研究生英语翻译

Unit 1

英译汉

1. It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is harder to respond to than an insult.

在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。

2. Here is an area of small talk that most of us act awkwardly.

闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。

3. The nearest I ever came to downright acceptance of this particular compliment was the time I said, “Well, we like it.”

我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。”

4. I think we make a mistake when we react to a compliment with denial and derogation.

我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。

5. I know a man who has put his mind to this problem and come up with a technique for brushing off praise.

我认识一个潜心研究这个问题的人，他想出一个办法来避开别人的表扬。

6. But for every genuinely clever retort there are a thousand that fall flat.

在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙地应答。

7. There is no point in trying to play the game back at them — they’ll top you in the end, no matter what.

要想回敬他们是没有用的——不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。

8. One thing is clear: at the bottom of all graceful social intercourse lies poise

在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定。

9. Given the same circumstances I would have quietly asked for a coil of rope.

要是我遇到这种情况，我会感到极为窘迫，恨不得悄悄地找根绳子去上吊。

10. If we could all comport ourselves with that kind of dignity, and quit jittering, our social life would be much more enjoyable.

要是我们的行为举止都能保持这种风度，摆脱局促不安，那我们的社交生活就会有趣得多。

汉译英

1、要善于恭维他人，重要的一步就是要懂得为什么恭维会有助于你建立更好的人际关系。

An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others.

2、恭维之所以奏效，最根本的原因是恭维符合了人类行为的一个基本原则：人们渴望得到赏识。

The root cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior：People crave being appreciated.

3、尽管文化背景各不相同，但绝大多数人都有类似的想法。

The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures.

4、在亚洲文化中，人们对群体赏识的渴求一般要强于对个体赏识的渴求。但不管怎样，人们渴望赏识是普遍存在的。

In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition. Nevertheless, the need for recognition is present/universal.

5、很多人认为，工作本身带来的乐趣要比外界赏识包括恭维更为重要。

Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition, including flattery

6、工作的乐趣也许是一种巨大的动力，但是即使是那些从工作中得到极大乐趣的人如科学家、艺术家、摄影师也渴望得到恭维和认可，否则他们就不会去竞争诺贝尔奖或在重要的展览会上展示他们的作品了。

The joy of work may be a powerful motivator, but even those who get the biggest joy from their work — such as scientists, artists, and photographers — crave flattery and recognition. Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions.

7、恭维之所以奏效，还因为它与人们对认可的正常需要有关。

Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized (of people).

8、尽管有一些关于恭维的书和文章问世，并对恭维极力进行宣扬，但是大多数人还是没有得到应有的赏识。

Although some articles and books have been written and preached zealously about flattery, most people receive less recognition than they deserve.

9、很多人无论在工作上或在家里都很少收到赞美，所以对认可的渴求就更加强烈了。

Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home, thus intensifying their demand for flattery.

Unit 2

英译汉

1. I had visions of her opening the set, volume by volume, while we sat by the fire Christmas Eve sipping cognac and listening to the Brandenburg Concertos.

我想象着这样的情景，圣诞之夜，我俩围炉而坐，一边啜饮着科涅克上等白兰地，一边欣赏着勃兰登堡协奏曲，她把文卷一页页地打开。

2. There’s a goat in all of us, a stupid, stubborn goat.

我们都是愣头青，既愚笨又倔强

3. To my credit, I’m normally more perspicacious about the gift I give, and less of a show-off.

我引以为荣的是，我通常送礼物还是比较有眼光的，不太张扬。

4. I’ve kicked myself too often not to know it’s there, this insensitivity to the niceties of gift-giving.

我对送礼的奥妙感觉迟钝，为此常常责备自己不解其中味。

5. We paper it over with rhetoric about selflessness about how much better it is to give than to receive.

我们高谈无私之道，阔论给予如何胜于接受，以掩饰这一点。

6. I’m trying literally to buy something: affection, maybe love. Someone’s admiration. Or to establish my chosen identity as a romantic, capable of making grand gesture:

我简直是在收买人心，如感情或是爱情，或者以浪漫者自居，能一展慷慨之雄风。

7. It’s an ego trip:

做让自己得意的事情。

8. There’s precious little altruism in the world.

世界上真正的利他主义是难能可贵的。

9. Cesar Chavez, whom I met on the ninth day of his famous fast as he lay in his austere room, watching the sunlight fade.

