在职硕士英语课文翻译

1\Science and literature2管理工作3在美国旅游4Bull fighting斗牛5动物基因焦虑6林肯7音乐会8利用互联网作弊，虽然人们总把伦理学看作是哲学的一个分支，重要的是教师要有真正的同情心，能对他人表

示理解9 Plagiarism

剽窃10音乐，在过去的两年中，我一直是一年一度校园歌咏比赛的积极参加者，让我们假设人们听音乐有三个层面。11为什么摇滚歌星不能真正表达他们歌唱时的痛苦

12二战期间，凯瑟琳·琼斯在部队当护士。13―到我的房间去‖14一些粗制滥造的电影是非常普遍的

15Hollywood Visible Laserbeams

16 Two Ways of Understanding有两种理解模式—--古典模式和浪漫模式17An American Malady美国

人的孤独并没有恐外成份

Unit 1 Text1 What‘s the Big Idea?

Nokia sponsors a wide range of educational, cultural and other activities. One of the most unusual ac tivities was the sponsoring of ―Future Histories‖, a collection of stories by prominent writers of science fiction .Why should a telecommunications company become involved with literature? It could be called ―research‖.

诺基亚公司举办了一系列有关教育文化的的意义活动。其中最不寻常的一项活动是举办―未来的历史‖，由科幻小说作家们收集的小说故事系列。为什么一个通讯公司变得与文学有牵涉，它就是所谓的―科学研究‖。

Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts. Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real when it is imagined or when it is physically created?

科学和文学传统上就相互敌对。文学作家认为：科学家们是一群愚蠢的生物，他们总是破坏人类伟大的想象取乐。科学家则认为：文人作家们是轻浮的，没有尊循事实依据，两者相猜疑的中心交点在于：到底是谁拥有真理事实，是先有想像后来成成真呢？还是实际设计出变成真的？

Science fiction is the one area where these tow opposing groups have met and exchanged ideas . As its name suggests, science fiction is literature which predicts the technology of the future and the effect this will have on human society .Over the years many of their speculations have been remarkably accurate. Space travel, communications satellites, nuclear power, robotics, cloning and mobile telephony have all appeared in books before they appeared in reality.

科幻小说是两大对立集团相互邂逅并交流思想的公共领域。顾名思义，科学小学是预测未来科技和如何影响人类社会的文学作品。近年来，许多想象推测早己变成了现实，如太空旅行，通讯卫星，原子核能，机器人，克隆技术和移动电话，它们都是先出现在作品中然后才变成现实的。

Yet sometimes the writers have got it wrong. Nobody predicted the emergence of personal computers, for instance. And contact with alien beings from other planets still seems a long way off, despite being a common subject of science fiction.

有时，科幻作家们也会搞错。从来没有人能预言个人电脑的出现，反之，尽管外星人早己成为科幻作品的描述对象，但到现在，与外星人的联系还有很长一段距离要走。

Over the years, the time between the prediction of new technology in science fiction and its actual discovery has become shorter. It took 100years before the moon landings predicted by the French writer Jules Verne actually took place. The idea of robots first emerged in the 1920s. The first robots were built in the 1970s.And in the 1940s,Arthur.C.Clarke predicted that communication satellites would circle the globe by the year 2000. These arrived 30 years before they were due.

近年来，在科幻小说中新技术的预言和它变为现实，两者之间的时间在缩短。法国科幻小说家儒勒?凡尔纳预言的人类登月，整整用了100年才变成现实。机器人的设想，再现在19世纪20年代，70年代就真正建成了。十九世纪小说家科拉克预言，到2000年才能实现卫星通讯，结果提前30年，这一设想就实现了。

Richard Dawkins, a British scientist, recently stated that scientific discovery revealed the beauty and complexity of nature in a way that the human imagination could never do.

英国科学家，理查德?道克温斯最近声名：科学发现能够展示大自然的美和复杂性，相反人类的想像则做不到。

Yet this is not the end of the road for science fiction. Many of the developments it has predicted are used for communication and we ar e now in what is called the ―information age‖. And the people who have to do the work complain of ―information overload‖.

然而这并不是科幻小说的粉途末路，它所预言的很多发展正用信息交流，我们正在所谓的―信息时代‖，西方国家超过三分之一的人口受聘于信息科技产业。世界上的领导人倡导―知识型社会‖的建立。人们尽管抱怨―信息负担过重‖但还必须从事这一行业。

In the middle of all this, there is a real need for people with vision. The future of business communication depends on the ability to imagine new realities and then produce products and services for them. In ―Future Histories‖, one story deals with an investor who consta ntly travels in search of new opportunities in high technology. He backs a company which produces intelligent robots, capable of learning new tasks from their environment. One day, he notices that the robots have stopped working. Eventually, he realizes that they are asking themselves a question which has never occurred to him. Why are we doing this? Writers in the information age have moved from predicting scientific discoveries of the future. Now they speculate about the effect of the revolution of communication on human society. In a world dominated by business and technology, there is still an important role to be played by people who can answer the question –what‘s the big idea?

在所有问题中，人们具有想像力是必须的。未来的商业交流主要依赖于把幻想变为现实的能力。能力具备了，才能生产出更多的产品和享有更多的服务，在―未来的历史‖中，讲述了一个投资人的故事，他经常奔波于探寻高科技带来的新机遇。

他主办了一家公司，主要生产智能机器人，这种机器人能够根据它所处环境而学习处理各种任务。有一天，他发现，机器人停止工作了，最后，他才认识到：机器人们请教一个他以前从未发生过的问题。信息时代的作家们已不再预言未来的科学发现，我们该怎样应对这一问题呢？于是人们就着手开始估测交际变革对人类的影响，在商业和技术占统治地位的社会中，人们仍需要扮演的一个重要角色，那就是回答：―什么是最大的主意呢？‖

P10英译汉

Science fiction is a literary genre developed in the 20th century in which the fiction writer addresses

how scientific discoveries, technological developments, and future events and societal changes affect human beings. The description of these influences may be a careful and informed extrapolation of scientific facts and principles. Or it may range into farfetched areas flatly contradictory of such facts and principles.

科学幻想小说是20世纪发展起来的一种文学体裁，科幻小学作家在其作品中描述科学发现，技术进步以及未来的事件和社会变化如何影响人类，对这些影响的描写，可能是对科学事实和原理的一种细致而有根据的推断，或是描写与这些事实和原理完全矛盾的令人难以置信的一些领域。

P10汉译英

Science fiction was made possible only by the rise of modern science itself, notably the great revolutions in astronomy and physics. Science fiction proper began toward the end of the 19th century with the scientific romances of Jules Verne, whose science was rather on the level of invention.

由于现代科学的兴起，特别是天文学和物理学的巨大变革，科学幻想小说的出现才成为可能。真正的科幻小说始于19世纪末儒勒·凡尔纳的科学幻想浪漫故事，不过，凡尔纳的科学只是停留在发明的水平上。

Text2 Casinos in Space

It was early morning in late August when explosions interrupted the sleepy silence on Briney 1, third planet from the Vegan solar suns. Simultaneously, disaster shattered the morning ling on Briney 2, the second inhabitable planet in the Briney System and sister planet to Briney 1.

深秋的一天清早，在Briney1星球上，突然，爆炸声打破了深沉的寂静。这是Vegan太阳系和第三个行星。与此同时，灾难也在Briney2星球的晨光中爆发。这是Briney系统中的第2个适宜于人类居住的星球，也是Briney1的姊妹星。

Reports of the two events slowly seeped from the Briney System to Earth with news that thousands of innocent tourists died without warning when two Hilton Hotel Resort towers toppled within minutes on the sister planets. Over 3000 tourists had died as the morning suns rose to bathe the lands in warmth, and panic spread throuthout the Briney System.

