：载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星，这在航天史上尚属首次。 9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 译文：家务事的第一个特点，是反反复复。几乎天天都有，而且做完之后，过一段时间又要重做一番。 10. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.
汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结
第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二．翻译下列句子 （1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. （4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter. （6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. （8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.
英汉笔译,词汇
A brief introduction of literal translation 10英师4班 郭菲 2012200992 摘要:本文主要探讨的是翻译方法中的直译。通过讨论直译的概念，特点以及如何正常地使用直译。直译是一个不错的选择，它保持了原文的形式，使原语言意思更直观、细腻，保留形式。但是直译并不是一字一字地翻译。有些句子不应该从字面上翻译。因为这些句子包含一些成语或不符合语言习惯。所以在翻译中能够直译就尽量直译。 关键词：直译意译逐字翻译源语言目标语言 Definition of literal translation Literal translation, as a notion at the heart of most translation controversies for many centuies,has been given different definitions.Defined by dictionary of translation studies, Literal translation id the direct transfer of a source language text(SLT) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text(TLT) (shuttleworth & cowie 2004;95) according to Barkhudarov(1969;10),a literal translation can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”. Catford put literal translation between word-for-word translation and free translation. In China, translators and scholars also have various interpretation of this translation approach. As an advocator of literal translation, Lu Xun definedit as:literal translation means faithfulness and expressivness. It must contain two aspects: 1) being easy to understand 2)retaining the manner of the SLT(Zhang Jin&Zhang Ning,2005;322) Xu Chongxin explained literal translation from the perspective of sentence structure. He regarded sentences as the basic units. For example, if the original text consists of one sentence only, the target text should should be one sentence as well. Profeeor Liu Zhongde defines literal translation in a relatively complete way,”in the pross of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”(Tan Weiguo,2005;15) Considering all these scholars’ definitions together, I’d like to define literal translation in a few sentences. Literal translation, as the most common and most important translation approach, treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole text into consideration. Literal translation preserves in the version both the original form and content,including sentence structures, rhetorical devices, writing style and the basic tone, as well as implicit and explicit meaning of the source language text. 1．Significance of literal translation Literal translation preserves the original intent of the text; it keeps the original use of language, syntax and diction. However, it can confuse the reader sometimes because there are differences between languages, and it would seem silly if everything is translated literally. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation. That is to say, it is necessary for translators to study and master interference elements of
