搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 英汉笔译基础

英汉笔译基础

英汉笔译基础
英汉笔译基础

第一章省略论

1.0概述

省略本来是语法修辞中的一种方法,目的是使话语更加言简意赅。无论是汉语还是英语,都运用省略来使话语更加流畅。首先我们来看看英语的省略现象:

Reading makes a full man; conference, a ready man; writing, an exact man.

Bacon: Of Studies

依照英语语法修辞,在一句话中,或一个句群中,如果一个动词,出现在一连串的分句中,从第二个分句开始,动词可以省略。上面的句子引自培根的《论读书》。大家知道,培根的散文,以简约见长;因为他精通英语的语法修辞规则,善于运用省略这种修辞手段。

汉语也提倡言简意赅,尤其是书面语,更讲究省略的修辞手法。究其原因,恐怕跟印刷出版史有关。在蔡伦发明纸张以前,书面表达都是刻在竹简上,或写在锦帛上。所以汉语的文言文真可谓“惜字如金”。纸张发明以后,书写的材料廉价了许多,但一种文风流传下来就成了传统。因此即使到了明清时期,由于小说文体的大量出现,形成了白话文。但是简约仍然是中国风。请看《聊斋》中的一个片段:

马子才,顺天人。世好菊,至才尤甚。闻有佳种,必购之,千里不惮。一日有金陵客寓其家,自言其表亲有一二种,为北方所无。马欣动,即可臵装,从客至金陵。客多方为之营求,得两芽,裹之如宝。

蒲松龄:《聊斋》;黄英篇

如果我们用大白话来讲这个故事,就会是这样一番话语:

马子才,顺天人士。祖祖辈辈爱好菊花,到马子才时更加酷爱。他一听到有好的菊花品种,就一定要把它买回来,不顾路程有千里之远。一天有个金陵来的客商住在他家,自我介绍说他表亲有一两种菊花,是北方所没有的。马子才欢喜动心,当即整理行装,跟从来客到了金陵。这个金陵客商千方百计为他营求,弄到两株菊苗,马子才把它们当宝贝一样包藏起来。

以上两例充分地说明,省略不是什么翻译家的新发现,而是两种语言固有的习惯表达。但是两种语言的省略手段差异很大。这就是我们翻译中要仔细探究的。比如说,上述的英语例子,英语是省略重复的动词,而汉语修辞则不允许这种省略。所以汉语译文应当重复动词,才符合汉语的修辞规律:

读书使人渊博;说话使人机敏;写作使人精深。

那么,英译汉时,什么情况下可以进行省略?什么情况下非进行省略不可?在什么文体中最好进行省略,才能使译文更美呢?这些问题很值得我们探究一番了。

1.1 限定词的省略

限制词(determiners)是指在名词词组中对中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等作用

的词。限定词又分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词。在英译汉时,需省略的是部分中位限定词。也就是传统语法所指的冠词、代词。但是并不是所有的冠词和代词都必须省略。首先我们来看冠词。冠词的使用是英语的独特语法现象。冠词分为两类,不定冠词和定冠词。前者的作用是类指,后者的作用是特指,有时也表示类指。汉语的名词词组没有冠词。表示类指,靠名词本身的含义,表示特指,则运用指示代词。凡表示类指,无论是不定冠词还是定冠词,在翻译中都可以省略。

A koala is a mammal that does not drink water.

树熊是不喝水的哺乳动物。

The panda likes to munch bamboo.

熊猫喜欢拿竹子细啃慢咽。

表示特指的定冠词虽然具有特指功能,但有传统语法学家认为the实际上是指示代词的省略形式。所以英语泛指特指就必须用上定冠词。汉语则不一定。比如说,在两件事物进行对比时,如果两者有表示区别的修饰语,则定冠词不必译出:

The new factory is now more powerful and productive than the old.

新厂比老厂更大,生产力更高。

不定冠词a/an除了表示类别的作用外,还有表示数量的意思,即表示“一”或“任一”、“每一”。在这种情况下,一般不省略。但是由不定冠词和中心词构成的名词词组如果不是作主语,而是作谓语,英译汉时往往省略“一”的意思,而用汉语的量词表达即可。说来很有趣,量词是汉语独特的词类。量词不仅有类指作用,还有描绘作用。据从事对外汉语教学的同仁说,老外学习汉语,量词最难过关。比如说,“一架飞机”,“一辆汽车”,“一台拖拉机”如此等等,中国人完全靠习得分得一清二楚,但老外容易犯糊涂。所以在英译汉时,处于述位的不定冠词,不必将“一”的意义译出来,只用汉语的量词即可:

They said the murderer seemed to be an honest and kind man.

据说那杀人犯看似个厚道人。

What a huge tree!

好大颗树呀!

前面提到,英语没有量词,但在描写性的文体中,英语有一种特殊的表达形式:a/n + n + of + n。如果是这种结构,不定冠词所含的“一”就不能省略了,因为汉语的这种词组是一种固定的搭配形式,例如:

a blade of grass 一叶草

a cake of soap 一块肥皂

a peal of laughter 一阵大笑

a flash of hope 一线希望

另外,不定冠词所含的“一”是否译出,还依文体而定。比如说,在描写性的散文中,要译出,而在诗歌体中,则不译出。原因很简单,因为诗歌体本身是一种极为简约的文体,因此意义不重要的词语往往可以省去。

A full moon rose slowly above the eastern hills.

散文体:一轮圆月在东山上空冉冉升起。

诗歌体:圆月冉冉出东山。

英语跟其它西方语言一样,语法修辞上讲究严密的形式连接(cohesion)。汉语也有形式连接,但在言语表达中,更注重意义连贯(coherence)。英语讲究形式连接的规则很多。其一就是代词的照应。英语的所有格代词,当代语法将其归于限定词之内。因为所有格代词有特指作用,所以在一般情况下,英译汉时必须译出。但是在一个句群中,如果所有格跟人称对应的关系很明确,汉语是不必使用所有格的:

She covered her face with her hand as if to protect her eyes.