有关两件事的报道慢慢地从Briney星系向地球传播。有消息说，数千无辜者在没有任何预警情况下死去，当时两姊妹星系上的希尔顿旅游胜地在几秒内夷为平地，3000多旅客死于晨光沐浴的大地上，同时，恐慌迅速传遍整个Briney星系。

The year was 2022. Gambling had been outlawed on every continent of the Earth by the year 2010. Except for those isolated areas where occasionally an illegally run casino would appear, the Earth was virtually casino free. And it was a very risky business proposition for those illegal entrepreneurs, because when caught, they would end up on the penal planet in the Andromeda system, for life. It was the death of casinos on Earth.

这一年是2022年，早在2010年，除了有的地方偶然出现非法赌博，那里是自由的，地球各个大洲都已宣布赌博为非法。非法企业家运作这一行业带有很大的风险，如果一旦被抓，他们将终生结束正常生活，囚禁在Adnromeda系统，因而赌场在地球上寿终正寝。

At about the time the World Congress eliminated all on-planet casino gambling, anyone with money and nerve could safely travel from the Earth to the one hundred or so known habitable planets. It was the first privately owned resort starship, funded by the billionaire descendants of the casino owners of Las Vegas, the once-glittering Earth city in the Nevada desert.

在世界委员会消除地球上的所有赌博后，有钱且胆量大的人们便乘坐飞船安全的飞离地球，到其他己知适宜人类居住的星球，几年前，仅仅是装备完善的军用飞船才能够快速在在星际旅行。仅仅几年后，第一艘非军事飞船叫做拉斯维加斯在规安装（根据美国著名赌城命名），拉斯维加斯，位于内华达沙漠腹地，曾是引人注目的赌城，那里的百万富翁大赌头的子孙们投资兴建了第一艘私人拥有的观光飞船。

All was not lost for gamblers who could afford a trip on the deep-space resort liner, the Las Vegas, built for vacationing throughout the known habitable planets of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

并不是所有的赌徒都能够支付得起太空旅行航程，拉斯维加斯，穿过我们太阳系中几处己知的适宜人类居住的星球建起通天之路。

Actually, deep space travel had been possible since the year 2015. It was a group of Michigan scientists who invented the technology for traveling to distant stars, light years from Earth, using the TSTAR space drive to move an object many times beyond the speed of light. It was first named the TSPACE drive, but had to be changed because of the highly classified nature of the drive‘s technology. Any hint at the drive‘s Capability, beyond its current use, had to be protected for security reasons. By the year 2019, with certain government restrictions and supervision ,it was possible to use the new TSTAR drive, for private use, in the starship Las Vegas.

实际上，太空旅行早在2015年已经变成可能，一群密歇根科学家，他们发明了旅行科学技术，能够达地球外数光年的遥远星球，利用TSTR太空航天器，能够超光速若干倍的速度运送物体，它最初命名为TSPACE航天器，而且根据它高精度的分类属性进行改进。*******************************************，在政府的限制和监管下，星际飞船拉斯维加斯为私人应用才变成可能。

It was their first time on the Las Vegas for this group of six .Barry Cohen and Elena Romanoff knew that it was going to be the ultimate in vacations: even better than their honeymoon in Hawaii. They convinced two other couples to join them without much coaxing since the trip was complimentary, not to mention that they would be able to gamble between star systems on the luxurious starship, the Las Vegas.

这是拉斯维加斯号的首次6人飞行，巴里·克林和埃琳娜·罗蔓沃夫深知：他们将腾空而起，到达一个遥远的地方，这要比他们在夏威夷的度蜜月更刺激。因为这次旅程免费，所以，他们没有费多少口舌便动员其他两夫妇参与，也没有提及，他们将乘坐最豪华的飞船——拉斯维加斯到星际间去赌博。

―Are you guys ready?‖ Barry asked as their jet liner prepared for final approach to the Cape Canaveral airport, in Florida. ―you know, we‘re so close to Disney World , you may want to change your mind.‖ He directed the remark to Paul Erickson, knowing that he might be able to stir him up a bit. Paul was the nervous type.

在佛罗里达州开普卡那沃罗尔机场，为航天发射的最后准备中，巴里问道：―你们都准备好了吗？你们应知道，我们类似到迪斯尼世界，现在改变注意还来得及‖。他直接对保罗·埃雷无森说，因为他知道，保罗是那种比较有激情、神经质的那种人。

―Now, Barry, I greed to go and I‘m here, ‖Paul said in his defense, moving his body forwar d to meet Barry eye to eye. His head, within inches of Barry‘s face, revealed an oval face marked by a square chin, black curly hair, dark and bushy eyebrows, and a small nose just barely capable of supporting his

gold-rimmed eyeglasses.

―现在，我同意去，我不是在这儿吗？‖保罗反击道：他移了一下身子同巴里二目相对。他的头同巴里的脸不到1英尺。保罗长着一张圆脸，方下颏，黑卷发，浓浓的眉毛，小鼻子上方架着一副金边眼镜。

―Just checking, Paul,‖ Barry said, then glancing over at Mark Simonson with a big grin. ―Because once we‘re up in the Las Vegas, you won‘t be able to change your mind.‖ Mark looked up and returned the grin. His hair was light-brown and thinning, with some strand dangling over the top of his gold wire-rimmed eyeglasses. As he smiled, he brushed his hair back where it belonged.

―那就好好检查一下吧，保罗‖然后咧嘴笑着看了马克·西门森一眼，―因为我们一旦进入拉斯维加斯号，那时就不允许改变注意了！‖马克看了，同样咧嘴笑了，马克的头发浅棕色，细长，许多缕垂在金边眼镜上方，当他微笑时，他习惯性把头发捋往身后。

―It‘s what we have all decided on, ‖Jane Erickson said, in Paul‘s defense. ―We‘re going if we have to be tied down and gagged.‖ Jane had long ,thick, black hair down to her shoulders and a hint of gray streaks, which were noticeably visible at first glance.

―That‘s the spirit,‖ Mark said.

―Come on guys, that‘s enough,‖ Susan Simonson interjected. ‖We are all going on this trip. It was decided a while ago. So let‘s stop razzing Paul. Please?‖

―那是我们共同的决定‖简·埃雷克森对保罗回击道，―我们要去，因而必须努力和保持缄默，‖简一头秀发，密密地，后垂在肩，打着弯弯的卷儿，一眼看去，尤其引人注目。―那是我们的精神所在‖马克补充说。―好了，伙计们，够了！‖苏珊·西蒙森打断话头，―我们要去远行，它难道是临时之计吗？不要再戏弄保罗了，好吗？

―I‘m surprised at you, Barry,‖ Jane said. The passenger jet was almost at the gate and people were readying their hand luggage for disembarking.‖ We‘re all going, and we‘re all going to have a great time. Enough said‖

―It was just a joke,‖ Barry said. ―I‘m sorry, Paul. Hope you weren‘t offended? ‖

―Don‘t worry about it,‖ Paul returned. ―I can take a joke or two, and I was not offended.‖ He looked a bit hurt even though he hadn‘t expressed it.

―我太惊喜了，巴里‖简说，―旅行器引擎都已在发射塔前了，人们在为登机而准备随身携带的行李‖。―我们要动身了，我们将迎来一个难忘的时刻‖埃诺说到。―仅仅是个玩笑‖巴里说：―对不起，保罗，请别当心‖。―不用担心‖保罗回答说：―我也会开一两个笑话，我不会还击的‖尽管他未再现出，但还是有点受到了伤害。

Barry quickly too k notice of Paul and said, ―No I insist on apologizing. I‘m sorry, Paul.‖ Barry had thick light-brown hair and a medium build. He seemed to be in a good mood most of the time, and usually had a smile on his face or sometimes it was grin. That was a quality everyone liked about Barry.

