高级英语张汉熙笔记

Introduction

--- to advance students’abilities in the Reading Comprehension

--- to advance students’abilities in the differentiation of the synonyms ,antonyms ,etc and enlarge their vocabulary (more than10,000w)

--- to advance students’abilities in the identification, appreciation and application of the figures of speech (metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, antithesis, personification, pun, onomatopoeia, parallelism, alliteration, etc. )

--- to cultivate students’abilities in trans-cultural --- to develop students’skills in analysis and paraphrases communication (emphasis on culture learning)

--- to cultivate students’abilities in the appreciation of writings in English originals

An example: Objectives of teaching

to learn and master the vocabulary and expressions

to learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences

to comprehend the whole text

to understand the structure of the text

to appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.

Teaching content 1

Teaching material (textbook)

“Advanced English” Boo k 1

---Zhang Hanxi (张汉熙主编)

---Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (外语教学与研究出版社)How to Write a Book Report The front cover includes

Title（书名/文章题目）: _____________

Author（作者）:_______________

Class and grade:_______________

No. of pages or no. of words（页数或字数）:______________

Name the main character（主人公）:___

Date: M/D/Y

How to Write a Book Report p

1. Brief introduction to the author and the book;

2. The peculiarity of the book in the expressing or developing the content;

3. The most impressive part ;

4. The message delivered by the author;

5. Your favorite part;

6. Your comment or opinion on the book;

7. What you have got after reading the book;

8. The citations.

Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar

Lead-in

Textual Structure of the Text

Detailed Study of the Text

Rhetorical Devices

The Middle East

Generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic

Turkey.

The Middle East is a loosely defined geographic region; the countries listed are generally considered part of the Middle East. These Middle East countries are part of the Asian continent, with the exception of Egypt, which is part of Africa, and the northwestern part of Turkey, which is part of the European landmass.

Rich in oil, linking point of three continents. Nearby five seas: Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea (里海)

Bazaar

Bazaar: A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East.

---handicraft economy, contrast to the modern society

Three famous bazaars in the Middle East:

The Khan Khalili Bazaar in Cairo, Egypt

埃及开罗汗·哈利利集市

The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey

土耳其伊斯坦布尔大市集

The Damascus Bazaar in Syria

叙利亚大马士革集市

China’s most busiest markets:

Xiushui Street and Da Zha Lan in Beijing

北京大栅栏和秀水街

References

“The history of Middle East”

(Mesopotamia Civilization, Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Middle East Wars)

“The Bible—Old Testament”

(the first half of the Christian Bible)

“Talmud”塔尔穆德(犹太法典)

(the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism)犹太法典中的几句箴言

有四种人，一种人说：“我的是我的，你的是你的。”这是平凡人；一种人说：“我的是你的，你的

是我的。”这是庸俗人；一种人说：“你的我的全是我的。”这是邪恶人；一种人说：“我的你的全是你的。”这是敬虔人。

上帝不以男人的头创造女人，因为女人不可支配男人；但也不以男人的脚创造女人，因为女人不

可成为男人的奴隶；而以男人的肋骨创造女人，因为要她永远贴近他的心。

20岁不潇洒，30岁不成业，40岁不富有，50岁不幸福，那一辈子就完了。

Section I (Para 1)

3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as

the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.

a)heat cool

b)Glare dark

c)open square cavern

as far as the eye can see

the words eye and ear are used in the singular form not to mean the concrete organ of sight or hearing

but something abstract; they are often used figuratively. Here the eye means man’s power of seeing or eyesight.

–She has an eye for beauty. （审美眼光）

–She has an ear for music.(对音乐有鉴赏力)

–The boy has a sharp eye.（敏锐的眼光）

–The big poster caught my eye.（引起某人注意）

–Keep an eye on that mischievous boy.（留意，照看）

–To turn a blind eye to sth.（对…视而不见）

–To turn a deaf ear to sth. （对…充耳不闻）

Glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and welcome a “bright sunlight”刺眼的光

太阳光很刺眼，我得戴上墨镜。

I have to wear sunglasses because of the glare of the sun.

Cavern：a cave, especially a large cave. Here, it is a long, narrow, dark street of workshops and shops

with some sort of roof over them.

