新核心综合学术英语教程2 U2单词总结

empirical

?adj. [usually before noun]

? based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories

? 以实验(或经验)为依据的；经验主义的:

?empirical evidence / knowledge / research

实践经验的证明；从实际经验中获得的知识；以实验为基础的研究

?an empirical study

经验式研究

【OPP】theoretical

?empirically/ -kli / adv.:

?Such claims need to be tested empirically.

这类断言需要实践来检验。

formulation

noun

1.[mass noun] the action of creating or preparing something

?创建或准备某物的动作

the formulation of foreign policy

外交政策的制定

■[count noun] a particular expression of an idea, thought, or theory

2. a material or mixture prepared according to a formula

deductive

?adj. [usually before noun]

? using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problems

? 演绎的；推论的；推理的:

?deductive logic / reasoning

演绎逻辑/推理

--? compare inductive(1)

presence

?noun

1. [U] (of a person 人) the fact of being in a particular place

? 在场；出席:

?He hardly seemed to notice my presence.

他似乎没有注意到我在场。

?Her presence during the crisis had a calming effect.

危难时她的到来稳定了大家的心情。

?(formal) Your presence is requested at the meeting.

敬请出席会议。

【OPP】absence

2. [U] (of a thing or a substance 事物或物质) the fact of being in a particular place or thing

? 存在；出现:

?The test can identify the presence of abnormalities in the unborn child.

这项化验能鉴定胎儿是否有不正常现象。

3. [sing.] a group of people, especially soldiers, who have been sent to a place to deal with a particular situation

? (派遣的)一个队；(尤指执行任务的)部队:

?The government is maintaining a heavy police presence in the area.

政府在这地区派驻了大批警察。

?a military presence

驻军

4. [C, usually sing.] (literary) a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is near

? 感觉在附近的人(或鬼魂):

?She felt a presence behind her.

她觉得有什么东西跟在背后。

5. [U] (approving) the quality of making a strong impression on other people by the way you talk or behave

? 仪态；风度；气质:

?a man of great presence

风度翩翩的男子

【IDIOMS】

?in the'presence of sb| ?in sb's'presence

? with sb in the same place

? 在…面前；有…在场:

?The document was signed in the presence of ten witnesses.

本文件是有两位证人见证签署的。

?She asked them not to discuss the matter in her presence.

她要求他们不要当着她的面讨论这个问题。

?in the'presence of sth

? when sth exists in a particular place

? 存在…的情况下；有…的存在:

?Litmus paper turns red in the presence of an acid.

石蕊试纸遇到酸就变红。

?make your presence'felt

? to do sth to make people very aware of the fact that you are there; to have a strong influence on a group of people or a situation

? 突显自己；对(人群或局势)发挥作用

verify

?verb (veri?fies, veri?fy?ing, veri?fied, veri?fied)

1. to check that sth is true or accurate

? 核实；查对；核准:

? [VN]

?We have no way of verifying his story.

我们无法核实他所说的情况。

? [V that]

?Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.

请在核实有足够的内存后再安装程序。

? [V wh-]

?I'll leave you to verify whether these claims are true.

我让你来查核这些说法是否属实。

2. to show or say that sth is true or accurate

? 证明；证实

【SYN】confirm:

?Her version of events was verified by neighbours.

她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。

? [also V that]

?verifiable adj.:

?a verifiable fact

可核实的事实

?verification noun [U] :

?the verification of hypotheses

对假说的证实

unintention?al

?adj.

? not done deliberately, but happening by accident

? 无意的；非故意的；偶然的:

?Perhaps I misled you, but it was quite unintentional (= I did not mean to).也许我误导了你,但那绝不是有意的。

【OPP】intentional

?unintentionally adv.:

?They had unintentionally provided wrong information.

他们无意中提供了错误的信息。

intersect

?verb

1. (of lines, roads, etc. 线、道路等) to meet or cross each other

? 相交；交叉:

? [V]

?a pattern of intersecting streets

纵横交错的街道图

?The lines intersect at right angles.

线条垂直相交。

?The path intersected with a busy road.

小路与一条繁忙的大路相交。

? [also VN]

2. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sth (with sth) to divide an area by crossing it ? 横穿；贯穿；横断:

?The landscape is intersected with spectacular gorges.

在大地景色中点缀着壮观的峡谷。

yearning/ 5jE:niN; NAmE 5jE:rniN /

?noun [C, U]

? ~ (for sb / sth) | ~ (to do sth) (formal) a strong and emotional desire ? 渴望；向往

【SYN】longing:

?a yearning for a quiet life

对宁静生活的向往

她并不十分想回去。

?yearningly adv.

objective/ Eb5dVektiv /

?noun

1. something that you are trying to achieve

? 目标；目的

【SYN】goal:

?the main / primary / principal objective

主要/首要/重要目标

?to meet / achieve your objectives

达到/实现你的目标

?adj.

1. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts

? 客观的；就事论事的；不带个人感情的

【SYN】unbiased:

?an objective analysis / assessment / report

客观的分析/评价/报告

?objective criteria

客观标准

?I find it difficult to be objective where he's concerned.

只要涉及到他,我就难以做到保持客观。

【OPP】subjective

2. (philosophy 哲) existing outside the mind; based on facts that can be proved

? 客观存在的；基于事实的:

?objective reality

客观现实

【OPP】subjective

3. [only before noun] (grammar 语法) the objective case is the one which is used for the object of a sentence ? 宾格的

?objectively adv.:

?Looked at objectively, the situation is not too bad.

客观地看,局面并不算太糟。

?Can these effects be objectively measured?