我们见面的那天，正值他著名的绝食第九日，他躺在自己的陋室里欣赏日落的余晖。

10. Some of them wind up thinking very well of themselves indeed.

他们有些人到后来还真的以为自己很了不起。

11. As soon as one becomes cynical about the possibility of altruism, counter instances come to mind.

我们一旦对利他主义的可能性表示怀疑，相反的事例便会浮现在脑海之中。

12. We want to give; beneath the neuroses, the compulsions, the fears, anxieties, desires, the self-pity, we harbor generous impulses, spontaneous warmth.

在神经官能症，不自主的冲动，恐惧，焦虑，欲望以及自怜的背后，我们也怀有慷慨的冲动和自发的热情。

13. Whitman gave himself to the world and made the bold, massively egoistic assumptions that the gift measured up.

惠特曼大胆地，毫不谦逊地臆断：他的礼物是合格的。

14. As long as we don’t deceive ourselves and imagine we don’t want anything, there’s no danger of feeling the kind of unacknowledged disappointment over unacknowledged expectations that does turn people cynical.

只要我们不欺骗自己，在期待回报的时候想象不“图”回报，就不必顾虑期待落空造成的莫名失望让人玩世不恭。

汉译英

1、鲜花是最常送的礼物之一。

Flowers are among the most frequently given gifts.

2、有一种传统的用鲜花表达的语言。精心挑选的一束花卉可以传达多种不同的情感和祝福。

There’s a traditional floral language, and a carefully selected bouquet or plant can convey a wide range of emotions （love, affection, pity）and sentiments (happiness, sadness, etc.).

3、红玫瑰象征着爱情也象征着新事业充满希望的开端；紫罗兰是祈求受花人不要忘却送花人。

Red roses symbolize love as well as the hopeful beginning of a new enterprise; violets beseech the recipient not to forget the donor.

4、兰花以及其他精美的花卉则表示（你希望）受花人认为你情调高雅（decent, graceful, elegant）、受人尊重(esteemed, respectable)、出类拔萃(outstanding, distinguished, celebrated)。

Orchids and other exquisite blooms indicate that the recipient regards you as exotic （珍奇的）, precious（讲究的） and rare（珍贵的）.

5、送一束鲜花能唤起温馨的回忆，比那些仅仅显示炫耀和奢华的礼物更为珍贵。

A floral gift that evokes warm recollections will be prized more than one that is simply showy and extravagant.

6、一位顾客请花商把一束特殊的黄中透红的玫瑰送到医院－－她母亲患重病正躺在那里。

Here’s an example：Once a customer asked a florist to deliver a bouquet of a certain variety (品种，变体)of rose （which is）yellow tinged with red to a hospital where her mother lay seriously ill.

7、这位顾客说，“它们一直是我母亲最喜爱的鲜花，许多年前她在自己的婚礼上捧过这种花。”

“They’ve been my mother’s favorite flowers since she carried them at her wedding many years ago,” she said.

8、花商寻找了一个星期才找到她想要的花。这位顾客的母亲看到(她一直针爱的)鲜花后十分欣喜。

The florist found the flowers she wanted after a week of searching. The customer’s mother was delighted at the sight of the flowers she had long cherished.

9、此外，送鲜花还能增进夫妻间的情感。

A floral gift can also strengthen the emotional ties between husband and wife.

10、一位医生在她57岁的生日那天，收到了一份意味深长的鲜花礼物。

Here’s a brief story of that nature：A doctor, on his 57th birthday, received an ambitious（很炫的） floral gift.

11、当他下班回到家时，惊喜地看到他家门前的草坪被改变成了玫瑰园，种有57丛玫瑰。

What was it? Well, he returned home from work that day, much to his joyful surprise, he found his front lawn turned into a rose garden containing 57 bushes.

12、他说，“这是妻子送给我地一份令人惊喜的、使我焕然一新的礼物－－它提醒我永远别忘了她。

“It was a wonderful, self-renewing（重新获得力量和生气）gift from my wife — a constant reminder of her and her love,” he said.

Unit 5

英译汉

1. I was troubled by scepticism and unwilling forced to the conclusion that most of what passes for knowledge open to reasonable doubt. (L8—10)

我被怀疑主义所困扰，极不情愿地被迫得出这样的结论：大多数被当作知识的东西都可以合理的被质疑

2. But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations, which my teachers expected me to accept, were full of fallacies, and that, if certainty were indeed discoverable in mathematics, it would be in a new kind of mathematics, with more solid foundations than those that had hitherto been thought secure.（L13---18）

但后来我却发现，老师们期望我接受的许多数学论证都充满了谬误；假如确切性果真能发现于数学，它也是在一种新的数学中，其基本原理比迄今为止被认为是无懈可击的数学原理更为牢固。

3. I’m convinced that intelligence, patience, and eloquence can, sooner or later, lead

the human race out of its self-imposed tortures provided it does not exterminate itself.