Just then, the flight attendant announced, ―Passengers, the aircraft is at the gate and disembarking will commence in a few minutes.‖

巴里迅速看了保罗一眼说：―我真的向你道歉，我错了‖。巴里一头浓浓的浅棕色头发，并且修剪得适中，多数时间，他心情很好，脸上常常挂着微笑，偶尔也咧嘴大笑，因而大家都与他相处友好。这时，飞船服务员宣布：―乘客们，飞行器己在发射仓，几分钟内就要起飞。‖

―Great. We made it,‖ Barry said. ―Hope you guys are ready?‖

Everyone was quiet as they moved along on the walk way to an area where their luggage and a limousine awaited them. In less than an hour, there would be no turning back, because they would be leaving Earth behind.

―太好了，我们就等这一刻‖巴里喊道：―希望伙计们都做好准备。‖ 每个人静静的沿着走廊把行李放下，一辆三排座豪华轿车正在等他们，不到一小时，他们将把地球远远抛在身后，不再回来。

Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management

Management is a complex process. Through management. managers coordinate the work of people with other resources. More formally, management is defined as the process of effectively and efficiently using an organization‘s resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Successful management requires an understanding of how a firm operates. Managers must comprehend the individual components if a firm‘s activities in order to complete their tasks properly. For example, a manager must understand how the company‘s p roducts--goods or services –are produced, financed, and distributed.

管理工作是项复杂的过程，通过管理，管理者可以使人的工作与其他资源协调一致。说的正式点，管理工作就定义成一项有效性和高效性地利用公司资源，通过制定计划，组织管理，领导监督和控制运作等功能，更好地实现公司目标。成功的管理工作要求管理者必须对公司运作有深刻的理解，为了更好地完成任务，管理者必须综合平衡个人的胜任能力和公司的产销活动。打个比方说，管理者必须了解这个公司的产品（货物或服务）是怎样生产，注入资金，怎样分配和销售的。

Effectiveness and efficiency are particularly crucial aspects of management. Effectiveness means that the right things are done to provide a product of value. Efficiency indicates that resources are used wisely and are not wasted. A successful company is one that is both effective and efficient.

高效性和有效性是管理工作尤为重要的两个方面，高效性意味着正确利用某物使之产值最大化，有效性是指明智地利用某物，不能浪费，成功的公司同时具备有效的和高效的这两个属性。

An effective manager makes certain that employees work on tasks for which they are well trained and competent. An efficient manager constantly monitors how resources are used in order to minimize waste. The resources available to a manager are human, financial, physical, and informational. Managerial success is determined principally by the degree to which mangers coordinate these resources and then use them wisely to offer customers products they want. Achieving this type of success in today‘s complex and global business environment is challenging. In part ,mangers must show employees how to welcome and adapt to constant change while helping them make extraordinary contribution.

高效的管理者要确保雇员努力工作，接受良好培训，能够胜任工作任务，高效管理者经常监督：怎样利用资源，使浪费最小化。对管理者来说，有效资源是指人力资源；财政资源，物质财产资源和信息资源，管理是否成功，主要取决于管理者如何协调这些资源，明智运用资源，为顾客们提供他们所想要的产品。在现今日益复杂化和全球化的商业环境中，要做到成功管理是非常有挑战性的，有时，管理者有必要向雇员讲明，如何接受和适应经常变换的环境，使他们做出突出贡献。

Human resources. The one critical resource in all organizations is human resources. Human resources

are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives The challenge to managers is to motivate each person to work as effectively and efficiently as possible. Mangers must also make sure that human resources have the resources they need to be productive.

人力资源，它是所有公司中最为关键的一个资源，人力资源是指人们通过自身努力和管理者的管理工作达到相关目标。对管理者最大的挑战是激励每个人尽可能有效和高效地工作，管理者也必须确保每个人都具备他们进行生产所必备的其他资源。（也就是劳动者和劳动资料紧密结合）

Financial resources. Financial resources are the monetary resources required to support a firm‘s current and future activities .These resources are used to acquire and maintain the company‘s human, physical, and informational resources.

资金资源：资金资源是支撑一个公司的当前和未来生产活动的财力资源，它常常被用来满足和维持公司的人力、物产和信息资源。

For profit companies acquire financial resources through investments made by stockholders, funds borrowed from banks and other financial institutions, and retained earnings. For governmental agencies, financial resources are provided by a local, state, and /or federal government‘s taxing authority. Donations serve as the source of financial resources for charitable organizations. churches, and other nonprofit firms.

为了利润，公司要求财力资源来支持，这些财力资金由股东投资、银行贷款、其他金融机构或自己的所挣所得构成。对于政府主办的机构公司来说，资金来源主要由地方、州或者是联邦政府的税收机关提供。捐献是慈善机构、教堂和其它非营利机构的主要资金来源。

Physical resources. A third type of resources which mangers use to accomplish objectives is known as physical resources. These include raw materials, land, buildings, furniture and office equipment, computers, machinery(including robots), and physical inventories. Clearly, physical resources are important to a firm‘s success. However, because a firm with adequate financial resources can buy the best physical equipment, educated human resources may be more important than physical resources.

物产资源：管理者用于完成各种目标的第3个资源是物产资源，它包含原材料、土地、建筑物、家具和办公设施、计算机、机器（包括机器人）和各种货物库存。很明显，物产资源对一个公司的成功运作非常重要。当然，如果一个公司有足够的财力，可以购买最上乘的物品装备，雇用受过良好培训的人力资源，那要比物产资源更重要。

Informational resources. Informational resources are data that have been analyzed and converted into forms that help managers make effective decisions. To be useful, informational resources must be correct, timely, concise, and comprehensive. Examples of these resources include budgets, sales forecasts, economic forecasts, analyses of in-house training programs, and a host of other documents that help managers make decisions.

信息资源：信息资源是经过分析和转换的数据，它能帮助管理者进行有效决策。为了更实用，信息资源必须正确、及时、简要、广泛全面。信息资源的实例包括财政预算、市场预测，经济前景预测、公司内部培训计划分析，和其他的帮助管理者决策的文献材料。

In today‘s complex global markets, the skillful use of informational resources is necessary for a company‘s success. Organizational resources are often closely related. For example, the effective and efficient use of financial markets. Sophisticated computer systems may be needed to convert data into

useful information. Human resources can achieve maximum productivity only when they have access to appropriate types of physical resources. The challenge to managers is to reorganize the overlap among resources while valuing the importance of each.

在现今复杂化全球化的市场上，信息资源的有效利用对一个公司的成功是必须的，各种资源常常是密切相关的。例如，财力资源的有效和高效利用受人力资源对国际财经市场的理解的影响。复杂的计算机系统可以用作把数据转换成为有用的信息，只有当人力资源与物质资源的正确类型相匹配时，才能实现产出最大化，对管理者的挑战就是评估各种资源的重要性时重新组合，去提重叠部分。

P23 英译汉

Managerial economics is the study of the application of economic principles of decision making in business firms or in other management units. The basic concepts are derived mainly from microeconomic theory, which studies the behavior of individual consumers, firms, and industries, but new tools of analysis have been added. Statistical methods, for example, are becoming increasingly important in estimating current and future demand for products.

管理经济学研究将经济学原理运用于企业公司或其他管理部门的决策之中。其基本概念主要来自在研究个人消费者，公司和待业的经济行为的微观经济学，但加进了新的分析方法。例如：各种统计方法在估计产品当前和今后的需求中己日渐重要。

P24汉译英

Good management is a vital element in achieving personal and social objectives. Good management can create high quality and high productivity, minimize conflicts and maximize cooperation, all of which lead to lead to an improving economy which lays an excellent foundation for personal development and social progress.