In our text it means the bazaar looks like a cavern because it is a long, narrow, and dark street of

workshops and shops with some sort of a roof over it. Here the author employed a metaphor (隐喻，暗喻)to achieve vividness.

Glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light, not so agreeable and welcome a “bright sunlight”刺眼的光

太阳光很刺眼，我得戴上墨镜。

I have to wear sunglasses because of the glare of the sun.

Cavern：a cave, especially a large cave. Here, it is a long, narrow, dark street of workshops and shops

with some sort of roof over them.

In our text it means the bazaar looks like a cavern because it is a long, narrow, and dark street of

workshops and shops with some sort of a roof over it. Here the author employed a metaphor (隐喻，暗喻)to achieve vividness.

Losing itself in the shadowy distance:

The place is dark, so when the street is long, objects in the distance become unclear and indistinct (faint,

dim).

The word shadowy suggests shifting illumination and indistinct vision.

Disappearing in the faint distance; beyond one’s eyesight.

What kind of sound do the bells make?

harmoniously tinkling bells: the sounds from the bells are rhythmic and pleasant to the ear

E.g.: He has only a few coins tinkling/jingling in his pocket.

How do the donkeys move?

thread one’s way: to move through a place by carefully going around things that are blocking one’s

way

E.g.: The cat threaded its way among the dishes on the shelf.

Do you think it is ok to replace "throngs" with "crowds" in this sentence? Why? Please explain the

differences between throngs of people and crowds of people, and why the writer uses“the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar” instead of “crowds of people”?

throngs of people : a stronger implication of movement and of pushing and a weaker implication of

density

熙熙攘攘的人群（动态）

crowds of people: emphasize its density

拥挤的人群(静态)

5. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.

Stall: small, open-fronted shop used by a trader in a market, on a street货摊

E.g.: a book-stall; a flower-stall

goods of every conceivable kind: goods of every kind you can think of

e.g. people of every conceivable age, nationality; buildings of every conceivable 6. The din of the

stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.

What sources does the din come from?Illustrate the sentence pattern “the din of …”

parallelism :

a)stall-holders crying their wares

b)donkey-boys and porters clearing a way Din: specific word of noise ; loud, confused noise that continues 喧嚣

c) E.g.: The children were making so much din that I could not make myself heard.

d)Explain the differences between“din” and “noise”.

e)din : specific; noise: general

f)Din:confused ( the mixture of crying their wares, clearing a way, arguing and bargaining)

g)noise: unpleasant sound.

h)would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining

wares(always-pl.) articles offered for sale, usu. not in a shop. The word gives the impression of

traditional commodity, items, goods, more likely to be sold in free-markets.

Ware (usually used in combination) articles of the same kind or material; 制品，器具，货物

E.g.: silverware, bronze ware, kitchenware, software, hardware

would-be :likely, intended to be

e.g.: a would-be musician / football player

dizzy: feeling as if everything were turning round , mentally confused

e.g.: If you suffer from anemia, you often feel dizzy.

The two-day journey on the bus makes me dizzy.

How do you paraphrase this sentence “The din ... and makes you dizzy: ”?

The loud, confused noise of …continues without interruption and makes you feel mentally confused.

What’s your genera l impression of the entrance of Middle Eastern bazaar? From what

perspectives does the writer describe?

General impression: ancient (take you back hundreds of years, aged brick and stone. )

The writer describes the entrance from the perspectives of sight, feeling, and sound.

a)Sight: glare, dark, as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.

b)Feeling: heat, cool

c)Sound: tinkling, din, crying their wares, shouting vigorously, arguing and bargaining

Summary

The writer describes the bazaar with sound from the animal and human-being at the very beginning, so as to present a lively and busy atmosphere.

Introduction: A description of the entrance to the bazaar

a. The Gothic gateway

b. Contrast between the heat and glare in the open square and the coolness and dimness in the interior of

the bazaar

c. Another contrast between the pleasing sound of the tinkling of donkey bells and the confusing din

d. The little stalls encroaching on the street, making the roadway narrower and narrower.

Section 2 (Para 2)

Questions

(1) What was your general impression of the cloth-market? How does the writer achieve this?

