Unit 6 Food新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译教学内容

U n i t6F o o d新编大学英语第二版第二册

课文翻译

Unit 6 Food

Food and Culture

[1] We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food.

[2] Some people in Africa think African termites make a delicious meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of termites contain more than twice as many calories and almost twice as much protein as one hundred grams of cooked hamburger.

[3] However, food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.

[4] But dislike is not the only reason why some cultures will not eat a certain food. In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Taboo is a word from the language of the Fiji Islands that is used to describe something that is forbidden. Some foods are taboo in certain religions, but there are also other food taboos that are not connected to a religion. We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culture. We may not even know why they are taboo. Anthropologists try to discover the hidden reasons for taboos. For example, the sacred cows of India are well known. Cows can go wherever they want to in the streets of India, and they can eat anything they want from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologists believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the

cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.

[5] Another example is that Americans do not eat dogs, although people from some other cultures regard them as good food. In the United States, dogs are very important to people as pets. They are usually regarded as part of the family, almost like a child in some cases. In addition, dogs have value as protection against criminals. Thieves will not usually enter a house where there is a dog because the dog will bark and possibly attack a stranger who is trying to get into a house. Apparently, the dog's place in society as a companion and as protection against criminals makes the dog taboo as food.

[6] The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. There is some evidence that some ancient Egyptians did not eat pork. The ancient Israelites also regarded pork as taboo. One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis. However, most people no longer think that this is a good explanation for the pork taboo. Another explanation is that the Israelites were nomads—they were always moving from place to place. People have to stay in one place to raise pigs. The Israelites did not want to stay in one place because they did not want to change their culture. As a result, they did not eat pigs.

[7] Anthropologists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people. Some people live in areas where there are both large animals and many insects. It is difficult for these people to kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it is not difficult to catch insects and it does not require a lot of energy. Nomadic people who move around will not want to keep pigs for food. People will not eat pets such as dogs. Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distances by railroads.

饮食与文化

1 对于什么样的食物好吃，我们都有自己的主见。对于什么样的食物不好吃，我们也有自己的看法。因此，某种文化背景的人常常会觉得另一种文化背景的

人吃的食物难以忍受或者令人作呕。比如，在著名的拳击手穆罕默德·阿里访问非洲时，团里的一名成员看到有人抓起一只蝴蝶就吃了下去时便恶心得想呕吐。许多人会发觉吃老鼠肉令人恶心，但世界上有42种不同文化的人认为鼠肉是合适的食物。

2 在非洲有些人认为非洲白蚁可以做成美餐。对于许多其他人来说，如果非吃（白蚁）不可的话，他们很可能会呕吐。但是，如果拿100克的白蚁和100克制作好的汉堡包相比，前者所含的热量是后者的两倍多，其所含的蛋白质也几乎是后者的两倍。

3 不过，对食物的好恶似乎并不一定与营养有关。例如，花椰菜在营养最丰富的常见蔬菜中排名第一，但它在美国人最喜欢的蔬菜中仅名列第二十一位。西红柿在营养最丰富的蔬菜中排名十六，但它在美国人最喜欢的蔬菜中却名列榜首。

4 但不喜欢并不是某些文化（中人们）不吃某种食物的唯一原因。在有些文化中，有些食物是禁忌。“禁忌”一词来源于斐济群岛的语言, 用来表示禁止做的事。有些食物在某些宗教中被列为禁忌，但也有一些饮食禁忌与宗教无关。通常我们不去考虑为什么在我们的文化中有些东西是禁忌。我们也许甚至不知道它们为什么是禁忌。人类学家试图发现禁忌背后隐藏的原因。例如，印度“圣牛”为人们所熟知。牛可以在印度的大街上到处走，它们可以吃街上食品摊主所供应的食物中任何它们想吃的东西。结果，牛就成了问题。可是，在印度没人会去杀牛或吃牛肉。杀牛或吃牛肉是禁忌。这种习俗在其他人看起来似乎很奇怪，但人类学家相信这自有其原因。首先，牛是很宝贵的，因为农民需要它们帮助犁地。其次，牛粪可作地里的肥料。在印度，许多农民买不起肥料。还