这些结果能客观地衡量吗？

?objectivity noun [U] :

对候选人的评定缺乏客观性。

?scientific objectivity

科学的客观性

【OPP】subjectivity

experimentation

?noun [U]

? (formal) the activity or process of experimenting

? 实验；试验:

?experimentation with new teaching methods

用新的教学方法实验

?Many people object to experimentation on embryos.

许多人反对用胚胎做实验。

sense

?noun

??sight / hearing, etc.视觉、听觉等

1. [C] one of the five powers (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) that your body uses to get information about the world around you

? 感觉官能(即视、听、嗅、味、触五觉):

?the five senses

五种感觉官能

?Dogs have a keen (= strong) sense of smell.

狗的嗅觉很灵敏。

?the sense organs (= eyes, ears, nose, etc.)

感觉器官

?I could hardly believe the evidence of my own senses (= what I could see, hear, etc.).

我简直不敢相信自己的感觉。

?The mixture of sights, smells and sounds around her made her senses reel.

四周的物象、气味和声音纷至沓来,使她晕头转向。

--? see also sixth sense

??feeling感觉

2. [C] a feeling about sth important

? (对重大事情的)感觉,意识:

?He felt an overwhelming sense of loss.

他感到非常失落。

?a strong sense of purpose / identity / duty, etc.

重大意义、很强的个性意识、很强的责任感等

?Helmets can give cyclists a false sense of security.

头盔能给骑自行车的人一种虚假的安全感。

?I had the sense that he was worried about something.

我感觉他有心事。

??understanding / judgement理解；判断

3. [sing.] an understanding about sth; an ability to judge sth

? 理解力；判断力:

?One of the most important things in a partner is a sense of humour (= the ability to find things funny or make people

作为一个生活伴侣,最重要的素质之一是幽默感。

?He has a very good sense of direction (= finds the way to a place easily).

他的方向感很强。

?She has lost all sense of direction in her life.

她完全丧失了生活的方向。

?Always try to keep a sense of proportion (= of the relative importance of different things).

对事情随时都要把握好孰轻孰重。

?a sense of rhythm / timing

节奏感；时机感

?Alex doesn't have any dress sense (= does not know which clothes look attractive).

亚历克斯对服装毫无鉴赏力。

--? see also road sense

4. [U] good understanding and judgement; knowledge of what is sensible or practical behaviour ? 见识；良好的判断；清醒的认识:

?You should have the sense to take advice when it is offered.

你要知道好歹,别人给你忠告,就该接受。

?There's no sense in (= it is not sensible) worrying about it now.

现在大可不必为那件事忧虑。

?Can't you talk sense (= say sth sensible) ?

你就不能说点正经的？

?There's a lot of sense in what Mary says.

玛丽说得很在理。

--? see also common sense,good sense

??normal state of mind正常的精神状态

5. senses [pl.] a normal state of mind; the ability to think clearly

? 健全的心智；清醒的思维能力；理智:

?If she threatens to leave, it should bring him to his senses.

假如她威胁着要走,说不定他会清醒过来。

?He waited for Dora to come to her senses and return.

他盼着多拉冷静下来后回来。

?(old-fashioned) Are you out of your senses ? You'll be killed!

你疯了吗？你会丢了性命的！

?(old-fashioned) Why does she want to marry him? She must have taken leave of her senses.

她怎么会要嫁给他呢？她准是脑子有毛病了。

??meaning意义

6. [C] the meaning that a word or phrase has; a way of understanding sth

? 意义；含义；理解…的方式；看待…的角度:

?The word 'love' is used in different senses by different people.

"爱"这个字不同的人用来表示不同的意思。

?education in its broadest sense

最广泛意义的教育

?He was a true friend, in every sense of the word (= in every possible way).

无论从哪个角度讲,他都是个真正的朋友。

?In a sense (= in one way) it doesn't matter any more.

从某种意义上说,这事已无关紧要了。

?In some senses (= in one or more ways) the criticisms were justified.

在一定意义上,那些批评意见是有道理的。

?(formal) In no sense can the issue be said to be resolved.

?There is a sense in which we are all to blame for the tragedy.

在某种意义上,对这个悲剧我们大家都有责任。

--? note at sensible

【IDIOMS】

?knock / talk some'sense into sb

? to try and persuade sb to stop behaving in a stupid way, sometimes using rough or violent methods ? 开导某人别干傻事；强使某人理智行事

?make'sense

1. to have a meaning that you can easily understand

? 有道理；有意义；讲得通:

?This sentence doesn't make sense.

这个句子不通。

2. to be a sensible thing to do

? 是明智的；合乎情理:

?It makes sense to buy the most up-to-date version.

买最新的版本是明智的。

3. to be easy to understand or explain

? 表述清楚；易于理解；道理明显:

?John wasn't making much sense on the phone.

约翰在电话上说得不大清楚。

?Who would send me all these flowers? It makes no sense.

谁会给我送这么多花呢？真不可思议。

?make'sense of sth

? to understand sth that is difficult or has no clear meaning

? 理解,弄懂(不易理解的事物)

?see'sense

? to start to be sensible or reasonable

? 变得明智起来；开始明白事理

?a sense of oc'casion

? a feeling or understanding that an event is important or special

? 隆重的(或特别的)气氛:

?Candles on the table gave the evening a sense of occasion.

桌上点了一些蜡烛,使得那个晚上有一种特别的气氛。

--? more at leave n.

?verb

(not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)

??become aware感觉

1. to become aware of sth even though you cannot see it, hear it, etc.

? 感觉到；意识到；觉察出:

? [VN]

?Sensing danger, they started to run.

他们感到有危险,撒腿就跑。

? [V]

?Thomas, she sensed, could convince anyone of anything.

她觉得,托马斯能说服任何人相信任何事。

? [V (that)]

?Lisa sensed that he did not believe her.