她用手蒙脸,好像去保护眼睛。

1.2 代词的省略

除了所有格代词外,单个的人称代词可以构成名词词组来充当句子中的主语或宾语。英语是重形合( hypotaxis)的语言。前面提到,形式连接是非常严密的。在句子中,在句群中,代词的照应(reference)就是确保形式连接的手段之一。而汉语是重意合(parataxis)的语言,其表现手段跟英语相反,也就是不讲究代词的照应。下面我们引出一段英语。文章摘自于华盛顿·欧文的《杂闻录》(Sketch Book)中的一篇,《孀妇及其子》:

I am fond of loitering about country churches, and this was so delightfully situated that

it frequently attracted me. It stood on a knoll, round which a small stream made a beautiful bend and then wound its way through a long reach of soft meadow scenery. The church was surrounded by yew trees which seemed almost coeval with itself. Its tall Gothic spire shot up lightly from among them, with rooks and crows generally wheeling about it.

为了说明问题,我们首先采取逐字翻译的方法,将上面的语段翻译如下:

我喜欢徘徊于乡村教堂周围,而这座教堂坐落有致,以至于它时常吸引着我。它坐落在一个小丘上,围绕这小丘的,是一条小溪;小溪绕了一道美丽的弯,然后顺流下去,贯穿一片鲜美的草地。这教堂被紫杉包围着,它们跟教堂同龄。它的高高的哥特式塔尖轻轻地从它们中间耸立出来,还有鸦群围绕它盘旋。

从文体来看,这是一段描写文。汉语无论是文言,还是白话,描写文常用点染的笔墨,把文章写得简约而清丽,比如说,柳宗元写的《永州八记》,曹雪芹在《红楼梦》里对大观园的描写,这些都是中国人感到脍炙人口的名篇。所以上述译文显得太古板,缺乏描写文的美。原因何在呢,就是代词的重复,破坏了文章的通顺。如果作必要的省略,译文可以是这样:

我喜欢徘徊于乡村教堂,而这座教堂坐落有致,吸引我常往。教堂屹立于一小山岗,岗下一水绕绿,蜿蜒贯流一片嫩绿的草地。周围有紫杉环合,看上去与教堂一样古老。

那哥特式塔尖,矗立树梢,时有鸦群萦绕盘旋。

记叙文是一种平铺直叙的文体。但是汉语的记叙文也是十分简洁的。尤其是在自传体和传记体中,当作者介绍人物后,在表述自己或他人的经历时,会出现代词不断充当主语的现象。英语必须如此,因为每句话必须由名词词组加动词词组构成。汉语按照语义连贯的思路,主语是存在,但不必写出来。说到这里,我们来做一个回译练习,对此就明白了。所谓回译(back translation),就是把人家译成英语的汉语语段还原过来。请看下文:

For more than four years I used to, almost daily, go to a pawnbroker’s and to a medicine shop. I cannot remember how old I was then, but the counter in

the medicine shop was the same height as I,and that in the pawnbroker’s twice

my height. I used to hand clothes and trinkets up to the counter twice my height,

take the money proffered with contempt, then go to the counter the same height

as I to buy medicine for my father who had long been ill. On my return home I

had other things to keep me busy…

我们用黑体标出了人称代词和相关的所有格代词,总计12个。然后我们再来看汉语的原作:

我有四年多,曾经常常,--几乎每天,出入于质铺和药店里,年纪可是忘了,总之是药店的柜台正和我一样高,质铺的是比我高一倍,从一倍

高的柜台外送上衣服或首饰去,在侮蔑里接了钱,再到一样高的柜台上给

我久病的父亲去买药。回家之后,又须忙别的事。

鲁迅:《呐喊;自序》

数数原文中的“我”仅仅四个,少了三分之二。所以只要意思明白,汉语是不必滥用代词的。有时候,英译汉时如果不省略代词,反而造成歧义:

When he arrived at the village, Bethune began to work.

当他到达村里时,白求恩就开始工作。

英语重形合,就是注意从属关系,因此懂得英语的人都知道,从句中的代词跟主句的名词形成照应,是指的同一个人。汉语不讲究这种从属关系,这样直译就引起歧义,表明上面的句子提到的是两个人。这句话只有省略代词才符合汉语的习惯表达:

白求恩一进村就开始工作。

英语的人称代词,在有些情况下,不是起特指的作用,而是起泛指作用,在这种情况下,代词一般省略,例如:

If you push the button, the engine will start automatically.

按此键,发动机就会自动启动。(使用说明书)

人称代词无论是第一人称,还是第二、三人称,用在成语、格言、谚语中,都是要省略的;因为这种语体,无论是英语还是汉语都要求简约。英语虽然要求表达言简意赅,但如果是句子,又不能缺少主语。在这方面,汉语更简约,因为汉语的这类语体往往用四字句、五字句、六字句或七字句,例如大家所熟悉的《增广贤文》。

We can live without our friends but not without our neighbors.

可以无友,不可无邻。

We never know the value of water till the well is dry.

不到井水干,不知水为贵。

You can’t touch pitch without being defiled.

近墨者黑。

You may take the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.

老牛不喝水,何必强按头。

They must hunger in frost that will not work in heat.

少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

He who hesitates is lost.

当断不断,必受其患。

英语的不定代词也是起泛指作用的,因此,英译汉时,没有必要翻译出来,例如:

One must as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb.

一不做二不休。

Hello, anybody there?