General impression: quiet

The writer describes the cloth-market as a quiet place, mainly from the perspective of sound.

e.g. the noise fades away, muted, deadens the sound, hardly any sounds to echo, measured tones.

Paragraph 1 and 2 show a sharp contrast of sound.

The entrance is with a continuous mixture of sounds, while the cloth-market is comparatively much

quiet.

Why is the cloth—market muted?

The earthen floor deadens the sound of the footsteps; the shopkeepers speak in low, measured tones and

the buyers follow suit.

(3) The earthen floor . . . any sounds to echo: (translate into Chinese)

这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥

砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。

Then, as you….

penetrate: to pierce or pass into or through. The word penetrate is used here to indicate that you have

to pass through a big crowd in order to go deeper into the market.

fade away: go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappearing

His anger fades away.

mute:

verb: to reduce the sound of, to make a sound softer than usual 使声音变弱

Here in the text the word "muted" is used to suggest the compelling circumstances, forcing you to lower

your sound.

n. a person who cannot speak哑巴

She was born a deaf mute.

the first sentence:

The farther you push / force Paraphrase your way into the bazaar, the lower and softer the noise becomes

until finally it disappears. Then you arrive at the cloth-market where the sound is hardly audible.

beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it, suggesting

ancientness, timelessness(永恒）. The path becomes flat due to the treading of countless people through thousands of years.

We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.

deaden: to cause to lose strength, force, feeling, and brightness

e.g.: Two of these pills will deaden the ache.

Vault:

1 拱形圆顶：arched roof

The vault of the cathedral is 150 feet above the floor.

2 保险库

Vaults are often made of steel.

The vault of heaven 苍穹

Measured: steady, slow and deliberate; suggesting lack of speed, paying attention to what to say （深思

熟虑的）

E.g.: His reply was stated in measured phrases.

Measure: 仔细考虑

E.g.: She works hard and doesn’t measure the cost to her health.

overwhelm: overcome, control completely and usu. suddenly

e.g.: Sorrow overwhelmed the family.

She was overwhelmed with grief.

They won an overwhelming victory / majority.

Sepulchral : suggestive of the grave of burial; dismal, gloomy阴森森的，阴郁的

A sepulchral face ; speak in sepulchral tones; look quite sepulchral

Main idea:

The description of the muted cloth-market is a contrast to the gateway of the market. The noise at the

gateway makes people dizzy, the gloomy atmosphere of the cloth-market makes people to follow suit.

Section 3 (Para 3-4)

Peculiarity: a distinguishing characteristic, special feature, suggesting difference from normal or usual, strangeness.特点，奇特之处

One of his peculiarities is that his two eyes are not the same color.deal in: sell and buy, trade in

This merchant deals in silk goods.

scatter: to cause (a group) to separate widely, to spread widely in all directions as if by throwing

The frightened people scattered about in all directions.

Paraphrase the first sentence:

One of the special features /characteristics of the M.E. bazaar is that shopkeepers in the same trade

always gather together in the same place to do their business.

knit:to make things to wear by uniting threads into a kind of close network. Here, to unite or join

closely

guild / gild: an association for businessmen or skilled workers who joined together in former times to

help one another and to make rules for training new members

The order of the day: that which is of the greatest general interest at a particular time; prevailing state of

things某段时间里普遍感兴趣的事情，时兴的东西

At election time politics becomes the order of the day

Veiled: some Moslems use the veil to seclude or hide their women from the eyes of strangers.

Preliminary : introducing or preparing for sth. more important；preparatory准备性的

A preliminary exam is one which is in preparation for something.

beat down: to reduce by argument or other influence, to persuade sb. to reduce a price

The man asked $5 for the dress, but I beat him down to $4.50.

what it is: used to stress

What is it she really likes?

Yield little: refuse to reduce the price by any significant amount

Protest: to express one's disagreement, feeling of unfairness

Here: insist firmly, affirming strongly

deprive of: take away from, prevent from using

E.g.: to deprive sb. of political rights

The accident deprived him of his sight / hearing.

sacrifice: to give up or lose, esp. for some good purpose or belief

The ancient Greeks sacrificed lambs or calves before engaging in a battle.