? [also VN -ing VN inf V wh-]

??of machine机器

2. [VN] to discover and record sth

? 检测出:

?equipment that senses the presence of toxic gases

检测有毒气体的设备

verify

?verb (verifies, verifying, verified, verified)

1. to check that sth is true or accurate

? 核实；查对；核准:

? [VN]

?We have no way of verifying his story.

我们无法核实他所说的情况。

2. to show or say that sth is true or accurate

? 证明；证实

【SYN】confirm:

? [VN]

?Her version of events was verified by neighbours.

她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。

interpret/

?verb

1. [VN] to explain the meaning of sth

? 诠释；说明:

?The students were asked to interpret the poem.

学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。

2. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way

? 把…理解为；领会:

?I didn't know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.

我不知该把她的沉默看作是接受还是拒绝。

?The data can be interpreted in many different ways.

这份资料可以从多方面解读。

--? compare misinterpret

3. [V] ~ (for sb) to translate six language into another as you hear it

? 口译；传译:

?She couldn't speak much English so her children had to interpret for her.

她讲不了几句英语,所以她的孩子们得给她翻译。

4. [VN] to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning ? 演绎(按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色):

?He interpreted the role with a lot of humour.

他把这个角色演得十分幽默。

terminology

?noun (pl. -ies)

1. [U, C] the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject

? (某学科的)术语:

?medical terminology

2. [U] words used with particular meanings

? 有特别含义的用语；专门用语: The disagreement arose over a different use of terminology.

分歧的缘起在于专门用语使用的不同。

constitute

?verb (formal)

1. linking verb

?[V-N] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to be considered to be sth

? (被认为或看作)是；被算作:

?Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?

难道这样的活动也算刑事犯罪吗？

?The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.

种族间紧张状态的升级是对我们社会的一种威胁。

2. linking verb

?[V-N] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to be the parts that together form sth ? 组成；构成

【SYN】make up:

?Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.

女性雇员占劳动力的多数。

3. [VN] [usually passive] to form a group legally or officially

? (合法或正式地)成立,设立

【SYN】establish,set up:

?The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.

该委员会是根据议会法案于1974 年设立的。

merit

?noun

1. [U] (formal) the quality of being good and of deserving praise, reward or admiration

? 优点；美德；价值

【SYN】worth:

?a work of outstanding artistic merit

具有杰出艺术价值的作品

?The plan is entirely without merit.

这个计划毫无价值。

?I want to get the job on merit.

我要凭才能得到这份工作。

2. [C, usually pl.] a good feature that deserves praise, reward or admiration

? 值得赞扬(或奖励、钦佩)的特点；功绩；长处

【SYN】strength:

?We will consider each case on its (own) merits (= without considering any other issues, feelings, etc.).我们将根据每件事情本身的情况来考虑。

?They weighed up the relative merits of the five candidates.

他们对四名候选人各自的优点作了比较。

3. [C] (BrE) a mark / grade in an exam or for a piece of work at school or university which is excellent ? (学校或大学考试或作业的)良好

4. [C] (BrE) a mark / grade given as a reward for good behaviour at school

? (在校操行好而获得的)良好

? (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (formal) to do sth to deserve praise, attention, etc. ? 应得；值得

【SYN】deserve:

? [VN]

?He claims that their success was not merited.

他声称他们不应该获得成功。

?The case does not merit further investigation.

这个案子不值得进一步调查。

? [also V -ing]

inferiority

?noun [U]

? the state of not being as good as sb / sth else

? 低等；劣等；劣势:

?a sense of inferiority

自卑感

?social inferiority

社会地位低下

render

?verb

??cause sb / sth to be sth使成为

1. [VN-ADJ] (formal) to cause sb / sth to be in a particular state or condition

? 使成为；使变得；使处于某状态

【SYN】make:

?to render sth harmless / useless / ineffective

使某事物无害/无用/无效

?Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.

成百上千的人因为地震而无家可归。

??give help提供帮助

2. ~ sth (to sb / sth) | ~ (sb) sth (formal) to give sb sth, especially in return for sth or because it is expected ? 给予；提供；回报

? : [VN , VNN]

?to render a service to sb

给某人提供服务

?to render sb a service

为某人服务

? [VN]

?They rendered assistance to the disaster victims.

他们给灾民提供了援助。

?It was payment for services rendered.

这是服务酬金。

??present sth提交

3. [VN] (formal) to present sth, especially when it is done officially

? 递交；呈献；提交

【SYN】furnish:

?The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.

要求委员会提交一份有关住房情况的报告。

4. [VN] (formal) to express or perform sth

? 表达；表演；演示:

?He stood up and rendered a beautiful version of 'Summertime'.

他站起来表演了一段优美的《夏日时光》。

?The artist has rendered the stormy sea in dark greens and browns.

画家用了深绿色和棕色来表现波涛汹涌的大海。

??translate翻译

5. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) | ~ sth (into sth) to express sth in a different language

? (用不同的语言)表达；翻译；把…译成

【SYN】translate:

?The Italian phrase can be rendered as 'I did my best'.

这个意大利语的短语可以译为"我尽力了"。

?It's a concept that is difficult to render into English.

这个概念难以用英语来表达。

??wall墙壁

6. [VN] (BrE, technical 术语) to cover a wall with a layer of plaster or cement

? 粉刷；给(墙壁)抹灰

??melt化开

7. [VN] ~ sth (down) to make fat liquid by heating it; to melt sth

? 将(脂肪)熬成油；熔化

incompatible

?adj.

1. ~ (with sth) two actions, ideas, etc. that are incompatible are not acceptable or possible together because of basic differences

? (与某事物)不一致,不相配:

?The hours of the job are incompatible with family life.

这份工作的上班时间和家庭生活有冲突。

?These two objectives are mutually incompatible.