喂,有人吗?(省略“任何”的意思)

1.3 连接词的省略

英语的连接词分为两类:从属连接词和并列连接词。我们首先来谈从属连接词。英语的从属连接词是引导三类从句的引导词:名词从句、定语从句、状语从句。名词从句有两种,一种由that引导,当代英语语法称其为that-从句;一种由wh-词,即传统语法所说的疑问代词引导,当代英语称其为wh-从句。

我们首先来谈that-从句的翻译问题。英语这种名词从句只有三种句法作用:充当主语,充当宾语,充当同位语。这里只讨论充当宾语时,翻译成汉语的省略。第一种和第三种情况我们会在其它章节讨论。根据英语的语法和习惯用法,能跟that-从句构成动宾关系的动词很多,现举要如下:

acknowledge, admit, ask, believe,, confess, declare, demand, demonstrate, deny, desire, doubt, expect, explain, fear, feel, hear, hope, imagine, insist, intend, know, mean, mind, notice, perceive, prefer, propose, recommend, report, request,, require, say, see, show, specify, suggest, suppose, think, understand, urge, wish, wonder, etc.

可是,用上述任何一个动词构成的复句,在翻译中that都要求省略。因为汉语没有这种严格形式连接的要求。这里我们只从权威的英汉双解词典举几个例子就足以说明了。

She denied that he was involved.

她否认与己有关。

The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination.

规则中指明考试时可以用词典。

He urged that we should go.

他催我们走。

(以上三例摘自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》) 由疑问代词引导的名词从句,由于代词本身有意义,所以一般不省略。跟wh-构成复句的动词也很多,现摘要如下:

ask, believe, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, know, learn, observe, perceive, remember, reveal, say, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder, etc.

用上述动词跟wh-从句构成复句,连词不能省略,必须根据词本省的意义译出。例如what 译成“什么”,which译成“哪个”,when译成“什么时候/何时”,如此等等。

英语定语从句的翻译牵涉到关系连接词,关系连接词有哪些,我们可以通过Comprehensive English Grammar一书中绘制的图表来显示,可以一目了然:

表一

man who

The that stayed in the hotel was old.

table which

呆在厅里那人年纪很大了。

放在厅里那张桌子很旧了。

表二

man whom

that

The I saw was old.

table which

我所见到的那人年纪很大了。

我所见到的那张桌子很旧了。

表三

place where

at which the playground.

The that I tried out the car was

0 yesterday.

time when

我试车的地点是操场。

我试车的时间是昨天。

表四

reason why

that

The I did it was good.

manner in which

我那样做的理由是充分的。

我那样做的方式是好的。

通过此表,我们不难看出,定语从句的翻译是一种规则。汉语都是用“的”字结构来解决。但是,英语有一种定语从句的翻译不能用英汉语法规则的转换来解决。这种定语从句就是非限制性定语从句。所谓非限制,就是从句不是限制功能,而是描写功能。在这种情况下,我们翻译技巧有三,第一就是省略。例如:

The Long March of the Red Army, which began on October 16,1934 and lasted over one year, was a most exciting expedition.

如果我们运用语法规则来翻译这句话,译文会是:

从1934年10月16日开始并且历时了一年多的红军长征,真是一次非常惊险的行军。

这样翻译保持了原文的形式,看起来没有什么错误。但是从汉语修辞来看,整个句子头重脚轻,不平衡,再者,主语过长,读起来很不流畅。汉语的谓语,即进行英汉比较研究的学者所说的述位有两种基本格式:连动式、兼语式。还有两种兼有的格式。所以按照汉语的修辞要求,我们用连动式来翻译,就流畅多了:

红军长征,从1934年10月16日开始,历时一年多,真是一次非常惊险的行军。关于英语非限制性定语从句的翻译技巧,我们在随后几章,还会论及。

构成状语从句的连接词最多,可以根据状语从句的分类来归类。有语法家根据功能作用将英语的状语从句分为12种:

时间状语,引导词有when, while, as, before, after, so long as 等;

地点状语;引导词有 where, whence等;

原因状语;引导词有because,as, since, considering 等;

条件状语;引导词有if, unless, on condition that 等

让步状语;引导词有although,though,even if等;

目的状语;引导词有so…that, for the purpose that等

结果状语;引导词有so…that, with a result that等

程度状语;引导词有so…that, such…that等

比较状语;引导词有than等

比例状语;引导词有as…so,in proportion to等

方式状语;引导词有 as, as if, the way等

选择状语。引导词有 would rather等

前面提到,英语重形合,汉语重意合。因此,在翻译中可以按照文体的要求来决定对连接词是进行保留,还是进行省略。比方说,在法律文体中,在科技文体中,连接词一般都必须译出。而在日常用语中,在描写文体中,连接词一般省略,尤其是时间状语中、条件状语中和让步状语中的连接词:

Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.

车未停稳,切勿上下。

While I was meditating on the distinctions of worldly rank which entered thus down into the very dust, the toll of the bell announced the approach of the funeral.

我正默想人世阶级是如此推及于黄泉,忽闻丧钟徐鸣,报告送殡行列的到来。

Come if you like.

高兴来就来吧。

Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.

去也是白去的。

英语并列连接词的翻译技巧很复杂,尤其是and和or这两个连接词。以陆殿扬编写的《英汉翻译原则与技巧》为例,and的译法就有二十多种。原因何在?这是因为,英语的并列连接词不仅起作并列词、词组、分句、句子的语法作用,它们还有某种语义。以and为例,除了表达“和”、“与”、“以及”、“同”、“亦”、“兼”等跟汉语相等的并列关系外,还可以表达附加、时序、因果、条件、对比等含义。所以这两个并列连接词的翻译极为复杂。我们只能从宏观的角度来通盘处理。所谓宏观的角度,就是从语境来考虑,从语篇来考虑。下面我们展开一个语篇的英汉对照,然后就其中的并列连词的翻译技巧进行讨论:

The guns in Europe ceased firing and(1)the bombs ceased dropping at midnight on May 8-9, 1945, and(2)a strange but welcome silence settled over the Continent for the first time since September 1, 1939. In the intervening five years, eight months and(3)seven days, millions of men and(4)women had been slaughtered on a hundred battlefields and(5)in

a thousand bombed towns, and millions more done to death in the Nazi gas chambers or on

the edge of the S.S. Einsatzgruppen pits in Russia and Poland—as the result of Adolf Hitlr’s lust for German conquest. A greater part of most of Europe’s ancient cities lay in ruins,and (6)from rubble, as the weather warmed, there was a stench of the countless unburied dead.