At intervals: happening regularly after equal periods of time每隔一段距离，每隔一会

Rain fell at intervals throughout the night.

Main idea

Para.3 describes one of the characteristics of the bazaar: the spreading of goods. Shopkeepers dealing

in the same kind get together. It would be easy for customers to compare goods and prices.

Para.4 describes the psychological trick between both sellers and purchasers.

Section 4 (Para5 - 6)

Picturesque: charming or interesting enough to be made into a picture,, vivid美丽如画的

smith

The tower upon it gave the lake a picturesque appearance

: a worker in metal, a maker

E.g.: copper- / gold- / tin-（锡）/ black- （铁匠）/ gun-smith（军械工人）

bang: to hit violently, to make a loud noise

E.g.: The door banged open / shut.

clash: a noisy, usu. metallic sound of collision

E.g.: swords clash

Impinge on: have an effect on；to strike or dash esp. with a sharp collision影响，冲击

E.g.: The strong light impinges on his eyes.

Dancing flashes: quick bright lights moving up and down

burnish: to polish and make shiny磨，抛光

E.g.: He is burnishing the knife.

Catch the light of: intercept and reflect the light of...

brazier: open metal framework like a basket, usu. on leg, for holding a charcoal or coal fire火盆

incredible: too strange to be believed, unbelievable

This word comes from credit, which means belief, trust, and faith

credit card

We place full credit in the government's ability.

credible: deserving or worthy of belief,

hammer away at:

Hammer: beat with a hammer

away: continuously, constantly

vessel: usu. round container, such as a pot, bottle, bucket or barrel, used for holding liquids容器

bellows: an instrument for blowing air into a fire to make it burn quickly风箱

glow: send out brightness or warmth, heat or light without flame or smoke发光，发热

When you draws a deep mouthful（一口）, the cigarette tip glows.

stroke: single movement, which is repeated (esp. in a sport or game)鼓动

engrave: to cut (words, pictures, etc.) on wood, stone, or metal

The terrible memory was engraved on his mind.

cf.: carve: to cut (usu. wood or stone) in order to make a special shape

Delicate: finely made, needing careful handling, easily broken or hurt, delightful精细的

Intricate: containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand.复杂的

functional: completely and exactly of practical use. Not ornamental, not with many decoration

:The writer describes the market from the perspectives of sight and sound.

Sound: tinkling, banging, clashing,

Sight: a fairyland of dancing flashes, burnished copper, light, charcoal fire, red of live coals, glowing

: words of contrast, so as to make the sentences more impressive.

Tiny/ big, huge;

bright/ dim;

delicate (high quality), intricate (complex skills)/ simple, undecorated

figures of speech, in order to make the sentences more vivid.

Onomatopoeia (tinkling: a succession of light, ringing sounds (e.g. of a small bell), banging: hit violently,

to make a loud noise (e. g. to bang a door), clashing: make a loud, broken, confused noise (as when metal objects strike together)),

metaphor (a fairyland of dancing flashes)

Inversion (in each shop sit the apprentices…)

Section 5 (Para 7)

profusion: plenty; great or too great amount大量的，过多的

The garden boasted a profusion of flowers.

rich: (of colour) deep, strong, beautiful

texture: the arrangement of the threads in a textile fabric / in any material made by weaving, the way in

which the threads of a cloth have been woven

a carpet of loose / firm / uneven texture

bold: clearly formed, strongly formed醒目的

words printed in bold type / printed in bold letters

Words of contrast:

Bold, simple/ detailed

Pungent: (often neg.) having a strong, sharp, stinging, burning taste or smell that may or may not seem

unpleasant 辛辣的

Onions and garlic give out pungent smell.

(An onion a day keeps everybody away.)

Exotic: (always positive, sth pleasing) not native to the place where found, alien, strikingly or excitingly

different or unusual, out of ordinary, introduced from another country

sumptuous : costly, rich, suggesting lavish expenditure, showing great value, generosity, grand.豪华，

盛大

The King wore sumptuous robes.

Words of contrast:

sumptuous/ humble;

Honeycomb: a container made of beeswax（蜂蜡）and consisting of 6-sided cells （蜂房）in which

honey is stored

How to understand the word “honeycomb” in the text”?