这两个目标相互矛盾。

2. two people who are incompatible are very different from each other and so are not able to live or work happily together

? (与某人)合不来,不能和睦相处

3. ~ (with sth) two things that are incompatible are of different types so that they cannot be used or mixed together ? (与某物)不匹配；配伍禁忌的；不兼容；互斥的:

?New computer software is often incompatible with older computers.

新的计算机软件往往和旧式计算机不兼容。

?Those two blood groups are incompatible.

那两种血型是不相容的。

【OPP】compatible

refute

?verb [VN] (formal)

1. to prove that sth is wrong

? 驳斥；批驳

【SYN】rebut:

?to refute an argument / a theory, etc.

驳斥一个论点、理论等

? 反驳；否认SYN deny:

?She refutes any suggestion that she behaved unprofessionally.

谁要是表示她不在行,她都予以反驳。

disallow

?verb [VN]

?[often passive] to officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid

? 不准许；不接受；驳回:

?to disallow a claim / an appeal

不接受要求；驳回上诉

?The second goal was disallowed.

第二个进球被判无效。

--? compare allow

vice

?noun

1. [U] criminal activities that involve sex or drugs

? (与性或毒品有关的)罪行:

?plain-clothes detectives from the vice squad

取缔性或毒品犯罪行动队的便衣侦探

2. [U, C] evil or immoral behaviour; an evil or immoral quality in sb's character

? 恶行；不道德行为；堕落；邪恶:

?The film ended most satisfactorily: vice punished and virtue rewarded.

这部电影的结尾皆大欢喜:邪恶受到惩治,善良得到报偿。

?Greed is a terrible vice.

贪婪是一种恶习。

?(humorous) Cigarettes are my only vice.

我唯一的罪过就是爱抽烟。

3. (BrE) (NAmE vise) [C] a tool with two metal blocks that can be moved together by turning a screw. The vice is used to hold an object firmly while work is done on it.

? 枱钳；老虎钳:

?He held my arm in a vice-like (= very firm) grip.

他的手像老虎钳一样紧紧抓住了我的手臂。

virtue

?noun

1. [U] (formal) behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards

? 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行:

?He led a life of virtue.

他过着高尚的生活。

?She was certainly no paragon of virtue !

她决不是道德高尚的典范！

2. [C] a particular good quality or habit

? 美德；优秀品质；良好习惯:

?Patience is not six of her virtues, I'm afraid.

恐怕她没有耐性。

3. [C, U] an attractive or useful quality

【SYN】advantage:

?The plan has the virtue of simplicity.

这项计划的优点是简单。

?He was extolling the virtues of the Internet.

他赞扬了互联网的长处。

?They could see no virtue in discussing it further.

他们看不到再讨论下去有什么用处。

【IDIOMS】

?by / in virtue of sth

?(formal) by means of or because of sth

? 凭藉；依靠；由于；因为:

?She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.

她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。

?make a virtue of ne'cessity

? to manage to gain an advantage from sth that you have to do and cannot avoid

? 不得已而力争有所得

?virtue is its own re'ward

?(saying) the reward for acting in a moral or correct way is the knowledge that you have done so, and you should not expect more than this, for example praise from other people or payment

? 施恩无他图,有德便是报；美德本身就是成果

genuine

?adj.

1. real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial

? 真的；名副其实的

【SYN】authentic:

?Is the painting a genuine Picasso?

这幅画是毕加索的真迹吗？

?Fake designer watches are sold at a fraction of the price of the genuine article.

伪造的设计师名牌手表以真品若干分之一的价格出售。

?Only genuine refugees can apply for asylum.

只有真正的难民才能申请政治避难。

2. sincere and honest; that can be trusted

? 真诚的；诚实的；可信赖的:

?He made a genuine attempt to improve conditions.

他真心实意地努力改善环境。

?genuine concern for others

对他人真诚的关心

?a very genuine person

非常诚实可信的人

falsify

?verb

(falsifies, falsifying, falsified, falsified)

?[VN] to change a written record or information so that it is no longer true

? 篡改,伪造(文字记录、信息)

?falsification noun [U, C]

对公司记录的故意篡改

uphold

?verb

(upheld, upheld

? [VN]

1. to support sth that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist

? 支持,维护(正义等):

?We have a duty to uphold the law.

维护法律是我们的责任。

2. (especially of a court of law 尤指法庭) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable ? 维持,确认(原判、裁决等):

?to uphold a conviction / an appeal / a complaint

维持原判；受理上诉/申诉

?upholder noun:

?an upholder of traditional values

支持传统价值观的人

rescue

?verb

? ~ sb / sth (from sth / sb) to save sb / sth from a dangerous or harmful situation

? 营救；援救；抢救:

? [VN]

?He rescued a child from drowning.

他救起了一名落水儿童。

?They were eventually rescued by helicopter.

他们最后被直升机救走了。

?The house was rescued from demolition.

这所房子保住了,可以不拆。

?You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.

我正感到尴尬,你为我解了围。

? [VN-ADJ]

?She had despaired of ever being rescued alive.

她那时对获救生还已经绝望了。

rational

?adj.

1. (of behaviour, ideas, etc. 行为、思想等) based on reason rather than emotions

? 合理的；理性的；明智的:

?a rational argument / choice / decision

合理的论点/选择/决定

?rational analysis / thought

有道理的分析/思考

?There is no rational explanation for his actions.

对他的所作所为无法作出合理的解释。

2. (of a person 人) able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions

【SYN】reasonable:

?No rational person would ever behave like that.

有头脑的人都不会这样做。

【OPP】irrational

?ra?tion?al?ity noun [U] :

?the rationality of his argument

他的论点的合理性

?ra?tion?al?ly adv.:

?to act / behave / think rationally

行动/举止/思考合情合理

?She argued her case calmly and rationally.