好的管理是实现个人和社会目标的不可缺少的内容。好的管理可以创造高质量的工作和高生产率，可以把冲突减至最低程度和最大限度地促进合作，所有这引起会使经济不断改善，而这又为个人发展和社会进步打下很好的基础。

Text2 Culture and International Business

The success or failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual‘s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.

国外公司的成功与否取决于它的员工能不能在新地方高效地发挥自己的聪明技巧，取决于在新的文化氛围中的两种能力：一是与工作有关系的工作能力，一是个人的工作责任心。有一个共同的因素经常导致国际商务的失败，那就是一个人在国内商务环境中取得了成功，那么他（她）同样地把这种工作技能运作于不同的文化。

Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence. At home ,US businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed information on

values, attitudes, and buying preference of US consumers; middle-and upper-level mangers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization‘s culture; and labor negotiators must be hi ghly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North American turn to the international arena; they are often only willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a dearth of information that at home would be unimaginable.

调查结果显示：海外商务公司失败的原因，并不是专业能力不胜任，而是对国外思维行为模式的不理解和不适应。在国内，美国商人用大量的知识来武装他们的雇员，消费者和商业背景。市场调研也提供了美国消费顾客的价值观、心态和购买倾向等许多详细的信息，中高水平的管理者非常精通他们错综复杂的企业文化，非常敏感劳资双方关系和激励谈判桌上的另一方伙伴。但是当北美商人们转向国际商业大舞台时，他们仅仅愿意关注顾客、雇员、和工作同事，对其他了解不多，这在国内是简直难以想像的。

The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when US corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terms of money, reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.

有关国际商务的文件资料记载了一些美国公司在国际商务环境中运作的失败案例。这些公司有的显得很好笑，有些显得很尴尬，在这样或那样的某种程度上，他们的声誉和钱财损失惨重。举例来说，美国公司在其它国家外销产品时，他们常常这样臆测：这些市场营销策略或口号在克里夫兰非常有效，那么在世界上其他的地方也肯定同样奏效，当文化内容背景改变了，一系列问题也就出现了。

Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, and it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural i gnorance…The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variable influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.

由于对文化内容背景的不注意，导致了市场营销和管理方面的重大失误，也严重影响到国际商务会谈协商的成功，时间、努力，声誉甚至是合同都因为文化背景的缺乏而丢失。世界的变化要比我们预测快得多。假如美国商人要迎接日渐紧密的互相依存的世界带来的挑战，那么他们就需要很好的理解不同的文化如何影响国际商务企业。要想取得更好的理解，在不同的文化和国际商业界成员之间的健康和谈对话是很重要的一步。

Text 3 Is Information an Exception?

Information, the content of education, differs in some ways from other commodities produced and distributed by markets. Some commentators are thus led to wonder if markets unaided by government would ensure an adequate supply. We call this viewpoint education exceptionalism because it implies education is an exception to the rules that apply to most other goods and services. Daniel Bell, for example, has written, ―Information is not a commodity, at least not in the way the term is used in neoclassical economics or understood in industrial society. Industrial commodities are produced in discrete, identifiable units, exchanged and sold, consumed and used up, like a loaf of bread or an

automobile. One buys the product from a seller and takes physical possession of it; the exchange is governed by legal rules of contract. Information, or knowledge, even when it is sold, remains with the producer. It is a collective good in that once it has been created, it is by its nature available to all.‖

Bell goes on to remark that ―it is a challenge for economic theory to design a socially optimal policy of investment in knowledge (including how much money should be spent for basic research; what allocations should be made for education, and for what fields; in what areas of health do we obtain ?the better returns'; and so on )and to determine how to ?price' information and knowledge to users.‖

The creators of new and valuable information respond to incentives, just as do the producers of more tangible products. If the property rights of the producers of information are unprotected, less will be produced and we would all be wores off. Moreover, the value of some kinds of information exists largely, or entirely, in the fact that their owners buy the right to act on them or announce them first, as in the case of patentable manufacturing processes and breaking news, In these cases, information is indeed consumed the first time it is acquired or broadcast. It is worth far less to people who acquire or rebroadcast it later.

How much information is bought and sold, rather than given away for free? The tip of the iceberg is the information technology industry. Advances in computing and data transmission technologies have made it possible to capture, store, manipulate, and transport unprecedented amounts of data at unprecedented speeds. In 1999, software programs worth $157 billion were bought and sold in the United States, and another $800 billion in hardware and services related to that software was purchased. To this could be added some part of the $30 billion spent on research and development by the pharmaceutical industry in 2001. Add biotech, engineering, much of law, management, and the broadcasting industries, and you begin to see that many industries are turning information into discrete, identifiable units, enabling it to be exchanged and sold with rights to its use governed by legal rules of contract.

Not all information is exchanged in formal markets, and Bell addresses correctly the part that is not. We benefit immensely from information we do not pay (at least not directly)to acquire Great literature and music, for example, are public goods, in the way such goods are usually defined by economists. Governments collect and process enormous quantities of data in the course of providing services (such as national defense),regulating commercial activities, collecting taxes. And performing other functions. That information is properly considered a public good, and as Bell says, deliberate decisions are required about how much to invest , how to prioritize spending, and how to price it.

Because the quantity of information being produced is enormous and much of it is not destroyed when it is consumed, we perceive it to be free. But even in many of these cases, economic transactions—choices made in the face of scarcity—occur. We acquire new information through experience, observation, or study, trading time, convenience, risk, and sometimes money for what we gain. More common than pay-per-view television, for example, is free television, but viewers still pay a price, measured in the time spent viewing commercials. For both pay-per-view and free television, the viewer buys a television set and often a cable or satellite connection from competing producers, and those producers compete with the producers of information delivered by newspaper, radio, magazines, seminars, and s o forth. Bell‘s observations underscore why the production and distribution of information are inherently economic activities. The production of information requires investment and the organization of capital and human resources, all of which take place in capitalist institutions and in competition with those seeking to reduce other goods and services. Because of its ubiquitous nature, much information is distributed spontaneously without the formal trappings of exchange, but especially valuable information is bought

and sold under terms of agreements that, although often explicit are sometimes implicit, Either kind if transaction takes place in markets, even though those markets may not resemble those in which more common commodities are traded.

Unit 3 Text1 Enjoy the Great Outdoors

Few countries have such a varied and tempting outdoors as the USA. There is every kind of climate except tropical; Arctic in Alaska, Mediterranean in southern California, temperate in the northwest and northeast, subtropical in Florida, desert in Arizona and New Mexico. Death Valley, California, has the most consistently high summer temperature in the world It sometimes persists at 132°F.

很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。除热带气候外，各种气候都具备。阿拉斯加的极地气候，加利福尼州北部的地中海式气候，东北部和西北部的温带气候，佛罗里达州的亚热带气候，亚里桑那州和新墨西哥州的沙漠气候。加利福尼亚的死亡之谷，在夏季始终保持着全世界的最高温度，有时高达132华氏度。

As for the landscape, it is enormously varied and spectacular. In the west there are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, with their snow-capped peaks, and in the east the wild, forest-covered Appalachians, whose highest summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is an abundance of waterfall, gentle rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or vast like the Great Lakes, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world and the waves which break on its shores are like the waves of the sea. In winter and in spring, campers, are tempted by the clear skies and dazzling multi-colored rocks of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Even the bleak splendor of Death Valley attracts many winter visitors.