有，牛粪弄干后可用来烧火做饭。因此，杀牛食肉的农民很快发现他们无法犁地，无法给庄稼施肥，或者无燃料做饭。

5 再比如，美国人不吃狗肉, 尽管其他一些文化背景的人视狗肉为佳肴。在美国，狗作为宠物对人们极为重要。通常它们被视为家庭的一部分，有时甚至还把狗当成自己的孩子。此外，狗的价值还在于防范罪犯。盗贼一般不进入有狗的住宅，因为狗会吠叫，而且可能会袭击试图进入屋子的陌生人。显而易见，狗在社会中作为伙伴及防范罪犯的卫士的角色使吃狗肉成为禁忌。

6 不止一种文化忌食猪肉。有迹象表明一些古埃及人不吃猪肉。古代以色列人也视猪肉为禁忌。对禁食猪肉的一种解释是，未被煮透的猪肉可能会传播一种疾病，叫旋毛虫病。但大多数人不再认为这能很好地解释禁食猪肉的原因。另一种解释是以色列人原属游牧民族——他们总是居无定所。要养猪，人们就得

在某地定居下来。从前以色列人不愿在一个地方定居，因为他们不想改变自己的文化。正因如此，他们便不食猪肉。

7 人类学家相信，对食物的好恶大多是不同人不同生活方式的结果。有些人生活在既有大型动物又有许多昆虫的地区。他们杀死大型动物有困难，需要花很大的力气。对他们来说，以昆虫为食要容易些，因为捕捉昆虫既不困难又不需花太大的力气。四处流动、过游牧生活的人不愿意为吃肉而养猪。人们也不吃像狗那样的宠物。美国人牛肉吃得很多，因为有大量的土地可用来养牛，而且牛肉可以通过铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运输。

The Menu

Jim Heimann

[1] Food history tells us that in early restaurants the recitation of the available food dishes became an increasingly time-consuming chore; therefore,

written menus were developed to help guide diners in their eating choices. This written menu was commonly handwritten on a chalkboard or listed on a board that could be easily seen by the customers. Developments in printing finally led to a change and the larger restaurants' floor plans made a single handwritten menu impractical, so printed menus were introduced.

[2] Delmonico's restaurant in New York City is often given credit for introducing the first printed menu in the United States in 1834. That menu, as well as others of the period, was simple in design and offered specific information. Special occasions led to a call for unique designs and eventually led to more highly decorated menus.

[3] For the most part, however, menu decoration followed the art movements of the time. The highly decorated late 19th century menus, which were influenced by Victorian art, gave way to modern art in the 20th century. Developments with graphics and printing allowed distinctive menu cover art.

[4] By the 1930s, the menu was seen as a part of the restaurant's plan to create a memorable meal. It could develop an appetite, tell a joke, explain a food item, create a mood, tell something of the history of the restaurant, and, above all, sell some food. Restaurant trade publications encouraged the use of the menu as part of the business strategy, and the National Restaurant Association promoted effective menu graphics in its annual competition of best menus in the nation. Its guidelines for judging included (1) originality, (2) legibility, (3) ease of handling, and (4) sales effectiveness. Restaurant Management magazine in its November 1935 issue stated that most restaurant owners considerably underestimated the importance of the appearance of the menu. The magazine went on to say that the menu really has two important functions: (1) to sell food, and (2) to repeat and emphasize the unique atmosphere of that restaurant.

[5] In spite of the Depression of the 1930s, restaurants did well and menu design became important. There were increasing numbers of many different types of restaurants during this decade, including cafeterias, drive-ins, and lunch counters in stores, as well as the traditional, more formal restaurants. Many of the restaurants developed themes in food, decoration and menu styles.

[6] Progress in printing, photography, and especially color photography opened up more opportunities for creative expression. During the Second

World War food rationing often hurt the business of restaurants, but as soon as victory was achieved, eating out became very popular again.