她冷静而又理智地为她的情况辩解。

deduction

?noun

1. [U, C] the process of using information you have in order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem

? 演绎；推论；推理:

?He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.

他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。

?If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the killer was.

如果我的推论正确的话,我可以告诉你谁是凶手。

--? see also deduce

--? compare induction(3)

2. [U, C] the process of taking an amount of sth, especially money, away from a total; the amount that is taken away

? 扣除(额)；减去(数):

?deductions from your pay for tax, etc.

从工资中扣除税金等的数额

?tax deductions

税金扣除额

procedure

?noun

1. [C, U] ~ (for sth) a way of doing sth, especially the usual or correct way

? (正常)程序,手续,步骤:

?maintenance procedures

维修程序

?emergency / safety / disciplinary procedures

紧急状况/安全事务/纪律问题的处理程序

?to follow normal / standard / accepted procedure

遵循正常的/标准的/惯用的步骤

?Making a complaint is quite a simple procedure.

申诉的手续相当简单。

2. [U] the official or formal order or way of doing sth, especially in business, law or politics

? (商业、法律或政治上的)程序:

?court / legal / parliamentary procedure

法庭/司法/议会程序

? 手术:

?to perform a routine surgical procedure

做常规的外科手术

?pro?ced?ural adj. (formal):

?procedural rules

程序性规则

unofficial?adj.

1. that does not have permission or approval from sb in authority ? 未经正式批准的；非官方的；非正式的:

?an unofficial agreement / strike

未经批准的协议/罢工

?Unofficial estimates put the figure at over ten million.

非官方的估计数字为200 万以上。

2. that is not part of sb's official business

? 非公事的；私事的；私人的:

?The former president paid an unofficial visit to China.

前总统到中国进行了私人访问。

【OPP】official

?un?offi?cial?ly adv.

initial?adj. [only before noun]

? happening at the beginning; first

? 最初的；开始的；第一的:

?an initial payment of ￡60 and two instalments of ￡25

* 60 英镑的首期付款加十次25 英镑的分期付款

?in the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaign

运动的最初阶段

?My initial reaction was to decline the offer.

我最初的反应是婉言谢绝这个提议。

?noun

1. [C] the first letter of a person's first name

? (名字的)首字母:

?'What initial is it, Mrs Owen?' 'It's J, J for Jane.'

"首字母是什么,欧文太太？" "是J,Jane 的J。"

2. initials [pl.] the first letters of all of a person's names

? (全名的)首字母:

?John Fitzgerald Kennedy was often known by his initials JFK.

人们常以姓名的首字母JFK 称约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪。 ?Just write your initials.

写下你的姓名首字母即可。

?verb

(-ll-,NAmE usually -l-)

?[VN] to mark or sign sth with your initials

? 用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于:

?Please initial each page and sign in the space provided.

set-up

?noun [usually sing.] (informal)

1. a way of organizing sth; a system

? 组织；机构；建制；体制:

?I've only been here a couple of weeks and I don't really know the set-up.

我刚来几个星期,对这里的组织情况不大了解。

2. a situation in which sb tricks you or makes it seem as if you have done sth wrong

? 陷害；栽赃:

?He didn't steal the goods. It was a set-up.

那些商品不是他偷的。这是栽赃。

define?verb

1. [VN] ~ sth (as sth) to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is

? 解释(词语的含义)；给…下定义:

?The term 'mental illness' is difficult to define.

"精神病"这个词很难下定义。

?Life imprisonment is defined as 60 years under state law.

按照州法律终身监禁定义为60 年。

2. to describe or show sth accurately

? 阐明；明确；界定:

? [VN]

?We need to define the task ahead very clearly.

我们需要明确今后的任务。

?The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms of how long it took to complete.

问题的难易度是以解决这个问题所花时间的长短而定的。

? [V wh-]

?It is difficult to define what makes him so popular.

很难解释清楚什么原因使他如此走红。

3. [VN] to show clearly a line, shape or edge

? 画出…的线条；描出…的外形；确定…的界线；界定:

?The mountain was sharply defined against the sky.

那座山在天空的衬托下显得轮廓分明。

?de?fin?able adj.

exploratory ?adj.

? done with the intention of examining sth in order to find out more about it

? 探索的；探究的；探测的；勘探的:

?exploratory surgery

探索性手术

?exploratory drilling for oil

钻井勘探石油

pre?dic?tion?noun [C, U]

? a statement that says what you think will happen; the act of making such a statement ? 预言；预测；预告:

?Not many people agree with the government's prediction that the economy will improve. 没有多少人赞同政府认为经济将会有所改善的预测。

?The results of the experiment confirmed our predictions.

?Skilled readers make use of context and prediction.

阅读能力强的人会利用上下文及推测来理解文意。

?It's difficult to make accurate predictions about the effects on the environment.

很难准确预测对环境产生的影响。

specific?adj.

1. detailed and exact

? 明确的；具体的

【SYN】precise:

?I gave you specific instructions.

我给过你明确的指示。

?'I'd like your help tomorrow.' 'Can you be more specific (= tell me exactly what you want) ?' "我想让你明天来帮帮我。" "你能不能说得具体些？"

2. [usually before noun] connected with one particular thing only

? 特定的

【SYN】particular:

?children's television programmes aimed at a specific age group

针对特定年龄段的少儿电视节目

?The money was collected for a specific purpose.

这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。

?children with specific learning difficulties (= in one area only)

某一方面有学习困难的儿童

3. ~ to sth (formal) existing only in one place or limited to one thing

? 特有的；独特的

【SYN】peculiar:

?a belief that is specific to this part of Africa

非洲这一地区特有的一种观念

identical?adj.