至于山水，那可是多种多样，引人入胜，颇为壮观。西部有落基山脉和内华达山脉，那里白雪皑皑；在东部，有森林覆盖的阿拉巴契山脉，它的最高峰近7000英尺。这儿有丰富的瀑布群和涓涓小河，既有祥和宁静的小湖泊，也有像GREAT LAKES那样的大湖，这里有世界上最大的淡水湖—--苏必利尔湖。那里的波浪像大海波涛一样汹涌澎湃。冬春季节，亚里桑那、科罗拉多、和新墨西哥州和洁静滑雪和眼花缭乱的多彩岩石吸引了大批宿营人。

Everything worth seeing in the USA is accessible to campers, picnickers and vacationers. Freeways, highways, unpaved secondary roads lead you to places from where you can push off into the wilderness. Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost!

在美国最值得一瞧的是宿营人、野炊人和度假人的便利。高速路、高等公路、未铺油的二等公路四通八达，从你动身之处一直到野外。在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！

The unique contributions of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National Parks and State Parks. They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of trees .Wherever you go ,you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables and benches, garbage cans and restrooms.

美国为野外活动爱好者们所作的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园，及州立公园，这些公园布局漂亮，体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地，这些营地，或隐匿在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里，几乎能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。

Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles, called campers. There are many different kinds, from the extremely luxurious to the convertible pick-up truck. There are monster campers with every imaginable luxury, from deep freezes and microwave ovens, to plush carpets and color television sets. They can accommodate four people comfortably, and they do not necessarily belong to rich people.

有很多美国人，不管老少，更愿自己开车野营。车型多种多样，有特别豪华奢侈的，也有可折叠的轻型皮卡，许多野营者豪华程度难以想像，深色的冰箱，微波炉，长绒地毯到彩电，可以很舒服给四个人提供宿膳。但这并不仅仅是富人的专利。

Some retired couples put a large part of their savings into these ―homes on wheels‖ and spend half the year roaming the country. It satisfies a craving for the great open spaces that some of them still have in their advanced years, and it is at the same time a cheap way to live. If the price of gas goes up any further, they will simply roam less far.

许多老夫妇把他们大部分积蓄花费在―车轮子上的家‖，一年中的大半时间在国内游历，在他们的有生之年仍然心醉于渴望到开阔的地方，并且这也是一种省钱的生活方式，如果汽油价格上扬，他们就将减少游历。

Even the smallest camper cannot negotiate the steeper and more tortuous roads which lead far into the wilderness. So the adventurous often strap bicycles or motorbikes to the front of their campers. Then they are free to follow the smallest tracks up the mountains, across the deserts or into the forests.

即使是行装最简的野营者也不能够穿过陡峭险峻、蜿蜒曲折的通往野外的山间小路，这时野营者常常把他们的自行车或摩托车捆在野营地前面，然后一身轻松地穿过山间小路，穿过沙漠或森林。

Others travel the country in four-wheel-drive vehicles. They may carry with them canoes or rafts, in which they travel down rivers controlled by the National Park Service. These rivers flow through wildernesses. The adventures can camp on the riverbanks, but they are forbidden to go inland. They cannot hunt, but they are allowed to fish. Some of these rivers twist and rush down narrow canyons, or deep rocky valleys thick with forests. Rangers patrol the waters from time to time. But you travel the rivers at your own risk.

还有其他借助于四驱车旅行全国的游历者，四驱车上装着独木舟或竹筏子，下水划船游历。这些小溪由国家公园服务处管理。通往野外，这些探险者可在小河边宿营，但禁止进入内陆腹地。不准打猎，可以钓鱼，许多小河蜿蜒曲折，水流湍急，从深谷中或从森林茂密的深壑中流出。有时，偶尔与护林员相遇，沿河顠游，自担风险。

Horseback riding is a favorite but more expensive sport, and there are dude ranches in Texas and other border states where you can stay-at a price-and live the life of a cowboy or cowgirl. Other outdoor adventures can be snowshoeing through the flat forests of Michigan, snow-mobiling anywhere, skiing in the Rockies and in Alasks, surfing, water-skiing and hunting. And there are many other things besides, that you can do in the American ―great outdoors.‖

骑马旅行是时兴但花费较贵的运动，在得克萨斯州有旅游大牧场。你可以停在与它边界毗连的地方（相当贵的）做一回牛仔们的生活。其他的户外探险运动，到密歇根密林，穿雪鞋旅行，在各州的雪上开车旅行，在洛基山脉和阿拉斯加的划雪，冲浪、划水、和狩猎。你可以做美国人―伟大的户外活动者‖可作的许多的其他事情。

P39英译汉

The unique contribution of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National Parks and State Parks, They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of trees. Wherever you go, you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables, benches, garbage cans and restrooms.

美国为野外活动爱好者们所做的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园及州立公园，这些公园布局漂亮，体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地。这些营地，或在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里几乎总能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。

P40 汉译英

Few countries have such a varied and tempting ―Outdoors‖ as the USA. It has different kinds of climate and a spectacular landscape. Freeways and highways lead you to any places where there are things worth seeing Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles called ―campers‖. Some retired couples put a large part of their saving into such ―home on the wheels‖ and spend half of the year roaming the country, enjoying the great outdoors.

很少国家能像美国这样有如此多样诱人的野外旅游资源。美国气候多样，风景秀丽，公路四通八达，人们可以驱车前往任何值得观光的地方。许多美国人，无论老幼，都喜欢开野营车外出野营。有些老年退休夫妇将他们很大一部分的储蓄存款用来购买这种―车上家园‖。他们每年花半年时间漫游美国，享受野外的绚丽风光。

Text 2 Bull Fighting

Bull fighting is not a sport. It is a tragedy, and it symbolizes the struggle between man and the beasts. There are usually six bulls to a fight. A fight is called a corrida de toros. Fighting bulls are bred like race horses, some of the oldest breeding establishments being several hundred years old. A good bull is worth about $2000. They are bred for speed, strength and viciousness. In other words. A good fighting bull is an absolutely incorrigible bad bull.

斗牛不仅仅是一项运动，它是一项策略。代表了人与兽之间的争斗。常常是一人对六牛，斗牛的勇士被称之为斗牛士。斗牛像赛马一样，经过训练，很多古老的斗牛训练基地已有几百年历史，一头上好的斗牛大约值2000美元，它们被用作进行速度、力量和难以驾驭的烈性训练。换句话说，一头上乘斗牛绝对不可能是任性蹩脚的病牛。

But fighting is an exceedingly dangerous occupation. In the sixteen fights I saw there were only two in which no one was badly hurt. On the other hand it is very remunerative. A popular espada gets $5000 for his afternoon‘s work. An unpopular espada, though, may not get $500. Both run the same risks. It is a good deal like Grand Opera for the really great matadors, except they run the chance of being killed very time, they cannot hit high C.

但是，斗牛是一项极其危险的职业。在我看过的16场战斗中，仅仅有两例没有受到致命损伤。从另一个

角度，斗牛业收入非常丰厚。一个受欢迎的斗牛士每个下午收入5000美元，不熟练的斗牛士，尽管冒着同样风险，收入却不到500美元。对伟大的斗牛士来说，它是一道像恢宏盛大的歌剧一样的大餐，除非机会不佳被牛踩死，否则的话他们会获C类高分。

No one at any time in the fight can approach the bull except directly from the front. That is where the danger comes. There are also all sorts of complicated passes that must be done with the cape, each requiring as much technique as a champion billiard player. And underneath it all is the necessity for playing the old tragedy in the absolutely custom bound, law-laid-down way. It must all be done gracefully, seemingly effortless and always with dignity. The worst criticism the Spaniards very make of a bullfighter is that his work is ―vulgar.‖

在战斗中，除非直接站在斗牛前面，没有人能在任何时候靠近斗牛，在斗牛正前方，随时都有危险来临，用红斗蓬完成各种复杂的步骤，每次都像台球手冠军一样需要完美臻熟的技巧。在斗牛过程中，每一步都需要发挥纯熟的策略，严格按照约定俗成，放倒斗牛的规则方法。击败斗牛必须优雅美观，表面看来轻松容易，并且要显得雍容高贵。对斗牛士最挑剔的批评就是他的斗牛工作―粗野平庸‖。

The tree absolute acts of the tragedy are first the entry of the bull when the picadors receive the shock of his attacks and attempt to protect their horses with their lances. Then the horses go out and the second act is the planting of the banderillos. This is one of the most interesting and difficult part but among the easiest for a new bullfight fan to appreciate in technique. The banderillos are three-foot, gaily colored darts with a small fish hook prong in the end. The man who is going to plant them walks out into the arena alone with the bull. His lifts the bandrillos at arm‘s length and points them toward the bull. Then he calls ―Toro! Toro!‖ The bull charges and the banderillero rises to his toes, bends in a curve forward and just as the bull is about to hit him drops the darts into the bull‘s hump just behind his horns.