No more would the streets of Germany echo to the jack boot of the goose-stepping storm troopers or the lusty yells of the brown-shirting masses or the shouts of the Fuehrer

blaring from the loudspeakers.

After twelve years, four months and(7)eight days, an Age of Darkness to all but a multitude of Germans and now ending in a bleak night for them too, the Thousand-Year Reich had come to an end. It had raised, as we have seen, this great nation and(8)this resourceful but so easily misled people to heights of power and conquest they had never before experienced and(9)now it had dissolved with a suddenness and a completeness that had few, if any, parallels in history.

In 1918, after the last defeat, the Kaiser had fled, the monarchy had tumbled, but the other traditional institutions supporting the State had remained, a government chosen by the people had continued to function, as did the nucleus of a German Army and a General Staff.

But in the spring of 1945, the Third Reich simply ceased to exist. There was no longer any German authority on any level. The millions of soldiers, airmen and(10)sailors were prisoners of war in their own land. The millions of civilians were governed, down to the villages, by the conquering enemy troops, on whom they depended not only for law and order but throughout that summer and bitter winter of 1945 for food and fuel to keep them alive. Such was the state to which the follies of Adolf Hitler—and their own folly in following him so blindly and with so much enthusiasm—had brought them, though I found little bitterness toward him when I returned to Germany that fall.

The people were there, and(11)the land—the first dazed and bleeding and(12)the hungry, and(13), when winter came, shivering in their rags in the hovels which the bombings had made of their homes; the second a vast wasteland of rubble. The German people had not been destroyed, as Hitler, who had tried to destroy so many other peoples and, in the end, when the war was lost, themselves, had wished.

But the Third Reich had passed into history.

公开出版的汉译本中对的相关译文:

1945年5月8日午夜,欧洲的炮火停止了。自从1939年9月1日以来在欧洲整个大陆上第一次出现令人感到有点异样的、但受到欢迎的平静。在这五年八个月零七天中,在上百个战场上,在上千个被轰炸的城镇中,有千百万男女被屠杀;另外又有千百万人在纳粹毒气室里或在党卫队特别行动队在俄国和波兰的死人坑边被杀害——这一切都是阿道夫希特勒的征服世界的野心造成的结果。绝大多数的欧洲古城都疮痍满目,一片瓦砾。天气暖和以后,无数没有埋葬的尸体从瓦砾堆中发出了阵阵恶臭。

在德国的大街上,再也听不到冲锋队齐步前进的皮靴声了,再也听不到成群结队的褐衫党徒的喧闹声了,再也听不到元首从扩音器里发出的尖叫声了。

经过十二年四个月零八天之后,“千秋帝国”终于夭折。这十二年四个月零八天对于所有的人来说都是个黑暗的时代,只不过对德国人除外,而现在这个黑暗时代结束的时候,对德国人来说,也是象一个凄凉的黑夜。我们已经看到,这个“千秋帝国”,曾将这个伟大的民族,这个富有才智但又容易被引入歧途的民族,送上他们从来没有达到过的权利和征服的高峰,现在它却土崩瓦解了,其突然和彻底,在历史上也是极为罕见的。

1918年在最后败北以后,德皇逃跑,帝制崩溃,但支撑国家的其他传统依然保留下来,一个由人民选出的政府仍继续发挥着职能,德国军队和参谋总部的核心也是如此。

但是1945年春天,第三帝国却完全不存在了。不论在哪一级,都不存在德国的政权。

千百万三军将士在本国土地上变成了战俘。千百万平民,一直到农村,都由敌人占领军统治,他们不但要依靠占领军维持法律和秩序,而且从1945年的夏季到严冬都要依靠占领军供给粮食和燃料过活。这就是阿道夫﹒希特勒的愚蠢行为给他们带来的结果,虽然在那年秋天我回到德国的时候,并没有发现对他有多少怨恨。

人民还在那里,土地还在那里。但人民却茫茫然,流着血,挨着饿,当冬天到来时,他们在被炸成断垣残壁的窝棚中,穿着破烂衣服不停地打着哆嗦;土地则一片荒芜,瓦砾成堆。曾经企图毁灭其他许多民族的希特勒,在战争最后失败的时候也想要毁灭德国人民,但与他的愿望相反,德国人民并没有被毁灭。

但是第三帝国却成了历史陈迹。

上面摘录的译文是中国社会科学院三位资深学者翻译的。我想大家读起来觉得很顺畅,可以说是优秀的译文。我们从专家的译文来看省略并列连词的原因在哪里。我们将原文中的并列连接词and和or都用黑体词标出来了。而下加横线的是翻译是省略的连接词。为什么译者会在翻译过程中将它们省略了呢?仔细研究一番我们就可以看出其中的原因。我们认为12处省略并列连接词的原因可以归为如下几类:

第一,英汉语读数字的习惯不同,英语在百以上的整数后面出现个位数或十位数,要用and连接,表示附加。而汉语则不同,两位数以上的整数后面有个位数,用

“零”连接,三位后面的个位数也用“零”字连接,如果是十位数则不加任何

词,直读下去,例如101,读成一百零一;135读成一百三十五。如果数字后面

接可数名词,大单位后面出现小单位也用“零”连接,例如五周后面加两天,

读成五周零两天。所以英译汉时,要考虑汉语的习惯,例如上文中的(3)、(7)。

第二,汉语一些合成词是两个名词,中间不要加连接词,例如,鸡鸭、牛羊等。所以凡是可以用汉语合成词的英语词组,连接词一般省略。例如上文中的(1)炮火,

(4)男女,(10)三军将士。

第三,排比是一种修辞手段,所以为了加强语气,英语用and连接的词组可以译成排比,连接词自然就不必译出,例如上文中的(5),(11),(12)。

第四,英语从句与从句之间常用and连接,但是不是表示意思上的并列。这体现了and 的多功能性。译成汉语时,省略连接词,要么构成连动式谓语,要么分割成两句

来翻译。上文中标出的其它and的省略,都属于这种情况。

1.4 介词的省略

当代英语句法,将介词短语视为构成句子的词组,称介词词组。因为介词短语可以充当补语(即传统语法中所谓的表语)、定语修饰语和状语。英语的介词是有一定意义的,介词词组用法灵活,翻译时一般要根据其意思来翻译,技巧也并不单一,比如说,英语的介词有时要译成动词,介词词组修饰名词时要译成“的”字结构。在本章我们只讨论省略。

由于介词本身具有意义,所以省略的现象较少。经我们初步统计,表示时间和地点的介词在英译汉时,省略现象较多。而且有一定的规律。这种规律还是建立在汉语的习惯表达上。无论是时间状语还是地点状语,译成汉语时,如果放在句尾,则往往不省略,如果放在句首则往往省略,例如:

The Chinese Republic of China was founded in 1949.

中华人民共和国建立于1949年。

1949年中华人民共和国建立。

There are many celebrations held on the National Day.

有很多庆祝活动在国庆节举办。

国庆节举办很多庆祝活动。

There is a temple at the top of the mountain.

有一座庙在山顶上。

山顶有一座庙。

1.5 随意(optional)省略

我们这里指的不是指随随便便的省略,而是指合符情理的省略。对原文的翻译,技巧多为译文的简洁流畅,省略就是技巧之一。但是省略应当以不损害原文的意思为前提。语言大师林语堂先生提出翻译有三大标准:忠实、通顺、美。忠实是摆在第一位的,但如果后两个标准达不到,那也就不忠实于原文了。由此看来,翻译有修辞要求,力求译文通顺;翻译也有美学要求,力求译文优美。林先生的三大标准可以概括成两个字,那就是钱钟书先生提出的“化境”。下面我们列举钱先生对西方名人名言的几个例子供读者欣赏和学习。

But if the top of the hill be properest to produce melancholy thoughts, I suppose the bottom is the likeliest to produce merry ones.

(菲尔丁:《汤姆琼斯》)

脱在山颠宜生秋思,则在山足当发欢情。

Happy the people whose annals are tiresome;

Happy the people whose annals are vacant.

(孟德斯鸠语)

国史沉闷,国民幸运;

国史无录,国民有福。

Just as we see the bee settling on all flowers, and sipping the best from each, so also those who aspire to culture ought not to leave everything untasted, but should gather useful knowledge from every source.

(古希腊学者语)

独不见蜜蜂乎,无花不采,吮英咀华;博雅之士亦然,滋味遍尝,取精而用弘。

When I am sailed with heavy tribulations, I rush out among my pigs, rather remain alone by myself. The human heart is like a millstone in a mill; when you put wheat under it, it turns and grinds and bruises the wheat to flour; if you put no wheat, it still grinds on, but the‘tis itself it grinds and wears away. So the human heart, unless it be occupied with so employment, leaves space for he devil, who wriggles himself in, brings with a whole host of evil thoughts, temptations and tribulations, which grind out the heart.

(马丁路德:《语录》)

吾遭逢大不如意事,急往饲牧吾猪,不欲闲居独处。人心犹磨石,苟中实以麦,则碾而成面;中虚无物,石乃转无几,独自碾耳。人心倘无专务,魔鬼乘虚而入,挟恶念邪思及诸烦恼以俱来,此心遂为所耗蚀矣。

汉英翻译教程1

《汉英翻译教程》-作者不详,在此致谢! 第一章 词的选择 词义的正确选择首先取决于对原文的确切理解,而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲。有些词看起来很简单,翻译时一下子就会想到常用的对应词。但又是最常用的对应词却不能准确地表达原作的意思。例如: 还要努力读一点历史和小说。 We should also find time to read some history books and novels. 这里“努力”一词理解为“挤出时间”是对的,如译为make an effort,则会使人误解为我们文化水平低,读历史和小说很费力。 再比如“水平”一词译成英语,不一定都是level, 要根据句子的含义确定译法。 1.他的英语水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 这里,汉语“水平”一词虽未译出,但其以已含在句子中。若照汉语字面应译成:The level of his English is higher than that of mine.就不符合英语表达习惯。 2.要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平……。 We must work hard to r aise to a new height the military and political quality of our army……. 这里“水平”指高度,故译作height,和动词搭配也比较顺。 3.各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 这里的“领导水平”,实际上指领导能力、领导艺术、故译作art of leadership. 以上的例子说明一个词的具体含义往往要结合上下文才能确定,在翻译的时候也只有结合上下文来考虑怎样处理这个词,才能译得准确。因此在辨析词义和正确选词时可注意下列几种情况。 (一)注意词的广义与狭义 英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别,运用范围也就各不相同。例如 1.农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. 原文“农业”一词是广义,指一切农业经济(农、牧、林、渔),古译作agriculture。但在“农林牧副渔结合的方针”中,农与林木副渔并立,是指耕作的农业,不是指整个农业经济,古译作farming。整个词组应译为the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery. 2.他从不喝酒。 He never touches wine. 原文“酒”是指一切酒类,故译作wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中,“酒”是狭义,是和淡性酒相对而言的,又需译作spirits。 (二)注意词义的强弱 3.反动派的暴行激起了人民的极大愤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 这里的“愤怒”含义强烈,故在译文中选用了indignation,而不用anger. 4.孙中山是个好人。 Dr. Sun Y et-sen was a man of integrity. 如果译作a good man, 则与这位伟大的革命先行者的身份不相称。 (三)注意词义的褒贬

英汉翻译基础教程练习问题详解总主编冯庆华

汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances.