1. ~ (to / with sb / sth) similar in every detail

? 完全同样的；相同的:

?a row of identical houses

完全一样的一排房子

?Her dress is almost identical to mine.

她的连衣裙和我的几乎一模一样。

?The number on the card should be identical with the one on the chequebook.

卡上的号码应该和支票簿上的相同。

?The two pictures are similar, although not identical.

这两幅画很相似,虽然不完全相同。

2. the identical [only before noun] the same

? 同一的:

?This is the identical room we stayed in last year.

这就是我们去年住的那个房间。

?iden?ti?cal?ly / adv.:

?The children were dressed identically.

孩子们的穿着完全一样。

absolutely?adv.

1. used to emphasize that sth is completely true

? (强调真实无误)绝对地,完全地:

?You're absolutely right.

你完全正确。

?He made it absolutely clear.

他把此事讲得一清二楚。

2. ~ no ... | ~ nothing used to emphasize sth negative

? 绝对不；完全没有:

?She did absolutely no work.

她一点活儿也没有干。

?There's absolutely nothing more the doctors can do.

医生的确再也无计可施了。

3. used with adjectives or verbs that express strong feelings or extreme qualities to mean 'extremely'

? 极其:

?I was absolutely furious with him.

我被他气死了。

?She absolutely adores you.

她极为崇拜你。

?He's an absolutely brilliant cook.

他的厨艺精湛至极。

4. used to emphasize that you agree with sb, or to give sb permission to do sth

? (强调同意或允许)当然,对极了:

?'They could have told us, couldn't they?' 'Absolutely!'

"他们本来可以告诉我们的,不是吗？" "当然！"

?'Can we leave a little early?' 'Absolutely!'

"我们可以早一点离开吗？" "完全可以！"

5. ~ not used to emphasize that you strongly disagree with sb, or to refuse permission

? (强调很不同意或不允许)当然不,绝对不行:

?'Was it any good?' 'No, absolutely not.'

"那有什么好处吗？" "绝对没有。"

option?noun

1. [C, U] ~ (of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) something that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do

? 可选择的事物；选择；选择权；选择的自由:

?As I see it, we have two options...

据我看,我们有两种选择…

?There are various options open to you.

你有多种选择。

?Going to college was not an option for me.

上大学不是我可以选择的道路。

?I had no option but to (= I had to) ask him to leave.

我别无选择,只有请他离开。

?Students have the option of studying abroad in their second year.

学生在二年级时可以选择出国学习。

?A savings plan that gives you the option to vary your monthly payments.

?This particular model comes with a wide range of options (= things you can choose to have when buying sth but which you will have to pay extra for)

这一种型号的货品档次十分齐全。

2. [C] a subject that a student can choose to study, but that they do not have to do

? 选修课:

?The course offers options in design and computing.

这一课程开了设计和计算机技术的选修科目。

3. [C] ~ (on sth) | ~ (to do sth) the right to buy or sell sth at some time in the future

? (未来的)买卖选择权:

?We have an option on the house.

我们有权购买这所房子。

?The property is for rent with an option to buy at any time.

这房子供出租,但可随时买下。

?He has promised me first option on his car (= the opportunity to buy it before anyone else).

他答应我可以优先买他的汽车。

?share options (= the right to buy shares in a company)

认股选择权

4. [C] (computing 计) one of the choices you can make when using a computer program

? 选项；选择:

?Choose the 'Cut' option from the Edit menu.

从编辑选单上选择"剪切"项。

【IDIOMS】

? keep / leave your 'options open

? to avoid making a decision now so that you still have a choice in the future

? 保留选择余地；暂不作出决定

? the 7soft / 7easy 'option

?(often disapproving) a choice which is thought to be easier because it involves less effort, difficulty, etc.

? 轻松的选择；捷径:

?They are anxious that the new course should not be seen as a soft option.

他们盼望新办法不会被视为捷径。

?He decided to take the easy option and give them what they wanted.

他决定顺水推舟,他们要什么就给什么。

reject

?verb

? [VN]

??argument / idea / plan论点；想法；计划

1. to refuse to accept or consider sth

? 拒绝接受；不予考虑:

?to reject an argument / a claim / a decision / an offer / a suggestion

拒绝接受一个论点/一项要求/一个决定/一项提议/一个建议

?The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system.

首相对任何改革体制的想法都不予考虑。

?The proposal was firmly rejected.

这项提议被断然否决。

?All our suggestions were rejected out of hand.

我们所有的建议都被一口拒绝了。

大学英语综合教程1课后习题答案

Unit 1 Part Ⅱ Reading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)respectable 2)agony 3)put down 4)sequence 5)hold back 6)distribute 7)off and on 8)vivid 9)associate 10)finally 11)turn in 12)tackle 2. 1)has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2)was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3)a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4)gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5)buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out. 3. 1)reputation; rigid; to inspire 2)and tedious; What’s more; out of date ideas 3)compose; career; avoid showing; hardly hold back Ⅱviolating Ⅲ;in upon Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze back; tedious; scanned; recall; vivid; off and on; turn out/in; career ; surprise; pulled; blowing; dressed; scene; extraordinary; image; turn; excitement ⅡTranslation As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2)His girlfriend advised him to get out of /get rid of his bad habits of smoking before it took hold. 3)Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4)It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. /Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5)It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 2.Susan lost her legs because of/in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye/she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Part ⅡReading Task Vocabulary Ⅰ1. 1)absolutely 2)available 3)every now and then 4)are urging/urged 5)destination 6)mostly 7)hangs out 8)right away 9)reunion 10)or something 11)estimate 12)going ahead 2. 1)in the examination was still on his mind. 2)was completely choked up by the sight of his team losing in the final minutes of the game. 3)was so lost in study that she forgot to have dinner. 4)has come up and I am afraid I won’t be able to accomplish the project on time. 5)of equipping the new hospital was estimated at﹩2 million. 3. 1)were postponed; the awful; is estimated 2)reference; not available; am kind of 3)not much of a teacher; skips; go ahead Ⅱ;on Ⅲor less of/sort of 4. kind of/sort of 5. more or less 6. or something Comprehensive Exercises ⅠCloze up; awful; practically; neighborhood; correspondence; available; destination; reunion; Mostly; postponing; absolutely ; savings; embarrassment; phone; interrupted; touch; envelope; signed; message; needed ⅡHalf an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home. 2)Mary looks as if she is very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by