Honeycomb is as a noun, while it is used metaphorically as a verb in the text.

It means the dye-market, pottery-market, carpenter’s market lie everyw here and cut the bazaar into

different small sections just like a honeycomb.

“honeycomb”, a noun , is as a verb. The sentence becomes more concise and impressive.

e.g. “春风又绿江南岸”形容词用做动词，使句子更加生动

mosque: Moslem temple or place of worship (where there are wells, fountain, space for assemble, a

niche showing the direction of Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed)清真寺

caravanserai: an inn surrounding a court in eastern countries where caravans rest at night

caravan: a company of travellers on a journey through desert of hostile regions

disdainful: scornful, contemptuous, showing lack of respect, regard sb. or sth. as low and worthless.

Here, arrogant, in a superior manner, suggesting that the camels are all stately, strong, heads holding high

Question:

How many markets have been mentioned in this paragraph? And how does the writer describe

each market?

Carpet-market (sight)

Spice-market (smell)

Food market (a variety of food from sumptuous dinner to humble one)

Dye-market, pottery-market, carpenters’ market (like a ho neycomb)

The writer chooses the distinctive(与众不同的，有特色的) feature to describe each market.

Main idea

(The author describes) the other six markets spreading in the bazaar look like a set of network (maze迷

宫), which shows us how narrow the street is.

Section 6 (Para 8-9)

1) Questions

(1) What are the specific steps to make linseed oil?

Two steps:

to crush the linseeds into a pulp (paragraph 8)

to press the linseed pulp to extract the oil (paragraph 9)

(2) How does the writer arrange sentences coherently in paragraph 8?

A sentence = 已知(given information)+未知(new information)

S2: the room (未知) S3: the room(已知) + pole (未知) S4: pole (已知)+ the camel/ the stone wheel (未

知) S5: this (the camel) (已知) S6: the stone wheel (已知)

The whole paragraph is highly cohesive and coherent.

(3) What is the difference between a cavern of room and a cavernous room?

Cavern : noun

Cavernous: adj

A cavern of room: metaphor; the room is like a cavern; therefore the sentence is more vivid.

In English, native speakers prefer using the noun phrases than other forms.

e.g. 他酷爱音乐。

He is an ardent lover of music.

他老是说谎。

He is a great liar.

我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。

I am no drinker, nor smoker.

会上透露了很多信息。

It was a very informative meeting.

) How does the writer achieve the impressive description of making linseed oil?

a. words of contrast:

dwarf / tower a trickle of / a flood of

Note the use of tower and dwarf and the mental picture the author wants to create.

tower: reach high (above or over surroundings)

dwarf: make look small by contrast or distance ;

b. the variation of word form

dwarf : n---v ; tower: n---v

c. rhetorical devices:

Parallelism: muscular, massive, and stately.

Inversion: in this cavern are three massive stones.

Onomatopoeia: creak, groan, taut, protesting, creaks, squeaking, rumbling, grunts, sighs.

d. perspectives:

Sight: glistening

Sound: creak, groan, taut, protesting, creaks, squeaking, rumbling, grunts, sighs

(6) Read the last two sentences and illustrate why the writer ends this article with the sound.

ancient girder: creak/ groan

from nature: beam: taut/ protesting/ creaks

grinding wheels: squeaking/ rumbling

from animal: camels: grunts/ sighs

An effect of echoing with the beginning: Para 1 starts with the sound from the human being

(din),the text ends with the sound from the nature and animals.

Meanwhile, the sound from the animal and working tools presents readers with a busy and lively

scene of making linseed oil.

Words and expressions

Sombre: dark-coloured, gloomy, dismal, solemn, very serious atmosphere

Eg. It was a somber room with dark furniture and heavy black hangings.

Why are schools painted in such somber colors?

His somber voice told us the news bad.

cavern of a room: apposition并置，同格

Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.

He had to work in the hell of a fertilizer factory.

She lives in a palace of a house / a match-box of a house.

attendant: a person who attends another to perform a service, esp. an employee; a person who goes with and serves or looks after; a person who is employed to look after and help visitors to a public place服务员

a museum / parking lot / library attendant; but a shop assistantcf:

Waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in restaurant

crush: to press with great power so as to break, destroy, the natural shape into powder, to break by

pounding or grinding 压碎，碾碎，粉碎

Several people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the burning theatre.