我相信：只要人类不自相残杀，智慧、忍耐和雄辩终归会指引人类走出自找的磨难。

4. And there have been morbid miseries fostered by gloomy creeds, which have led men into profound inner discords that made all outward prosperity of no avail.

悲观的信念孳生了病态的痛苦，致使人类的内部极不和谐，从而使外部的繁荣毫无成果。

5. They think hope is irrational and that, in sitting down to lazy despair, they are merely facing facts.

他们认为希望是缺乏理性的，沉溺于懒惰的绝望仅仅是面对事实而已。

6. To preserve hope in our world makes calls upon our intelligence and our energy.

对我们的世界一直抱有希望，要求我们付出智慧和精力.

7. Hardly anyone was haunted by the fear of great wars. Hardly anyone thought of the nineteenth century as a brief interlude between past and future barbarism.

几乎无人因害怕大规模的战争而提心吊胆，几乎无人认为19世纪是过去的野蛮和未来的野蛮之间的短暂间歇。

8. It is comparatively easy to have an immense effect by means of a dogmatic and precise gospel.

以教条式的明晰教义产生巨大影响，是比较容易的。

9. Nor can I believe with any wholeheartedness in any partial doctrine which deals only with some part or aspect of human life.

我也不能完全相信只涉及人类生活某一部分或某一方面的任何片面的学说。10. There are those who believe that what is needed is a change of heart, and that, in comparison, institutions are of little account.

有人认为需要转变心态，而制度相比之下则无关紧要。

11. And if individuals are to retain that measure of initiative and flexibility which they ought to have, they must not be all forced into one rigid mould; or to change the metaphor, all drilled into one army.

如果个人要保持他们应有的那种程度的首创性和灵活性，就万万不可将他们全都逼入同一种刻板的模式；或者换个比喻，把他们全都训练成一支部队。

12. They were to be crowned by a synthesis, combining pure theory with a practical social philosophy

二者将用一种综合法来完成——即把纯理论与实用的社会哲学结合起来。

13. As against this must be set two kinds of failure, one outward, one inward.

与成功相对必然有两种失败：外在的和内在的失败。

14. I set out with a more or less religious belief in a Platonic eternal world, in which mathematics shone with a beauty like that of the last Cantos of the Paradiso.

我开始近乎虔诚地相信柏拉图的永恒世界，在那个世界里数学就像《天堂》的最后几个诗章一样灿烂美丽。

15. I may have conceived theoretical truth wrongly, but I was not wrong in thinking that there is such a thing, and that it deserves our allegiance.

我对理论真理的构想或许是错误的，但我坚信这样的真理是存在的，并值得我们去效忠（投入研究），这个想法可没错。

16. Personal: to care for what is noble, for what is beautiful, for what is gentle; to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times.

我个人的幻想是：关注崇高之事，关注美好之事，关注高雅之事；让片刻的顿悟在平凡的岁月中生出智慧。

汉译英

1. 就心理方面而言，在老年阶段有两种危险要加以警惕。其一是过渡沉湎与往事。

Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age。One of these is undue absorption in the past.

2. 人活在回忆之中、活在对过去美好时光的惋惜之中、活在对已故友人的悲伤之中，都是不行的。

It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.

3.一个人的思想必须面向未来、面向那些值得做的事情。

One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.

3. 这不总是很容易做到的；一个人的过去会逐步对他产生越来越大的影响。This is not always easy; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight.

4.他很容易自己想到，过去的情感比现在要强烈得多，过去的思维比现在要敏锐得多，如果确实如此，那么就应该将它忘却，如果它被忘却了，就可能不是真的。It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they

are ,and one’s mind more keen .If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.

4. 另一件应该避免的事情是依恋年轻人，希望从它们身上汲取活力。

The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality.

5. 当你的孩子长大成人时，他们希望过自己的生活。如果你继续对他们关心备至，就像你对他们幼年时那样，你可能会成为他们的负担，除非他们对此无动于衷

When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous.

6. 。这并不是说你不应该关心他们，但你对他们的关爱应该是思想上的，如果有可能的话，给他们一点仁爱，但不要过分感情用事。

This does not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional.