英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲

1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 译文:今天, 电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。 2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission 译文:本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。 3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 译文:青春不是人生的一个阶段,而是一种心境。青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。 4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 译文:因为距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态由于通信工具不足,就变得更加严重了。 5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. 译文:骗人一夕一事易,欺众一生一世难。 6. Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 译文:应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器,不使其沾染灰尘,不让他们受潮。 7. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer.The more cigarettes smoked by the husband,the greater the threat faced by his non.smoking wife. 译文:这项研究表明,妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟,妻子的肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多,妻子受到的威胁也就越大。 8. For the first time in the annals of space, a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite. 译文:载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星,这在航天史上尚属首次。 9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 译文:家务事的第一个特点,是反反复复。几乎天天都有,而且做完之后,过一段时间又要重做一番。 10. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.

汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二.翻译下列句子 (1)这是他们夫妻之间的事情,你去插一脚干吗? That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? (2)别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳啊! You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. (3)这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. (4)她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. (5)我不敢班门弄斧,诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of(在……面前)an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten(启发,启蒙)us on this matter. (6)敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. (7)敌军军官听说后路已被切断,吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. (8)这些问题盘根错节,三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

英汉笔译,词汇

A brief introduction of literal translation 10英师4班 郭菲 2012200992 摘要:本文主要探讨的是翻译方法中的直译。通过讨论直译的概念,特点以及如何正常地使用直译。直译是一个不错的选择,它保持了原文的形式,使原语言意思更直观、细腻,保留形式。但是直译并不是一字一字地翻译。有些句子不应该从字面上翻译。因为这些句子包含一些成语或不符合语言习惯。所以在翻译中能够直译就尽量直译。 关键词:直译意译逐字翻译源语言目标语言 Definition of literal translation Literal translation, as a notion at the heart of most translation controversies for many centuies,has been given different definitions.Defined by dictionary of translation studies, Literal translation id the direct transfer of a source language text(SLT) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text(TLT) (shuttleworth & cowie 2004;95) according to Barkhudarov(1969;10),a literal translation can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”. Catford put literal translation between word-for-word translation and free translation. In China, translators and scholars also have various interpretation of this translation approach. As an advocator of literal translation, Lu Xun definedit as:literal translation means faithfulness and expressivness. It must contain two aspects: 1) being easy to understand 2)retaining the manner of the SLT(Zhang Jin&Zhang Ning,2005;322) Xu Chongxin explained literal translation from the perspective of sentence structure. He regarded sentences as the basic units. For example, if the original text consists of one sentence only, the target text should should be one sentence as well. Profeeor Liu Zhongde defines literal translation in a relatively complete way,”in the pross of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”(Tan Weiguo,2005;15) Considering all these scholars’ definitions together, I’d like to define literal translation in a few sentences. Literal translation, as the most common and most important translation approach, treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole text into consideration. Literal translation preserves in the version both the original form and content,including sentence structures, rhetorical devices, writing style and the basic tone, as well as implicit and explicit meaning of the source language text. 1.Significance of literal translation Literal translation preserves the original intent of the text; it keeps the original use of language, syntax and diction. However, it can confuse the reader sometimes because there are differences between languages, and it would seem silly if everything is translated literally. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation. That is to say, it is necessary for translators to study and master interference elements of

汉英翻译基础教程 第1章 练习参考答案

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances. 2. This state of affairs must be changed. 3. How do matters stand with them?

《英汉翻译基础教程》 笔记及习题(篇章翻译)【圣才出品】

第7单元篇章翻译 7.1 复习笔记 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。语篇特征为:连贯、衔接,且具有明确的论题结构。 一、衔接 根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》,衔接手段大致可分为两种:语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)。前者又可以包括指称(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和连词(conjunction)。 1. 指代 指代主要分为三类:人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。 英语中,为了实现衔接,一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词,或者采用“零式指称”,省略主语。例: My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说,买这座房子时,孩子们还在上学,如今都成家立业了。 2. 省略

省略可以分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。例: I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 【译文】我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少数付诸实践了。 3. 替代 “替代”指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语,使行文简练流畅。 (1)名词替代比较常见的是使用one代替前文出现的某个名词。例: Carrie picked out the new abode because of its newness and bright wood—work. It was one of the very new ones supplied with steam heat, which was a great advantage.(Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T) 【译文】嘉莉选中这套新居所,是因为它是新建的,而且房间的木质部分色泽鲜亮,屋里有暖气,这是当时最新的房子才有的。 【分析】原文中,ones替代了abode;译文中,“房子”与其前面的“居所”构成同义词。 (2)动词替代经常是用助动词do的几种形式来代替前文出现的某个动词或动作意义。例: And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos. 【译文】可是在我看来,这个约翰·奥彭肖似乎是正在面临着比舒尔托更大的危险。 【分析】原文中,did替代了walked amid peril;译文中,该处同样进行了省略处理。 (3)小句替代使用指示代词指代前文出现的某一小句或者某一概念。例: “Well, I’ve got twenty-two dollars, but there’s everything to be paid for this