The machine crushes wheat grain to make flour.

The sugar cane is taken to the factory where the juice is crushed out.

The army quickly crushed the uprising

pulp: the soft almost liquid mass of plant or animal material, such as the soft inside part of many fruits

or vegetable果肉，纸浆

superb: perfect in form, quality, etc. wonderful, marked to the highest degree by excellence, brilliance or

competence. This word describes sth. that reaches the highest conceivable point.

muscular: having well-developed muscles, strong, implying great physical strength

Stately: grand in style, noble, dignified; Here implies that the camels walk in a constant, unhurried way

with their heads holding high, seemingly dignified.

Ramshackle :of a building or vehicle, badly made or needing repair, shaky, unsteady, likely to go to

pieces, as from age or neglect, carelessly or loosely constructed. 破烂不堪

a ramshackle old house

a ramshackle bike which produces a sound at every part except the bell.

beam: a large long heavy piece of wood, (usu. square)- esp. one of the main ones used to support a

building. 横梁cf: pole (usu. round)

tower: to be very tall, esp. in relation to the height of the surroundings.

The mountain towers into the sky.

dwarf: to cause to appear small by comparison

Most basketball players dwarf other men

Groan: (to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a

deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despair

The patient groaned as he was lifted onto the stretcher. 呻吟

The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.

The roof creaked and groaned under the weight of the snow.

trickle: a slow, small flow of liquid

ooze: (of thick liquids) pass slowly through small openings

Blood was still oozing from the wound

Tiny drops of oil are pressed out to form a small flow down the runnel.

If you squeeze the tube of toothpaste, it oozes out of the tube.

Squeak (to make) a short very high but not loud sound吱吱声

the squeak of a mouse

The little boy squeaked out his answer.

Rumbling : (to make) a deep continuous rolling sound辘辘声

Thunder rumbled in the distance.

I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.

Grunt:(of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were

closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing

disagreement, boredom, irritation咕噜声

Main idea

Para. 8 The description of the linseed oil mill

Para. 9 The description of the linseed oil place

Para. 8 and 9: The linseed oil mill shows us a special picture. The ancient apparatus used in the

mill to make oil is the symbol of the society. And it also tells us that (manual) handicraft industry is the main

style of people’s daily life. The economy is prosperous and the people are working hard.

Metaphor:

dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etc

form a closely knit guild...

Onomatopoeia:

creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing

Personification:

The Middle Easter bazaar takes you...dancing flashes

The beam sinks…taut and protesting Hyperbole:takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years

every conceivable, innumerable lamps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuries

Summary

1. The author of this article is obviously a visitor from an advanced country, for he finds the sounds, colors and simple techniques and youthful apprentices picturesque .

2. At the entrance to the bazaar he sees throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar and hears the tinkling of donkey bells, the cries of stallholders, and the arguing and bargaining between the customers and merchants.

3. As he penetrates into the bazaar, he sees different markets: the cloth-market, the copper-smiths’ market, the carpet-market, the spice- market and the food-market. He also sees a linseed-oil mill. As the walks around the bazaar, he has glimpses of sun-lit courtyards.

4. The cloth-market, the author says, has an earthen floor that deadens the sound of footsteps. It has vaulted walls and roof built of mud-bricks. People in this market talk in low voices, so the place is quiet.

5. In the copper-smiths’ market the author sees how a copper-smith’s shop works. The work is all done by ha nd, by a

master-workman ( who is also the merchant or shop-owner ) and his apprentices ( who are young boys). The equipment used in production consists of braziers which burn charcoal, huge leather bellows for making the fire hot, and hammers for beating the copper vessels into shape. The products are vessels, mainly pots and bowls and kitchenware. Some of the vessels are beautifully made and engraved while others are undecorated and strictly functional-but beautiful all the same.

6. In the carpet-market he sees a great variety of carpets with rich colors, different regional designs, and textures of different types.

7. In the spice and food markets he is greeted by pungent and exotic smells and sees places selling dinners form the most sumptuous to a humble one.