7. 动物在幼崽一有能力照料自己时就不再关心它们。但人类由于婴儿期较长的缘故，就难以做到这一点。

Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.

Unit 6

英译汉

1. The most infuriating conversation is the one where the parent clearly seeks a decisive, career-validating moment of emotional closure.

最令人怒不可遏的谈话就是参与探讨的父母明显是在为炫耀自己感情找个场合。

2. Parents such as these upwardly mobile chuckleheads exude an almost Prussian belligerence when announcing their children’s destinations, congratulating themselves on a job well done, while issuing a sotto voce taunt to parents of the less gifted.

这些只知道往上爬的愚蠢父母得意地宣称自己的子女要去哪里念书，陶醉在自己的成功之中，殊不知这种近乎普鲁士式的挑衅做法，却是对那些儿女并不出色的父母们的侮辱和嘲讽。

3. A second, far more numerous class of obsessives consists of people who suddenly realize that their Brand X children aren’t going to make the cut.

另一种偏执狂父母数量更多。他们突然意识到孩子们不可能走那条他们规定好的路。

4. reality has a way of upsetting the worst-laid plans of mice and Mensa.

现实总是一次又一次证明了“人算不如天算” 。

5. Here it is never entirely clear what parents are looking for, particularly in

high-profile institutions whose renown has in some way preceded them.

我们从来都不知道父母们究竟在校园里寻找什么，尤其是那些一流大学，这些学校的卓著声誉在诱惑他们。

6. Now,whenever I am dragooned into the 30，000th interminable conversation about the college selection process I indicate that sedulous monitoring of on-campus restaurant prices should be a vital component of the winnowing procedure

如今不论何时有人第三万次强拉我没完没了地讨论给孩子选哪所大学，我都会告诉他们一定要不辞辛劳的查清学校餐厅的价格，这个应该是遴选学校的决定性因素。

汉译英

1.在中国，很多父母都会为孩子能够进入好学校而不遗余力地奔波，甚至花上大笔“择校费”为孩子进入重点学校铺路。

In China, a large number of parents spare no efforts to work for selecting a better school for their children, and spend a large sum of money as long as their children can go to the key schools.

2 英国虽然国立中小学没有重点与非重点之分，但各校教育质量差异很大，英国父母为了让子女进入教育质量好的学校，也在绞尽脑汁想办法，其操心劳力、焦虑的程度绝不亚于中国的父母。

Although there is no distinction between key public schools and non-key public schools/ones, yet the quality of education in each school is of great difference. Therefore, the parents also leave no stones unturned in order to find a better school for children. The degree of their anxieties is no less than that of Chinese parents.

3.入学申请表是家长向学校提交的重要材料。在填写入学申请表时，某些家长为了让孩子能够在好学校就读，没有如实交代家庭住址。英国每年都有数百起，甚至数千起这样的入学申请舞弊事件，而且家长们的手段越来越“高明”。

The first step to get in a school is to fill in the application forms. Since these application forms are considered as very important materials to get access to a better school, some parents cheat by writing down wrong home addresses. Hence, every year in Britain finds hundreds of or thousands of such cheating events and the ways of cheating are increasingly “wiser”.

4. 一些人用亲戚的地址，一些人用办公室的地址，有人正确填写了家庭地址，但故意填错了邮政编码，因为他们知道这所学校是通过邮政编码来计算家庭住址与学校之间的距离的。

For example, some fill in the relatives’ address or the office’s address instead, others write down the correct home address but with a wrong post code, because they know the school will calculate the distance between the school and home according to the post code.

5.有些家长为了向学校出示家庭税收凭证以证明其家庭地址，甚至真的到税务所去为一个并非他们居住地的地址缴税。

Moreover, some parents even go to Tax Bureau to pay tax for a place where they don’t stay at all, so that they could get the tax payment receipt and present it to the school as

a proof of valid home address.

Unit 7

英译汉

1. Every four years, when the Olympics roll around again, journalists seem automatically to recycle those misty-eyed notions about "Good Old Days."

每逢四年一度的奥运盛会，记者们似乎总会自然而然地把“过去的好时光”那些模糊的概念重新炒作一番。

2. "All times when old are good.” In fact, the mythology of a perfect Olympics is the modern invention of snobs and self-styled purists, perpetuated by sports writers-and television commentators at a loss to fill air time.