[7] In spite of the risks of casual dining and fast-food restaurants, the

mid-20th century provided many new opportunities for creative menu design. By the end of the 1960s, the increasingly popular coffee shops and restaurants that featured a singular item such as pizza, steak, or pancakes used new menu graphics. The 1970s brought a decline in eating out, but the 1980s, especially

in homes where both parents were working, brought a big increase in the demand for many types of restaurants. Since then, menu design has provided the American public with a pleasing prelude to the dining experience.

[8] Some popular historians are studying menus as a very special kind of documentation of America's love of eating out. For many generations of diners, taking a restaurant menu has been a way of preserving a memory or documenting a trip or a voyage. Many restaurants have provided customers with souvenir versions of their menus. The restaurant owners believe that this is a good way of advertising. Thus the menu now serves a new, but also important function.

菜单

1饮食的历史告诉我们：在早期的餐馆里，背诵餐馆供应的菜肴成为越来越耗时的苦差事；因此，就产生了书面的菜单，以便指导用餐者挑选食物。这种菜单通常是手工写在黑板上或列在一块牌子上，黑板或牌子都要使顾客容易看见。印刷业的发展最终又引发了变革，同时又因为一些餐馆层面的扩大使得一份手写菜单满足不了实际需求，于是印刷菜单出现了。

2纽约市德尔莫尼柯餐馆于1834年在美国首次推出印刷菜单，因而常常受到

人们的赞扬。那种菜单，与同时期的其它菜单一样，设计简单，还提供了具体明确的信息。特殊的场合会引发人们对设计的独特要求，最终产生了装饰更精美的菜单。

必修一课文及翻译

必修一 Unit 1 Friendship ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the windo w had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains han ging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Your, Anne 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢安妮弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记当作自己最好的朋友。 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了将近25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 1944年6月15日，星期四 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我太久不能出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神

Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿

Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.

前赤壁赋原文及赏析翻译

前赤壁赋 宋代：苏轼 壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。清风徐来，水波不兴。举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。白露横江，水光接天。纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立,羽化而登仙。(冯通：凭) 于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰：“桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮溯流光。渺渺兮予怀， 望美人兮天一方。”客有吹洞箫者，倚歌而和之。其声呜呜然，如怨如慕，如泣如诉；余 音袅袅，不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。 苏子愀然，正襟危坐，而问客曰：“何为其然也？”客曰：“‘月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。’此非曹孟德之诗乎？西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍，此非孟德之困于 周郎者乎？方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉？况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友麋鹿，驾一叶之 扁舟，举匏樽以相属。寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。” 苏子曰：“客亦知夫水与月乎？逝者如斯，而未尝往也；盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也，而 又何羡乎！且夫天地之间，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。惟江上之清风，与

山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭。是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适。”(共适一作：共食) 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌。肴核既尽，杯盘狼籍。相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 2965 辞赋精选，高中文言文，古文观止，写景，饮酒，感叹，哲理 译文及注释 佚名 译文 壬戌年秋，七月十六日，苏轼与友人在赤壁下泛舟游玩。清风阵阵拂来，水面波澜不起。举起酒杯向同伴敬酒，吟诵着与明月有关的文章，歌颂窈窕这一章。不多时，明月从 东山后升起，徘徊在斗宿与牛宿之间。白茫茫的雾气横贯江面，清泠泠的水光连着天际。 任凭小船儿在茫无边际的江上飘荡，越过苍茫万顷的江面。（我的情思）浩荡，就如同凭 空乘风，却不知道在哪里停止，飘飘然如遗弃尘世，超然独立，成为神仙，进入仙境。 这时候喝酒喝得高兴起来，用手叩击着船舷，应声高歌。歌中唱道：“桂木船棹呵香 兰船桨，迎击空明的粼波，逆着流水的泛光。我的心怀悠远，想望伊人在天涯那方”。有 吹洞箫的客人，按着节奏为歌声伴和，洞箫呜呜作声：像是怨恨，又像是思慕，像是哭泣，又像是倾诉，尾声凄切、婉转、悠长，如同不断的细丝。能使深谷中的蛟龙为之起舞，能

新编大学英语1翻译答案

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