英汉笔译期末考试试题
英汉笔译期末试题 考试科目：英汉笔译考试时间：90分钟 使用班级：英语1121/1121 考试形式：■闭卷□开卷 加PARTI TRANSLATIONMPROVEMEND%) Directions: There maybe one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in eac h of the following TRANSLATEVERSIONSPIease underline it (or them) andthe n correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWERHEE T. (4 points for each save as specified otherwise) 1. His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 2. Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. 原译：林肯是一个杰出的演说家，又是一个政治哲学系的学生。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 3. Thenewfather wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译：__________________________________________________ 。 4. A translator has to know everything of something and something of everything. 原译：翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对什么事情都要懂得一些。 改译：__________________________________________________ 5. Being in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating. 原译：在公司里工作，即使是最好的公司，也会很快就让人厌倦和消耗精力。改译：。 PARTI SENTENCES TRANSLATION%)
基础笔译课程标准
《基础笔译》课程标准 一、基本信息 适用对象：商务英语专业、翻译专业制定时间：2011-05 课程代码： 040249 所属系部：工商外语系 学分：4.5 学时：60 制定人：谢盛良批准人： 二、课程的目标 1、专业能力目标： 1)熟练掌握英汉翻译的基本理论及相关知识等。 2)熟练掌握合格译员所必须具备的基本素质、职业准则等。 3)熟练掌握笔译的几种基本技巧和方法。 4)在正确理解英语原文的基础上，熟练而通顺地将英文翻译成汉语，忠实于原文，速度为 每小时250-300词。 5)熟练掌握数字、专有名词、成语熟语翻译的基本技巧和方法。 6)熟练掌握商务、科技等各类文体句子、段落、篇章的基本笔译技巧和方法，具备良好的 双语能力。 2、方法能力目标： 1)能正确识别笔译材料的体裁，运用相应的翻译策略和方法。 2)能掌握英汉两种语言及文化的基本差异，正确认识英汉语言的内容与结构逻辑次序的不 同，摆脱原文束缚，准确翻译。 3)善于参考利用各种词典、百科全书、网络等工具在翻译理论的正确指导下从事翻译活动。 4)具备广博的知识，能够自主学习，自觉关注译学理论发展的前沿和动态。 3、社会能力目标： 1)具备译员良好的思想素质、职业道德精神和文化修养。 2)具备译员敏锐的政治意识，强烈的责任感和爱国主义精神，和吃苦耐劳的精神。 3)通专结合的复合型人才。 三、整体教学设计思路
1、课程定位 《基础笔译》是一门理论与实践紧密结合，并以实践为主的技能性课程。是翻译专业或（商务）英语专业的重要课程，目标是培养学生的英汉笔译基本能力，初步胜任一般日常性笔译工作。它以《综合英语》、《英语语法》、《英语写作》《英汉表达技巧》《英语阅读》等课程的学习为基础，也是进一步关联学习《商务笔译》《科技翻译》《商务翻译资格证书》《商务翻译单证》等课程的基础，在专业课程体系中处于承前启后的重要位置。通过学习这些课程，学生具备较强的英语读写译等各种语言运用能力，熟悉商务、科技及外事翻译活动的各个环节和要求，掌握基本的笔译理论和方法，能给客户提供一般书面笔译服务。 本课程旨在系统地传授英汉笔译的基本理论和技巧，通过大量的课堂实践和学生的自主学习，通过有针对性的循序渐进的讲授和练习及各种文体翻译训练，使学生熟悉翻译理论的基本知识和翻译的基本技巧，熟悉英汉两种语言与文化的异同，熟练运用常用的翻译技巧，培养学生的学习能力和英汉翻译的实践能力，从而能在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中借助词典翻译有关英语业务资料，进行一般水平的书面翻译，胜任一般性的政治、经济、商务、文化、科技、应用文等笔译工作，并为进一步翻译学习做好准备，为毕业后从事商务涉外工作奠定基础。 2、课程开发思路 笔译是各类涉外书面交流活动中不可或缺的环节。笔译能力的培养是英语专业人才培养的目标之一。因此，《基础笔译》则是依据英语专业人才培养方案而设计的。其总体设计思路是围绕培养学生在实际应用中笔译方面的能力为中心，依托学校的翻译服务中心（可筹建），结合校企合作培养模式，重点培养学生的英汉书面翻译的基本技能，强化不同语境下不同语篇翻译策略的选择和运用能力，提高学生的实际笔译水平，突出高职院校工学结合的特点，以工作任务为中心组织课程内容，并让学生在完成具体项目的过程中学会完成相应工作任务，并构建相关理论知识，发展职业能力。 本课程内容突出对学生职业能力的训练，理论知识的选取紧紧围绕工作任务完成的需要来进行，同时又充分考虑了高等职业教育对理论知识学习的需要，并融合了翻译职业资格证书对知识、技能和态度的要求。项目设计以笔译过程基本技能训练为主线来进行。教学过程中，要通过校企合作，校内翻译实训基地建设等多种途径，进行生产实训，充分开发学习资源，给学生提供丰富的实践机会。教学效果评价采取过程评价与结果评价相结合的方式，通过理论与实践相结合，重点评价学生的职业能力。
汉英翻译基础教程 第1章 练习参考答案
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances. 2. This state of affairs must be changed. 3. How do matters stand with them?