英汉笔译期末考试试题

英汉笔译期末试题 考试科目:英汉笔译考试时间:90分钟 使用班级:英语1121/1121 考试形式:■闭卷□开卷 加PARTI TRANSLATIONMPROVEMEND%) Directions: There maybe one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in eac h of the following TRANSLATEVERSIONSPIease underline it (or them) andthe n correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWERHEE T. (4 points for each save as specified otherwise) 1. His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译:他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译:__________________________________________________ 。 2. Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. 原译:林肯是一个杰出的演说家,又是一个政治哲学系的学生。 改译:__________________________________________________ 。 3. Thenewfather wore a proud smile. 原译:那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译:__________________________________________________ 。 4. A translator has to know everything of something and something of everything. 原译:翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂,对什么事情都要懂得一些。 改译:__________________________________________________ 5. Being in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating. 原译:在公司里工作,即使是最好的公司,也会很快就让人厌倦和消耗精力。改译:。 PARTI SENTENCES TRANSLATION%)

基础笔译课程标准

《基础笔译》课程标准 一、基本信息 适用对象:商务英语专业、翻译专业制定时间:2011-05 课程代码: 040249 所属系部:工商外语系 学分:4.5 学时:60 制定人:谢盛良批准人: 二、课程的目标 1、专业能力目标: 1)熟练掌握英汉翻译的基本理论及相关知识等。 2)熟练掌握合格译员所必须具备的基本素质、职业准则等。 3)熟练掌握笔译的几种基本技巧和方法。 4)在正确理解英语原文的基础上,熟练而通顺地将英文翻译成汉语,忠实于原文,速度为 每小时250-300词。 5)熟练掌握数字、专有名词、成语熟语翻译的基本技巧和方法。 6)熟练掌握商务、科技等各类文体句子、段落、篇章的基本笔译技巧和方法,具备良好的 双语能力。 2、方法能力目标: 1)能正确识别笔译材料的体裁,运用相应的翻译策略和方法。 2)能掌握英汉两种语言及文化的基本差异,正确认识英汉语言的内容与结构逻辑次序的不 同,摆脱原文束缚,准确翻译。 3)善于参考利用各种词典、百科全书、网络等工具在翻译理论的正确指导下从事翻译活动。 4)具备广博的知识,能够自主学习,自觉关注译学理论发展的前沿和动态。 3、社会能力目标: 1)具备译员良好的思想素质、职业道德精神和文化修养。 2)具备译员敏锐的政治意识,强烈的责任感和爱国主义精神,和吃苦耐劳的精神。 3)通专结合的复合型人才。 三、整体教学设计思路

1、课程定位 《基础笔译》是一门理论与实践紧密结合,并以实践为主的技能性课程。是翻译专业或(商务)英语专业的重要课程,目标是培养学生的英汉笔译基本能力,初步胜任一般日常性笔译工作。它以《综合英语》、《英语语法》、《英语写作》《英汉表达技巧》《英语阅读》等课程的学习为基础,也是进一步关联学习《商务笔译》《科技翻译》《商务翻译资格证书》《商务翻译单证》等课程的基础,在专业课程体系中处于承前启后的重要位置。通过学习这些课程,学生具备较强的英语读写译等各种语言运用能力,熟悉商务、科技及外事翻译活动的各个环节和要求,掌握基本的笔译理论和方法,能给客户提供一般书面笔译服务。 本课程旨在系统地传授英汉笔译的基本理论和技巧,通过大量的课堂实践和学生的自主学习,通过有针对性的循序渐进的讲授和练习及各种文体翻译训练,使学生熟悉翻译理论的基本知识和翻译的基本技巧,熟悉英汉两种语言与文化的异同,熟练运用常用的翻译技巧,培养学生的学习能力和英汉翻译的实践能力,从而能在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中借助词典翻译有关英语业务资料,进行一般水平的书面翻译,胜任一般性的政治、经济、商务、文化、科技、应用文等笔译工作,并为进一步翻译学习做好准备,为毕业后从事商务涉外工作奠定基础。 2、课程开发思路 笔译是各类涉外书面交流活动中不可或缺的环节。笔译能力的培养是英语专业人才培养的目标之一。因此,《基础笔译》则是依据英语专业人才培养方案而设计的。其总体设计思路是围绕培养学生在实际应用中笔译方面的能力为中心,依托学校的翻译服务中心(可筹建),结合校企合作培养模式,重点培养学生的英汉书面翻译的基本技能,强化不同语境下不同语篇翻译策略的选择和运用能力,提高学生的实际笔译水平,突出高职院校工学结合的特点,以工作任务为中心组织课程内容,并让学生在完成具体项目的过程中学会完成相应工作任务,并构建相关理论知识,发展职业能力。 本课程内容突出对学生职业能力的训练,理论知识的选取紧紧围绕工作任务完成的需要来进行,同时又充分考虑了高等职业教育对理论知识学习的需要,并融合了翻译职业资格证书对知识、技能和态度的要求。项目设计以笔译过程基本技能训练为主线来进行。教学过程中,要通过校企合作,校内翻译实训基地建设等多种途径,进行生产实训,充分开发学习资源,给学生提供丰富的实践机会。教学效果评价采取过程评价与结果评价相结合的方式,通过理论与实践相结合,重点评价学生的职业能力。