“无论是哪个时代，只要过去了就会变得美好起来。”事实上，曾经有过完美的奥林匹克运动的神话只是现代的势利小人和一群自封为纯粹主义者的家伙的杜撰，通过体育文章撰稿人和转播期间设法填补空白时间的电视评论员流传下来。

3. But these arbiters were often susceptible to financial enticements--- and treats

这些比赛的主宰者往往经不起金钱以及盛宴的诱惑。

4. Promoters of minor track meets – which were often held to advertise local products(!) – would fork over plenty to have the hottest runners of the day merely show up.

当时，一些小型比赛的发起者通常是为了给当地的产品做广告（！）确实会向当红短跑明星支付大笔的酬金，请他们到场露露脸。

5. When he crossed the finish line, he was a little “high” on more than joy--- having fortified himself along the road with swigs of sugared wine.

尽管在冲过终点线时，他显得与其说是兴奋还不如说有点“醉醺醺”的——因为他在途中大量饮用掺了糖的葡萄酒以保持体力。

6. Just before President Teddy Roosevelt’s daughter was to give him his medal, it was discovered that Lorz had not, after all, gone the entire distance under his own steam.

正当特迪·罗斯福总统的女儿给他颁奖之际，洛兹被发现没有独立跑完全程。

7. Having cramped up at about nine miles, he accepted a ride from a passing car.

他在9英里处腿部抽筋，便搭乘了辆路过的汽车。

8. There is no need to conjecture about Dora Ratjen, the German athlete who just missed a gold medal in the women’s high jump in the notorious Olympics of 1936. “She” subsequently set world records in this event that remained on the books.

然而，德国运动员朵拉·拉特金的性别是不容置疑的。在臭名昭著的1936年奥运会上错失了女子跳高金牌后，“她”随后在这个项目中屡屡改写世界纪录。

汉译英

1、吸引大量观众的体育运动为人们观赏青春活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。

Spectator sports provide an outlet for viewing the vitality of youth, speed, and strength.

2、它所展示的技能水平强烈的吸引着人们。

The levels of skill displayed fascinate people.

3、男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。

Men identify more directly than women with spectator sports because of their childhood experience and the macho nature of games.

4、这种运动对于男性来说，在心理上有另外一种吸引力：因为他们是男人，有可能被召唤到赛场上，被要求打比赛或当教练，去贡献自己的一技之长。

For men there is an additional attraction in their minds because since they are male they could be called on the filled, asked to contribute their playing or coaching skills.

5、因此观看这类比赛给他们的遐想提供了素材。

Viewing sports thus provides the raw material for dreams.

6、而女性在观看比赛中也从他人身上间接地获得了渴望取胜的满足感，而且有更多的女性正积极地投身到竞技体育中。

Nevertheless, women too feel vicarious satisfaction from a desire to win ever and more women are becoming active in competitive sports.

7、到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣，在电视新闻得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。

By the early 1970s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed professional sports into lucrative business enterprises.

8、结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般的涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动运加盟。

As a result, entirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries.

9、随着体育变得更像传统商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。

As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly turned to agents to represent them in salary negotiations.

10、现在，职业体育经济运动已经进入一个新时代。

Now professional sports have entered a new era.

Unit 8

英译汉

汉译英

1、我心里有一些东西，一直渴望着说出来教育年轻人；因为正是在一个人早年尚未成熟的时候，这些东西最能生根、最能持久，也最珍贵。

I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed to say for the instruction of the young; for it is in one’s tender early years that such things will best take root and be most enduring and most valuable.

2、当父母在场时要始终服从他们。

Always obey your parents when they are present.

3、从长远的观点来看，这是最好的策略，因为即使你不服从他们，他们也会是你服从他们。

This is best policy in the long run, because if you don’t they will make you.

4、大部分父母认为他们知道的比你多。你接受这一点，通常比你根据自己判断行事，会获得更大的收益。

Most parents think they know better than you do, and you can generally benefit more by accepting that idea than you can by acting on your own judgment.

5、要尊重你的上司，也要尊重你的朋友、熟人和身边的其他人。

By respectful to your superiors, also to friends, acquaintances and people around you.

6、如果一个人冒犯了你，你又不能确定他是有意还是无意，不要采取极端的做法；只要等待时机予以回击就行了。

If a person offends you and you are in doubt as to whether it was intentional or not, do not resort to extreme measures; simply watch your chance and hit him back later.

7、如果你能肯定他并非有意冒犯，就应该坦率地说出来，承认自己攻击他是错误的，就像一个男子汉那样承认错误，对他来说你不是有意这样做的。

That will be sufficient. If you shall find that he had not intended any offense, come out frankly and confess you in the wrong when you struck him; acknowledge it like a man and say you didn’t means to.