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water
play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now
英汉笔译例句
Conversion (Part I) II. Into Nouns 1. V→N 1) A government report targets earning from tourism at 200 million US dollars by 2007. 政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到2007年旅游业收入要达到2亿美元。 2) What impressed me most was his courage in the face of the death. 给我留下最深刻印象的是他面对死亡时所表现出的勇气。 3) He was blacklisted for striking his boss. 他因殴打上司而上了黑名单。 4) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, sat into the car. 一位穿着讲究的人坐进汽车里，他的外表和言谈像是美国人。 5) The Greek word ―atom‖ means―cannot be cut‖. 希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。 6) Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water. 水银的比重约为水的十三倍。 7) The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状就像一个球。 8) The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor. 电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。 9) The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易量有了很大的增加，给两国都带来了益处。 2. 受到……+n. 加以……+n. 1) His image as a good student was badly tarnished. 他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。
英汉笔译
No Giant Skyscrapers Chicago and New York are famous for their1 tall buildings2. California cannot be3. Its4 buildings have to be famous for their beauty or their historical importance5. California is earthquake country. The San Andreas Fault is a cause of earthquakes6. It7 is a long crack in the earth that stretches from Southern to Northern California. Rocks inside the earth8 move and the earth shakes. These earthquakes make the fault bigger9. The most famous earthquake in California happened in 1906. It10 destroyed most of the young city of San Francisco. People rebuilt the city11. They looked at the buildings that did not12 fall in the earthquake and they learned more about13 building in California. Tall buildings can be dangerous14 in earthquakes. Today California has codes that say15 how a building must be built and how tall it can be. Los Angeles has16 several earthquakes each year. The tall buildings move a little17 and everyone takes a deep breath18. Usually tourists and newcomers are the most frightened19. People who grew up20 in California say, “We're used to it21!” Earthquakes do not stop the building industry in California, but they do make architects work a little harder. The buildings they design have to look good and stand up in an earthquake22. These buildings are good examples of modern California architecture. The Nonaventure Hotel is a few city blocks from the old Mission church. The Century City Complex is near the Ocean. It stands on the site of the old Twentieth Century Fox movie studios. These buildings show that people are not afraid to build23 in California. (264 words) 苗族龙船节 苗族龙船节，与汉族的端午节不同。除时间不同外，一般不举行竞赛，主要活动是串寨子，走亲访友。清晨，龙船在江水中游动，所到之处，亲友们纷纷到岸边“接龙”。 龙船过寨，鸣放铁炮传告亲友，岸上以鞭炮声相呼应。亲友们上前，向船上的人各敬两杯米酒，并将礼品——鹅鸭、彩绸挂于龙头。如系女婿、姑舅等至亲，送上的礼物则是猪羊。 下午四时左右，龙船靠岸休息，水手们将糯米饭团和肉放置船帮上就餐，不用碗筷。岸上的妇女和小孩前来“讨路边饭”。传说，吃了龙船上的食品，能消灾免难，百事如愿。后来这就成为传统的风俗习惯。 岸上，还有苗家传统的赛马、斗牛、踩鼓等活动。姑娘们身着节日盛装应着木鼓鼓点翩翩起舞。飞歌往来，通宵达旦，青年男女得以相识，往往以后成为夫妻。（318字）
英汉翻译基础教程练习答案
汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.
英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
第一单元翻译概论 1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译 Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. 例如：paper tiger—纸老虎 Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱 3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ） 归化的例子： as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。 7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the br idge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？ 10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元英汉对比 1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。 2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。 3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋
英汉翻译基础教程
英语翻译基础教程 总主编：冯庆华主编：冯庆华陈科芳 1 “意思”的译法 甲：这是一点小意思，请务必收下。 乙：你这个人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套。甲：哎，只是意思意思，乙：啊，真是不好意思。 译文：A：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation .Please do take it . B：Oh， aren't you a bit too polite ? you should not do that . A: Well ,it just conveys my gratitude. B: Ah, thank you then ,though i really do not deserve it . 2 “说” （1）阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！《阿Q正传》 译文：Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground ,spat ,and swore ,“hairy worm!” (2) “三个臭皮匠，合成个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。《毛泽东选集》 文: The old saying ,"three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind ,"simple means the masses have great creative power. （3）：也不知安居乐业，最早见于什么典籍，四个字一针见血的点名了生活中的一个因果关系。译文：I can not say in what canon the words "secure in one's home and happy in one's work" first appeared ,but that expression cuts to the core of a primary determinant in human life. 3 你们偶然看见一颗花生瑟缩的长在地上，不能立刻分辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触到它时你才能知道。 译文1:When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground ,you can never immediately tell whether or not it bears ant nuts until you touch them . 译文2：When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground ,you can never tell whether or not it bears any nuts until you dig it up. 4金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。译文：The 'Gold cup' Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology .with novel，structure, beautiful shape and various patterns ,they are comfortable and convenient to carry. 5 人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房。 译文：when anyone among the people breaks the law ,he too should be punished ,imprisoned.. 6只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。译文：the development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and promp t enterprise to raise their efficiency . 7 我的姐姐又因为我不爱整洁而向我唠叨地劝戒了。 译文：my sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness. 8我国人民在中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会的精神鼓舞下，正沿着建设有中国特色的社会主义道路，满怀信心，昂首阔步地迈向二十一世纪。 Inspired by the spirit of 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China , the people of C hina are advancing confidently towards the 21st century along the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics . 9本公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。 The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent . 10我们进行了长期不懈的努力。 We have made unremitting efforts for it .