斗牛策略三部曲的第一步是斗牛的入场，这时，斗牛士助手扰动来自斗牛的进攻，并且用长矛保护好他们的所骑之马，然后，骑马斗牛士离场。第二步是短茅枪的植入，这是最刺激和最困难的一步，在这一步骤中，斗牛士粉丝们最易欣赏到斗牛技巧，植入的短茅是一个三足、尾部带有鱼钩的灰色标枪。这时斗牛人单独同斗牛在舞台中，他把短茅举起有一臂高，直指对面的斗牛。然后他高喊道：―斗牛，斗牛‖ ，当斗牛向他猛冲时，他抬起手把箭茅植入斗牛角后肉峰中。

They must go in evenly, one on each side. They must not be shoved, or thrown or stuck in from the side. This is the first time the bull has been completely baffled, there is the prick of darts that he cannot escape and there are no horses for him to charge into. But he charges the man again and again and each time he gets a pair of the long banderillos that hang from his hump by their tiny barbs and flop like porcupine quills.

斗牛士们必须走动均匀，每人在一边，他们必须不能让牛撞击，被摔倒或被牛角戮伤，这是斗牛第一次完全受挫，肩上带刺的短茅枪摆脱不掉，并且没有骑马斗牛士被袭击，因而它一次又一次向斗牛士猛冲，但每冲一次，它都被一副带刺的短茅钩在肉峰中，最后，它像豪猪一样，砰地摔倒在地。

Last is the death of the bull, which is in the hands of the matador who has had charge of the bull since his first attack. Each matador has two bulls in the afternoon. The death of the bull is most formal and can only be brought about in one way, directly from the front by the matador who must receive the bull in full charge and kill him with a sword thrust between the shoulders just back of the neck and between the horns. Before killing the bull, he must first do a series of passes with the muleta, a piece of red cloth he carries about the size of large napkin. With he muleta the torero must show his complete mastery of the bull, must made the bull miss him again and again by inches, before he is allowed to kill him, It is in this phase that most of the fatal accidents occur.

最后一步是斗牛之死，自从斗牛第一次攻击以来便一直在斗牛士的掌控之下，每个斗牛士下午都有两头斗牛去战斗，斗牛之死大多是非常正常的。但是斗牛之死只能由一种方法引起，那就是由斗牛士直接从前方刺入，全在斗牛士的掌控之下，把箭茅插在颈部后背两肩之间和两角之间。在杀死斗牛之前，他必须首先要做一系列躲闪，用红布遮掩着，他手里拿着一方巾大小的红布。在红布的帮助下，徒步斗牛士必须完全支配斗牛，并且使斗牛一次又一次扑空，在斗牛被杀死前的这一阶段，致命事故最易发生。

The word ―toreador‖ is obsolete Spanish and is never used. The torero is usually called an espada or swordsman. He must be proficient in all three acts of the fight. In the first act, he uses the cape and does veronicas

And protects the picadors by taking the bull out and away from them when they are spilled to the ground. In the second act, he plants the banderillos. In the third act, he masters the muleta and kills him.

―斗牛士‖这个词是旧时西班牙的产物，现在已经不用，徒步斗牛士常常被称作―espada‖或武士，他必须精通战斗三部曲，在第一步中，他双腿和脚保持静止，同时将所持红斗蓬徐徐转离攻击之牛，并且当骑马斗牛士翻落在地时保护好他们。第二步，他植入短茅，第三步，他舞动红斗蓬并且杀死斗牛。

Few toreros excel in all three departments. Some, like young Chicuelo, are unapproachable in their cape work. Others like the late Joselito are wonderful banderilleros. Only a few are great killers. Most of the greatest killers are gypsies.

很少有斗牛士在这三部中都表现优秀，也有一些像Chicuelo一样的在他们红斗蓬生涯中是无与伦比的，其他的像晚一些的Joselito也是些神奇的短茅枪植入手。仅仅一小部分斗牛士是伟大的杀手，这其中的绝大部分是吉仆赛人。

Unit 4 Text1 Animal Life

EXCERPT A

The world‘s first litter of cloned pigs is raising hope that pigs might soon serve as organ donors for humans. In March, the Scottish company PPL Therapeutics, a spin-off of the research institute that cloned Dolly the lamb, announced the birth of five piglets cloned from an adult pig cell. Scientists had previously cloned cows and goats, but pigs have been the focus of transplant research because they are more physiologically similar to humans.

世界上第一窝克隆猪燃起了人们的希望，不久克隆猪就可以作为人类器官的捐献者。三月份，苏格兰PPL医疗研究所，曾经克隆过多利羊的研究所的一个子公司。他们宣布：取自成年猪细胞的5只克隆猪诞生。科学家先前曾克隆过牛和山羊，但是克隆猪成为移植的焦点，是因为猪在生理上与人类差不多。

The hope is that by combining cloning with genetic engineering. scientists will be able to create a population of pigs whose organs do not trigger a rejection when transplanted into humans. Although the five piglets were not genetically engineered, PPL has grown pig cells in the lab and successfully knocked out one gene responsible for initiating rejection. The next step is to remove some of the other major genes involved, and then clone these genetically modified cells.

燃起的希望是在于使克隆技术与基因工程两者相结合。科学家们能够制造出一定数量的克隆猪，当移植给人类时，它们的器官不再引发排斥反应。尽管那五只小猪崽并未进行过基因设计，但PPL已经在实验室培植了猪细胞并且成功淘汰了引发排斥反应的一个基因，下一步就是去掉其它有关的主要基因，然后再用基因转换细胞克隆猪。

EXCERPT B

Marine iguanas living in the Galapagos Islands can do something that was once thought to be impossible for adult vertebrates. They can change their body length, growing or shrinking by as much as 20 percent.

生活在加拉帕戈斯群岛的海边大晰蜴能够做出一度被认为是成年脊椎动物不可能作出的事情。他们能够改变身体长度，能够伸长或收缩大约20%多。

Scientists who observed their changes over the course of 18 years say that larger lizards shrank more than smaller ones, and females shrank more than comparably sized mates. Periods of greatest shrinkage coincided with EL Nino events, when food supplies were diminished. Lizards that shrank more during these periods survived longer than their larger peers.

观察研究这种变化达18年之久的科学家说：大点的蜥蜴收缩幅度比小点儿的要大，同尺寸大小的雌性要比雄性收缩幅度大。身体收缩最大值与厄尔尼诺现象的出现相一致。厄尔尼诺发生时，食物供应下降，身体收缩更大一点的要比它们的同类生存得更长。

Since marine iguanas can live more than 28 years, and EL Nino recur at roughly 3-to-7-year intervals, ―adult iguanas can switch between growth and shrinkage several times over the course of their lives, ‖says Martin Wikelski of the University of Illinois, who conducted the research with Corinna Thorn of the University of Wurzbury in Germany. ―For animals on the margin between life and death, shrinkage increases the chances for survival,‖ Wikelski explains.Iguanas exercise less during EL Nino periods, and have elevated corticosterone levels that are indicative of stress. ―If we can understand the mechanism for bone shrinkage and regrowth in lizards, the knowledge might someday be applied to reverse the debil itating conditions in humans, ‖Wikelski says.