8、要始终避免使用暴力，在这个仁爱和友善的时代，依仗暴力的日子已经一去不复返了。

Always avoid violence. In this age of charity and kindliness, the time has gone by for violence.

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：

考研英语翻译的基本方法版

考研英语翻译的基本方 法版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]

2013年考研英语翻译的基本方法（7月 版） 在解答考生关于考研英语真题学习中的具体问题时，我们发现，很多考生对英汉翻译所懂甚少。长期以来，一直有考生提问诸如“老师，这句英文中这个短语怎么没有翻译出来？”、“这半句汉语是从那里来的，英语中怎么没有对应语句？”以及“这个句子为什么翻译成汉语时，添加了否定词？”等等的问题。在很多时候，我们只能很笼统的告诉考生：基于英汉文化的差异，在翻译的过程中需要考虑语言模式的差异。在很多时候，英译汉必须按照汉语思维模式以及语境的需要，去增添或者省略一些信息、调整一下语序、转换表达方式。 为了让考生更深入地了解英译汉，我们选用一些真题中的句子，来做先关探讨。在此之前，我们先简单地阐述一下翻译的标准和过程。 翻译标准 在我国近现代，最有影响的翻译标准是严复的“信、达、雅”。就考研英语翻译而言，由于文章的题材大多是有关、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，并且文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，我们很难在“雅”这一标准上做文章。“达”，即通顺，译文必须通顺且符合汉语的语言习惯，这是一个重要的评分标准。“信”，即忠于原文，是翻译的最高标准。由于要翻译的5个句子

是从一篇文章中截取出来的，因而译文必须和上下文表达的意思一致。如果歪曲了原文的意思，那么该句的得分就会很低。 因此，翻译不能违背原文本身，这是考研翻译的最基本标准。 翻译过程 翻译一般分三个阶段：①找核心句；②译核心句；③译其修饰限定补充的句子。由于考研英语翻译大部分句型都是长难句，这一过程显得尤为重要。简而言之，考生首先要找出句子的主干，然后再处理其余的细枝末节，如修饰成分等。考试中，考生应该先通读全文，从大处着手，通篇把握文意，然后分析需要翻译的句子，找出主干，理分支，并翻译。最后是检查书写以及时态。 翻译策略 1．直译和意译 直译，既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译；意译，不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方式，把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中，我们应遵循的方法是：尽量采用直译，不能直译才采用意译，必要时直译与意译相结合。 （1）能直译就直译

研究生专业英语 第一到第六单元 句子翻译 修改版

Unit 1 1.他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。 Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5.每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6.他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1.有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2.不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3.只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4.穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access. 5.因为有了因特网，在不同国家从事类似工作的人们之间收入上的不平等减少了，但是贫穷

研究生学位英语翻译

0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观

2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析

2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职

最新考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译

考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍(self-introduce) (1开场白)Good morning, my dear my dear professors. I feel so glad to meet all of you here.( 2.姓名，英文名，毕业院校，毕业专业，毕业学院) My name is ****, I am *** years old. I major in***** in the institute of****in china university of petroleum in Qingdao , My undergraduate period will be accomplished in July this year; and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to your university. (3．性格，爱好，实践经验)Generally speaking , I am a hard working student. I had an outstanding performance during my college life, and had won the scholarship for two times. When I decided to take part in The first National Petroleum Engineering Design Competition organized by your university, our group overcame several difficulties, we searched for information on the internet or in the library, used special software s such as petrel and Eclipse to create model and make analysis, we tried our best and had learned a lot in the process, and our hard work paid off , we won the Excellence Award . What’s more, i am a person with great perseverance. I will try my best to finish a thing no matter how difficult it is. i once used C programming language to write a application programs about “how to query personal information quickly ” in a competition .when i was sophomore(['s?f?m?:]), i found public elective course ****very interesting, so i persisted in studying it throughout the second semester while most of my schoolmates chose to give up. My**** name **** ,which means ****t, was given by my teacher. In my spare time, I like reading books, especially history books, I also like playing tennis and ping pang, I also like English very much, I am fond of watching English films, I do believe learning a foreigner language is a way to communicate with aliens, and maybe a tool to change one’s life. There is still a

研究生英语翻译答案

Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In

2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版)

2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题真题与翻译

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

英语研究生专业分类

与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

研究生英语 翻译+答案

1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。