8. Of all the markets he visits, the one that strikes him most is the mill making linseed oil. First the linseed is crushed in a huge stone mill turned by camels. The pulp is then placed in a press which squeezes out the oil.

9. In this bazaar the author finds two things rather peculiar. The first is that dealers in the same kind of goods gather in the same area; the second is the custom of bargaining

Dictation:Gothic, as far as, thread one’s way, throng , stall, goods of conceivable kind, din, clear a way, would-be, penetrate, fade away, measured tones, sepulchral, follow suit, peculiarities, open-fronted, display, the order of the day, a point of honor, narrow down, intricate, delicate, profusion, texture, exotic, impinge on, sumptuous, humble, honey-comb, deprive of, cavernous, picturesque, at intervals, rhythmically, disdain, somber, extract, superb, muscular, ramshackle, creak, groan, trickle, glisten, glow, grunt, a trickle of, a flood of , squeaking, massive, stately

高级英语pub talk and the king's english中英笔记

L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being． Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书） intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例：Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得；应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.

高级英语第三版,张汉熙主编,paraphrase

U n i t2M a r r a k e c h 1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The burying-ground is just a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned construction site. 2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals. 3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name, and nobody notices that they are dead. 4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.

高级英语 Face to face with Hurricane Camille中英笔记

Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风 约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem，by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径 例：Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling．让我们不要争吵，商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”

(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：

高级英语lesson2 marrakech课堂笔记

Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across （break ones way）the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh （mankind人类）as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated（无差别的）brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? （三个疑问句）They rise out of the earth（出生贫寒，metaphor），they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy（not even）underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。

高级英语-张汉熙版 paraphrase

UNIT1 Face to Face with Hurricane Camille 1. We're elevated 23 feet. (para 3) We' re 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. (para 3) The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. (para 4) We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. (para 9) Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! (para 10) Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars. 6. The electrical systems had been killed by water. (para 11) The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. (para 17) As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland. 8. Get us through this mess, will Y ou? (para 17) Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely. 9. She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away. (para 21) Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10. Janis had just one delayed reaction. (para 34) Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane. UNIT 4Inaugural Address 1. And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2) Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2. This much we pledge--and more. (para 5) This much we promise to do and we promise to do more. 3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5) United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings. 4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para 9) We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries. 5. our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10) The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace. 6. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para 10) We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force. 7. before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental

高级英语张汉熙笔记

Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar Lead-in Textual Structure of the Text Detailed Study of the Text Rhetorical Devices The Middle East Generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey. The Middle East is a loosely defined geographic region; the countries listed are generally considered part of the Middle East. These Middle East countries are part of the Asian continent, with the exception of Egypt, which is part of Africa, and the northwestern part of Turkey, which is part of the European landmass. Rich in oil, linking point of three continents. Nearby five seas: Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea (里海) Bazaar Bazaar: A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East. ---handicraft economy, contrast to the modern society Three famous bazaars in the Middle East: The Khan Khalili Bazaar in Cairo, Egypt 埃及开罗汗·哈利利集市 The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey 土耳其伊斯坦布尔大市集 The Damascus Bazaar in Syria 叙利亚大马士革集市 China’s most busiest markets: Xiushui Street and Da Zha Lan in Beijing 北京大栅栏和秀水街 References “The history of Middle East” (Mesopotamia Civilization, Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Middle East Wars) “The Bible—Old Testament” (the first half of the Christian Bible) “Talmud”塔尔穆德(犹太法典) (the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism) 犹太法典中的几句箴言 有四种人，一种人说：“我的是我的，你的是你的。”这是平凡人；一种人说：“我的是你的，你的是我的。”这是庸俗人；一种人说：“你的我的全是我的。”这是邪恶人；一种人说：“我的你的全是你的。”这是敬虔人。 上帝不以男人的头创造女人，因为女人不可支配男人；但也不以男人的脚创造女人，因为女人不可成为男人的奴隶；而以男人的肋骨创造女人，因为要她永远贴近他的心。 20岁不潇洒，30岁不成业，40岁不富有，50岁不幸福，那一辈子就完了。 Section I (Para 1) 3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.

高级英语第二册张汉熙课文翻译

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