―由于海边蜥蜴能够生存长达28年，厄尔尼诺则每隔3—7年一次，那么成年蜥蜴在它们生命历程中要收缩和伸长好几次。‖伊利诺州立大学的马丁·威尔斯基教授说，他同时与德国伍兹伯利大学的科琳娜·索恩展开研究，―对于动物来说，处在生与死的边缘时刻，身体收缩能增加它们生存的机会，‖威克尔斯教授说。在厄尔尼诺期间，晣蜴们减少活动，同时，肾上腺升高表明了它们的焦虑。―如果我们能够弄明白大晣蜴骨骼收缩和重新生长结构原理，这些知识或许某一天对人类脆弱的状况有所帮助‖威克尔斯基说。

EXCERPT C

People often experience tress as a result of events in their lives. Stress is a physical condition that results from real or expected problems. People may experience tress when they lose a job or feel threatened. Common signs include heart rate, higher blood pressure and muscle tension.

人们在日常生活中必然要经历焦虑，焦虑是来自于真实棘手的问题或渴望达到的问题的一种身体不建康的状况。当人们丢失工作或受到威胁时，便感到焦虑，共同的特征那就是心脏跳动加快，血压升高，肌肉高度紧张。

American agriculture experts say farm animals also may experience stress. Animals may experience stress after giving birth or for other reasons. They say stress may affect meat quality, milk production and the general health of farm animals.

美国农业专家指出：家畜们也会同时经历焦虑，家畜生产后或其他原因易患焦虑症，他们说，焦虑会影响家畜的肉质，奶产量和健康。

Experts say stress in animals is more difficult to identify. Farmers can look for signs such as lower than expected body weight and increased risk of disease. Ted Elsasser is a scientist at the United States

Agricultural Research Service. He is studying possible signs of stress on animals. He says changed proteins called nitrated proteins may serve as an early warning system for the problem.

专家指出：动物的焦虑难以识别，农户们可以寻找一些征兆，如体重比预想的要轻，生病的风险几率增加等。特德·埃尔萨瑟，他是美国农科所的科学家，他的研究方向就是动物焦虑的征兆，他说，改变了的蛋白质即硝化蛋白对预防该问题有很大帮助。

Currently, farmers use antibiotics to treat stress in animals. However, repeated use of antibiotics can lead to bacteria that resist the drugs. Mister Elsasser is studying another method. He found that Vitamin E may protect farm animals against the harmful effects of stress.

一般情况下，农夫们用抗生素来治疗动物的焦虑，然而，抗生素的反复使用会导致细菌的抗药性，埃尔萨瑟先生正在研究另一种方法。他发现，维生素E能够使动物免于焦虑的伤害。

In an experiment, he gave Vitamin E to six young cows. He then injected the animals with a harmful substance taken from the cell walls of bacteria. This toxin causes the defense system of the animals to react as if an infection were present. The scientist injected six other calves with only the toxin. Four other cows did not receive the toxin or the Vitamin E. All of the animals that received the toxin had lower levels of a natural growth substance in their liver and blood, compared with the untreated calves. However, the calves that were given Vitamin E and the toxin had higher levels of the growth factor than those that received only the toxin. The calves given Vitamin E helps support growth rates and may prevent some infections. Hew says being able to prevent infections linked to stress could lead to lower medical costs and healthier farm animals.

他做了个实验：给六头小牛注入维生素E，同时也从细菌中提取有毒物质给这6头小牛注入，毒素一旦被注入，便引发了动物免疫系统开始反应。他又给其他六头小牛仅仅注入毒素，四头小牛仅注入维生素E。比起不注入毒素的小牛，所有注入毒素的这些动物在它们的肝脏和血液中自然生长物质水平很低。但是那些既注入维生素E又注入毒素的小牛比起那些仅注入毒素的要生长得快一些。那些注入维E的小牛能够从有害物质的影响中迅速恢复。埃尔萨瑟部长说：用维生素E可以加速生长和防止染病。也能够预防与焦虑有关的各种传染病，减少医药开支，增强动物健康。

EXCERPT D

A tiny mutation in a gene common to mammals may have changed the destiny of humanity. The gene, fox-P2—identified by British researchers two years ago—could have been the switch that lit up art, culture and social hehaviour in Homo sapiens 50 000 years age.

普通基因的微小变化最终导致了人类的重大变化。两年前由英国科学家证实的Fox-P2基因，拨动了5万前古人类的艺术、文化和重大社会行为的变化。

Richard Klein, an anthropologist at Stanford University in California, said that early modern humans 100 000 years ago were confined to Africa and seemed no different from their now-extinct cousins Home Neanderthalensis and Homo Erectus in Europe and Asia. Then, 50 000 years ago, behaviour altered dramatically: ―There was a biological change, a genetic mutation of some kind that promoted the fully modern ability to create and innovate.‖ ―When you look at the archaeological record before 50 000 years age, it is remarkable homogeneous.There are no geographically delineated groups of artifacts. Suddenly, modern-looking people began to behave in a modern say, producing art and jewellery …manufacturing styles and different cultures.‖ Anthropologists have argued for years about this.Some researchers say population increase triggered creativity.

加利福尼来斯坦福大学的古人类研究学家理查德·克莱因指出：早在10万前，生活在非洲的早期现代人

类已被证实为与欧亚两洲的尼安德特人和直立人没有太大的区别，然而5万年前，人类的生活行为发生了梦幻般地改变。―这是一种生物体的改变，某种基因突变导致现代人类具有了创新和改革的能力‖，―当你查寻一下5万年前古人类的记录，它有着惊人的共同特征，不存在典型的地域特征‖，突然间，类人猿们开始以现代行为方式开始生活，产生了艺术、和珍宝……各种多样的表演形式和不同的文化‖。多年来，古生物学家一直为之辩论，也有许多研究者说是人口的增长触发了改革的创新。

英译汉

Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is response to a potentially harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then, for supposing that animals, though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not experience pain? Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the mental life of animals and men.

一般而言，参与人体痛觉经历的神经组织至少在哺乳动物身上都可以找到，这并不令人惊讶，因为疼痛是对潜在的危险刺激物的反应，从而具有使动物衍息生存下去的生物学意义。那么，在动物拥有所有必要的神经结构的情况下，人们有什么理由认为它们不能感觉疼痛？那种认为动物不能感受疼痛的看法似乎认定动物与人类的精神生活中存在质的区别。

汉译英

Animals are more lie us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, they show affection, excitement and love. All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years-and such results are beginning to change how we view animals. Scientists obtained those reaction of animal through careful observation and laboratory testing. It is still uncertain If such reactions could degrade the meat quality of farm animals.

近年来科学家的发现使我们开始改变对动物的看法。原来动物与人类的相似之处比我们想象的要多得多。它们也能感受痛苦，体验压力，表达情感、兴奋和爱。科学家通过对动物的认真观察或检测获得它们的这些情感反应。现在尚不清楚家畜的这些反应是否会对其肉的品质生产影响。

Unit 5 Text1 Lincoln in History

The annals of the past contain few accounts of truly good men. Historians are more used to analyzing a mixture of ingredients, good and bad intentions, success and failure, high endeavors threatened by flaws in execution, and to balance out the sums ending with a careful plus or minus.