大学英语自学教程(上下)讲义

视频互动讲义四 课次: 英语二第4次视频互动教学 时间: 月日周三19:30-21:00 主题: 第七、八单元重点回顾，语法讲解，实战演练 主讲: 高伟老师 同学们，大家好！经过前三次的洗礼，你们对英语二教材中的重点知识点的回顾应该有一种感觉：在学习完精讲课件、背过教材中的单词和词组后，应该通过我的讲义对教材有一个更为深层的认识，似乎考点到处密布，要求我们掌握的东西越来越多。请大家冷静，不要烦躁----想通过英语二并非易事，但也绝非不可能。我们只要有信心，有毅力，我想任何考试都不是不可战胜的。 解惑： turn down：关小，拒绝 turn in：上缴，交出 turn into：变成 turn off/on：关掉/接通，打开 turn out：制造，生产，结果是 turn over：移交，翻过来 turn to：变成，借助于 turn up：出现，发生。 near与nearly：前者更多使用的是介词，表示“在附近，近”，后者更多为副词用法，表示“几乎，差不多”。另外，关注一下nearby。 devise与device：前者是动词，表示“想出，设计出”，后者名词，表示“办法，装置”。 drop与fall：两个都是动词，前者表示“失手落下”，后者表示“跌到，落下”。 decline表示“婉拒”，refuse表示“拒绝”，口气更为强烈。 一、第七单元重点内容的回顾

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新标准大学英语综合教程1单元答案

Unit One Reading and understanding p.4 – p.5 2 Check (√) the true statements. 1 It’s a description of the first few days at college. 2 It’s a personal and private story. 3 The writer uses past tenses. (The writer actually uses present tenses, but some diaries do use past tenses.) 4 It’s factual. 5 It’s written in the third person. 1, 2, 4 3 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1.(a ) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 4 Match the words and expressions in the box with their definitions. 1 (swear) 2 (muscle) 3 (impress) 4 (sip) 5 (gap) 6 (check in) 5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. 1 (barely) 2 (spill) 3 (ignorant) 4 (intelligent) 5 (sign up) 6 (assures) She assures me that she’s read the book. 7 (run out of) I need to go and buy some tea, I have run out of it. 6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Is a warden likely to be (a) a teacher at the college, or (b) someone who looks

大学英语综合教程答案

3.Many products for sale seem to scream at us, "Buy me! Buy me!" Advertising is a big busin ess in our world with many products competing for our attention. Think of the last time you boug ht clothes. You probably noticed the variety of colors, patterns, fabrics and brands you could choo se from. Which kind of soft drink would you like to have today or what kind of computer do you want? Advertisers are skilled in the art of making their products look the best to appeal to our se nses. But products aren't always what they seem. Sometimes advertising is deceptive and as cons umers ,we must be careful about what we choose to buy. It is important to learn to compare prod ucts and identify our purpose in purchasing the things we need. But the good thing about advertising is that it helps people to make decisions and refine thei r choices. In the United States, the Ad Council creates timely public service messages to the nation. Th eir purpose is to raise awareness of public problems that citizens can respond to. Inspiring ads ca use individuals to take action and even save lives. Pollution in America, for example has been red uced over the years because of the creative Public Service advertisements that the council provid es" Please, please don't be a litter bug, 'cause every 'litter bit' hurts." Many families have taught t heir children to place litter in the trash can in response to this catchy phrase, which has affected g enerations as each succeeding generation has taught their children not to litter. 4.Nature imposes difficult conditions upon the earth from time to time . The tornado and fo rest fire destroy natural resources ,homes and other structures ,and very often harm or kill peopl e . Technological tragedies happen with little or no warning as we see trains crash and airplanes f all from the sky shortly after take-off. As tragic as calamities are , they seem to bring out the best in human nature . people trained in em ergency care arrive at the scene and begin assisting the inj ured .Others come with equipment to remove debris. Men , women ,and young people willingly c ome to the scene of an accident , hoping to be of help in some way . These selfless acts of kindne ss make our world a better place . compassion eases the wounds of calamities. American Airlines flight number 587 crashed less than three minutes after taking off from JF K Airport in New York in November,2001. Witnesses s aw an engine fire develop on the plane’s nu mber one engine located under the left wing of the aircraft .seconds later ,the airliner crashed int o eight homes ,completely destroying four of them .All 260 people aboard the airplane were kille d along with six people at the crash site ,leaving many people to mourn the loss of their loved on es .the residents (people who live in the area of the crash ) rallied together to comfort those griev ing, while others removed bodies from the wreckage and did the necessary clean-up. 工程实施困难的条件下在地上的时候。龙卷风和森林火灾破坏自然资源,房屋和其他建筑物,和经常伤害或杀死人。技术的悲剧发生在很少或没有预警,因为我们看到火车事故,飞机起飞后不久就从天空坠落。一样悲惨的灾难,他们似乎显示出人性中最好的。在急诊受训的人到达现场并开始帮助受伤的人则跟设备清除残骸。男人,女人,和年轻人自愿来到事故现场,希望能有帮助。这些无私的善举让我们的世界变得更美好。同情减轻灾害的伤口。 美国航空公司587号航班坠毁不到三分钟后从纽约肯尼迪机场起飞,11月2001。目击者看到一个引擎火灾发展在飞机上的1号引擎位于下飞机的左翼,接着后,客机坠毁八家,完全摧毁了四个260名乘客的飞机遇难连同6人在事故现场,造成许多人悼念失去的亲人,居民(住在崩溃的面积)聚集在一起,安慰那些悲伤,而另一些人则从残骸,并把尸体移走必要的清理。 5.Success can be reached in different ways by people in different careers. Bill Gates began at age to program computers,His vision for personal computing has been central to the success of M icrosoft Corporation, the company he founded with his childhood friend in 1975 . The former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch, is a business legend. A famous quote by Mr. Welch is,” Chang before you have to. ”He believes in leading by example and encourages his empl oyees to do their best every day. Michael Jordan s aid,”I accept failure, but I can’t accept not trying.” He is one of the best athl etes to ever play team sports. His great smile, athletic achievements, and pleasant personality ha ve made him one of the most famous athletes in the world. Michael Jordan spent a lot of time pla ying basketball as a child but in senior middle school he was taken off the team . Instead of giving up , he worked through adversity and became the greatest basketball player yet .