英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华

汉英翻译基础教程

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water

play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now

汉英翻译教程

《汉英翻译教程》 练习1 1、翻译的任务是什么? 2、翻译有哪几种种类? 3、翻译的标准是什么? 4、如何正确理解和表达? 练习2 翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配: 1、那个受惊的小孩紧紧抓住他母亲的手。 2、他把自己的一生献给为人民服务的事业。 3、新生儿需要细心护理。 4、该委员会由五人组成。 5、我借一下你的电话好吗? 练习3 翻译下列各句,根据需要增补适当的词语: 1、中国总是要前进的。 2、你想看这本书,就先看吧。 3、所有公民在法律面前一律平等。 4、他们一听说有新任务就坐不住了。 5、只要中国人民积极奋斗,这个宏伟的战略目标是能够达到的。练习4 翻译下列各句,注意省略: 1.新老干部要互相学习,互相帮助,取长补短。 2.他一开口总是三句话不离本行。 3.每条河流都有上游、中游和下游。 4.一五一十地都给父母讲了。 5.他们是亲密无间的朋友。 练习5 翻译下列各句,注意划线部分词类的转换: 1.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。2.共产党员应该吃苦在前,享受在后。 3.我们觉得解决这个问题并不难。 4.我们科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。 5.社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。 练习6 翻译下列各句,注意划线部分在句中的位置: 1.他们最近的成就表明他们所取得的巨大进步。 2.这是唯一可能的解决的办法。 3.不论晴雨,我们明天非去不可。 4.我们必须清楚了解所有牵涉到的问题。

5.我率领的部队南征北战,越战越强。 练习7 翻译下列各句,注意运用语态变换的方法:1.关于这个问题,已经说得很多了。 2.医院立即收下那个重伤的男孩。 3.认识落后,才能改变落后。 4.这篇文章需要再润色一下。 5.他的话使我感到莫名其妙。 练习8 翻译下列各句,注意恰当运用正说与反说的技巧:1.他的暗示没有引起我的注意。 2.你恐怕弄错了。 3.他不在,我感到很寂寞。 4.只要他没有病倒,他是不会不来的。 5.是重力使我们不致于从地球上抛出去。 练习9 采用适当的方式翻译下列无主句: 1.以其人之道,还治其人之身。 2.前头坐着一位老人。 3.没有矛盾,就没有世界。 4.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 5.忠诚党的教育事业。 练习10 将下列汉语省略句译成英语省略句: 1.妈妈买了一架电视机。 2.象是要下雨的样子。 3.多年来一直喝这种苦药,我真是喝够了。 4.他有自己的打算,但不愿向别人谈论。 5.这件事你不懂,就别再操心了。 练习11 翻译下列各句,注意“得”字句补语的译法:1.她伤心得大哭起来。 2.床收拾得很整齐。 3.他兴奋得说不出话来。 4.他累得走不动了。 5.她的头发长得几乎拖地了。 练习12 翻译下列各句,注意“把”字词组的译法:1.今天是什么风把你吹来了? 2.他们把我们看做自己家里人。 3.不要把你的衣服弄脏了。 4.母亲把孩子叫回来复习功课。 5.那意味着把工作交给他了。

英汉笔译例句

Conversion (Part I) II. Into Nouns 1. V→N 1) A government report targets earning from tourism at 200 million US dollars by 2007. 政府的一份报告提出一个目标:到2007年旅游业收入要达到2亿美元。 2) What impressed me most was his courage in the face of the death. 给我留下最深刻印象的是他面对死亡时所表现出的勇气。 3) He was blacklisted for striking his boss. 他因殴打上司而上了黑名单。 4) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, sat into the car. 一位穿着讲究的人坐进汽车里,他的外表和言谈像是美国人。 5) The Greek word ―atom‖ means―cannot be cut‖. 希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。 6) Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water. 水银的比重约为水的十三倍。 7) The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball. 我们居住的地球,形状就像一个球。 8) The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor. 电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。 9) The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易量有了很大的增加,给两国都带来了益处。 2. 受到……+n. 加以……+n. 1) His image as a good student was badly tarnished. 他作为一个好学生的形象,已遭受到很大的玷污。

英汉笔译

No Giant Skyscrapers Chicago and New York are famous for their1 tall buildings2. California cannot be3. Its4 buildings have to be famous for their beauty or their historical importance5. California is earthquake country. The San Andreas Fault is a cause of earthquakes6. It7 is a long crack in the earth that stretches from Southern to Northern California. Rocks inside the earth8 move and the earth shakes. These earthquakes make the fault bigger9. The most famous earthquake in California happened in 1906. It10 destroyed most of the young city of San Francisco. People rebuilt the city11. They looked at the buildings that did not12 fall in the earthquake and they learned more about13 building in California. Tall buildings can be dangerous14 in earthquakes. Today California has codes that say15 how a building must be built and how tall it can be. Los Angeles has16 several earthquakes each year. The tall buildings move a little17 and everyone takes a deep breath18. Usually tourists and newcomers are the most frightened19. People who grew up20 in California say, “We're used to it21!” Earthquakes do not stop the building industry in California, but they do make architects work a little harder. The buildings they design have to look good and stand up in an earthquake22. These buildings are good examples of modern California architecture. The Nonaventure Hotel is a few city blocks from the old Mission church. The Century City Complex is near the Ocean. It stands on the site of the old Twentieth Century Fox movie studios. These buildings show that people are not afraid to build23 in California. (264 words) 苗族龙船节 苗族龙船节,与汉族的端午节不同。除时间不同外,一般不举行竞赛,主要活动是串寨子,走亲访友。清晨,龙船在江水中游动,所到之处,亲友们纷纷到岸边“接龙”。 龙船过寨,鸣放铁炮传告亲友,岸上以鞭炮声相呼应。亲友们上前,向船上的人各敬两杯米酒,并将礼品——鹅鸭、彩绸挂于龙头。如系女婿、姑舅等至亲,送上的礼物则是猪羊。 下午四时左右,龙船靠岸休息,水手们将糯米饭团和肉放置船帮上就餐,不用碗筷。岸上的妇女和小孩前来“讨路边饭”。传说,吃了龙船上的食品,能消灾免难,百事如愿。后来这就成为传统的风俗习惯。 岸上,还有苗家传统的赛马、斗牛、踩鼓等活动。姑娘们身着节日盛装应着木鼓鼓点翩翩起舞。飞歌往来,通宵达旦,青年男女得以相识,往往以后成为夫妻。(318字)

相关主题