过去的历史记载中真正的伟人为数不多。历史学家更多的采用综合因素分析，动机的好与坏，成功或失败，努力尝试的程度，在执行过程中被缺点错误的干扰威胁等，然后略加酌减，综合平衡，得出结论。

Lincoln is rare in providing much for history to ponder and reflect on but little to dispute with except in the shortcomings in the execution of his policies. He is the rarer for his absolute success through four years of bitter politics and bloody warfare.

林肯是少有的能够经得起历史的考验与反馈，但争议很少的伟人。在政策实施中的缺点小错除外。在四年的艰苦卓绝的政治生涯和血腥战争中，他是非常罕见的绝对的成功者

He sought power, without pretending otherwise, and exercised it to the full. But he is singular, perhaps unique in history, in that he was never corrupted by power. His ambition was tied not to personal gain but to a pair of succeeding and complementary principles; to restore a nation dedicated to the proposition that ―all men are created equal‖ and to ensure that a union so recovered was purged of the great contradiction which had lain at the heart of its constitution.

他寻求权力，没有自吹自擂，然后全面运用，他是卓绝的，也可以说在历史上是独一无二的。他没有因拥有权力而腐败。他的雄心抱负所系，并不是个人所得，而是成功完成相配套的系列方针政策，重建国家，献身于―所有人天生平等‖的美好事业，剔除存在各组织机构内的各种矛盾，确保整个国家战线统一。

His loyalty to government by consent required that he could only achieve his aims if his fellow citizens agreed with him and could be held to their purpose through the darkest hours. In that art of persuasion, he was a consummate politician, subtly and ruthlessly working the levers of parties and politicians to achieve a balance between the fractions and factions of competing groups and ideas, whose particular interests threatened to destroy the precarious patriotism which sustained the army. He listened, avoided argument, kept his counsel, and then he made his decisions from which he could not diverge.

他忠诚于美国人民选出和支持的政府。经过他的选民同意，他不仅能实现自己的目标，而且能够完成他们共同的决心打算，度过最困难黑暗的时光。就说服艺术而论，他是一位高明的政治家，细致、无情面地工作在各种党派和政要之间，使各种琐碎繁杂的工作、各党派之间达成一种默契平衡。对于那些理想观点，尤其是来自军队，受危险的爱国主义威胁的观点，他认真倾听，避开争吵，保持自己的决策不偏离常规。

His skills in reconciling oppositions and commanding their respect grew from his apprenticeship in the little rural communities where he had learned to make his way though the full diversity of the world, and from his long reflective self-observation in times of depression, which gave him the same sympathetic insight into the character of others that he had into himself. As the war continued and the casualty figures grew, the found a convinced agnostic faith that there was some divine purpose in the affairs of men, though he could not define or confine the deity within any Christian confession. A man must observe the ebb and flow of events and act on what he can discern in the tides. He had no faith that man could deflect God from his course.

他调解反对者的娴熟技巧，博得了他们的尊重。这从他在乡下小社区当学徒开始。他也学会了通过世界多样性的来改变自己的处世方法，在情绪落消沉的日子，学会了自我反思。这样，别人的性格就以同情欣赏的态度进入了他的内心。随着战争的继续和伤亡人员的增加，他发现了人们中以占卜为目的前途渺茫的无聊信仰。基督教派内部，他虽不能够规定或限制神性。一个人必须观察世事盛衰，并在时代潮流中根据自己的观察而有年作为。他的信仰理念是一个人不可能使自己的历程与上天偏离。

Lincoln‘s humility about his own capabilities saved him from jealous rivalries or disputes; he saw sincerity even in the views of his bitterest critics and in the rebel leaders. He infuriated his supporters and enemies alike by his apparent dithering when decisive action was needed, but he turned their strictures into constructive advice from which, in the end, the evolved his decision. He had had to teach himself the job of being president in the most challenging moment in the nation‘s history and as he learned so he commanded more and more personal respect. He died with the noblest part of the great task achieved-the end of slavery. The very near religious veneration in which he was held at his death grew rapidly in the dark days of reconstruction when the new government attempted to complete the job

by defining a meaning for freedom and equality which now include all Americans.

林肯谦让虚心的才能使他在傲慢的竞争对手和尖锐的争议中保全了自己，他看上去真诚亲切，即使是最挑剔的指责者和反对党领导人也这样认为。他十分生气的是他的支持者和仇敌一样，当关键时候来临时，显得非常明显的慌乱紧张，犹豫不决，但他仍就把他们的指责苛求转换成建设性建议。最后，逐渐形成自已的决策。在国家历史上最有挑战性的时刻，他必须教会自己适应总统工作。他做到了，并且赢得了越来越多的个人声望。当最神圣伟大的任务----奴隶制度的终结---刚刚完成，他就走了。他去世后，人们对他虔诚的崇拜仍在继续。在国内统一战争的黑暗日子里，当时新政府试图完成包括所有美国人在内的自由平等的工作。

The legend as it grew obscured the real man but the core of the story is true and achievements of the greatest President remain unchallenged and untarnished. He ensured the survival of ―the last best hop e of earth‖-popular government and the rule of the law. Without Lincoln‘s presidency, the fortunes of all other nations ―so convinced in liberty‖ would have been at risk and the rest of the free world would have been left on its own to face the dark forces which ravaged the globe in the twentieth century.

人物传记逐渐模糊暗淡了这位伟人。但这个故事的核心是真实可考的，并且他作为最伟大的总统所取得的成就仍然不容挑战，不容玷污。他深信：―全球最美好的希望‖----民众政府和法制社会将继续，不会消亡。没有林肯总统的管理，二十世纪，―笃信自由‖的其他民族还将面临风险，自由世界的其他国家仍就面对蹂躏全球的黑暗势力。

P71英译汉

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We have met on a great ballet-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives so that the nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor ling remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

目前我们正在进行一场伟大的国内战争，我们的国家或任何一个有着同样理想与目标的国家能否长久存在，这场战争就是一次考验。我们在这场战争的一个伟大的战场上相聚。我们来到这里，将这战场的一小块土地奉献给那些为国家生存而英勇捐躯的人们，作为他们最后的安息之地。我们这样做是完全恰当的，完全应该的。

然而，从更深一层的意义上来说，我们没有能力奉献这块土地，没有能力使这块土地变得神圣。因为曾在这里进行过斗争的那些活着和已经死去的勇士们，已经使这块土地变得如此圣洁，我们微薄的力量已不能再对它有所改变，我们今天在这时说的话，世人不会注意，也不会长久记住，但这些英雄的业绩，人们将永记不忘。

P72汉译英

His working day started in his office before breakfast and was followed by reading papers, signing documents and seeing ministers, After a light lunch, he might ride, or drive with his wife, perhaps visiting a soldiers‘ hospital or a camp. After supper he might return for another three hours in his office or wal k

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

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家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

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学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译

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Unit 1 ●翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏） https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8710970431.html,passion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity—sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6) 慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。 2.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。 3.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount—and that the crisis allowed them to recognize in line with their new priorities. (Para.14) 他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。 4.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self–loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. (Para.16) 他们和经历创伤的幸存者所反复经历的感觉过程一样：自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。 ●复述： 1.Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. (Para.13) It is necessary for people to take effort consciously in order to fulfill these changes and compromise with a new reality. 2.They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. (Para.15) They are surprised by their power and they are confident that they can deal with whatever they experience through life. 3.The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. (Para.17) It is likely for parents with new-born babies to feel depressed and to feel difficult to maintain their marriage because they have been deprived of sleeping hours and they have to put aside their personal pleasure in order to care for the baby. Unit 4 ●翻译： 1.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling th rough long stretches of prose. (Para.1) 过去总是不费什么劲儿就能让自己沉浸在一本书或者一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。 2.Even when I’m not working, I’m as likely as not to be foraging in the Web’s info–thickets — reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。