全新版大学英语综合教程2课文原文及翻译

One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?

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大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 23 非言语交际 23-A. Non-verbal Communication If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn’t a catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners-oral communication, and writers and readers-written communication. And you’d be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short. When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorized into five kinds: 1.body and facial gestures; 2.eye contact; 3.body contact or "proximity"; 4.clothing and physical appearance; and 5.the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one-it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space. Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I’m boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals-and it might be fun if you did. All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else’s eyes for very long. If you try it, you’ll find they will soon away, probably in embarrassment.

大学英语综合教程1课后答案

The Answers to Unit 1 Enhance Your Language Awareness (I) Working with Words and Expressions 2. (1) obtain (2) confident (3) communicate (4) advantage (5) relevant (6) helpful (7) extreme (8) enjoyable (9) means (10) process (11) particularly (12) characters (13) astonished (14) apparently 3. (1) fond of (2) is...related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid... of (8) cleared up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It's no use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II) Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b (5) b (6) d 2. (1) highly/very (2) quite/very (3) quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3. Adverbs Adjectives efficiently efficient particularly particular fluently fluent quickly

大学英语综合教程答案

Key to Exercises Opener Mary is thinking of getting a tattoo tomorrow afternoon. She asks Mel to join her, but Mel cannot because she has to work tomorrow. And then Mary invites Mel to go to a party tomorrow night. Mel hesitates at first, but finally decides to go with Mary. They will meet at eight o’clock. Abbreviation Meaning 1. TGIF Thank God it’s Friday 2. AMA Ask me anything 3. OMG Oh my God! 4. YOLO You only live once 5. FOMO Fear of missing out 6. FYI For your information 7. LOL Laugh out loud 8. TBH To be honest 9. PPL People 10. ETA Estimated time of arrival Transcript: A: Hey, Mary. B: Hey, Mel. A: TGIF.

B: TGIF. A: Mel, I need some advice on something. B: AMA A: Yeah, thanks. I’m thinking of getting a tattoo. B: OMG! Really Are you serious A: Well, YOLO. B: That’s true. A: Well. B: When are you going to do it A: I’m thinking tomorrow afternoon. Do you want to come B: Oh, I’d love to come, but I’ve got to work tomorrow. Oh, major FOMO. A: What a shame! B: Yeah, A: Well, FYI, there’s a party tomorrow night. And if you are not busy, you can come to that instead. B: I’m not busy, but TBH I really need to take it easy this weekend. A: What That’s so not like you. B: LOL, that’s true. A: Party is in Hackney Wick. It’s gonna be good, good music, good PPL. B: Oh, major FOMO again. Oh, what the hell Yes, why not I’ll go.

全新版大学英语第二版综合教程2课文

BOOK2课文译文 UNIT1 TextA 中国式的学习风格 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店堂。 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。 我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙箱槽口鼓捣。他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。他们会轻轻握牢本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢——偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。 我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事。 两种不同的学习方式

我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。既然大人知道怎么把钥匙塞进槽口——这是走近槽口的最终目的，既然孩子还很年幼，还没有灵巧到可以独自完成要做的动作，让他自己瞎折腾会有什么好处呢？他很有可能会灰心丧气发脾气——这当然不是所希望的结果。为什么不教他怎么做呢？他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以（也应该）示范给他看。 我俩颇为同情地听着这一番道理，解释道，首先，我们并不在意本杰明能不能把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口。他玩得开心，而且在探索，这两点才是我们真正看重的。但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。这种自力更生的精神是美国中产阶级最重要的一条育儿观。如果我们向孩子演示该如何做某件事——把钥匙塞进钥匙槽口也好，画只鸡或是弥补某种错误行为也好——那他就不太可能自行想方设法去完成这件事。从更广泛的意义上说，他就不太可能——如美国人那样——将人生视为一系列 的情境，在这些情境中，一个人必须学会独立思考，学会独立解决问题，进而学会发现需要创造性地加以解决的新问题。 把着手教 回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。这件事表明了我们两国在教育和艺术实践上的重要差异。 那些善意的中国旁观者前来帮助本杰明时，他们不是简单地像我可能会做的那样笨拙地或是犹犹豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他们极其熟练地、轻轻地把他引向所要到达的确切方向。 我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来一次。

大学英语自学教程电子版教材上册

大学英语自学教程电子版教材上册大学英语自学教程(上) 01-A. How to be a successful language learner? ―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖ Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.” But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.