美英报刊导语

美英报刊，一般包括新闻报道、特写、评说、社会新闻、经济新闻、科技新闻、国际新闻、广告与漫画等等。报刊新闻己形成一种

使用性很强的功能语体，并已构成语言运用形式的一个组成部分。众所周知，语言的运用是随着情景的变化而变化的，不同的言语环境引起语言材料的功能分化，从而形成了语言的各种变体即语体。美英报刊新闻所涉及的范围是非常广泛的，因而报刊的行文形成了不同于一般英语的模式，构成其特有的语体特点。本文主要探讨美英报刊新闻的语体特点。

一、词汇特征

从词法角度看，美英报刊新闻最显而易见的特点之一是其大量用语都是被赋予了与新闻报道密切相关的普通英语词语。比起日常用语，报刊新闻中经常使用一些具体词语来表示新闻中某些特定的事实，叙述和说明等，表达清楚，简洁凝炼，此外，新闻中还常运用形象化词汇与口语俗语，以增加形象性亲切感或吸引力。

例如:

(1)BritishstudentknifedinFr叨ee.(TheT加es，1981)英国学生在法被刺。

(2)Tourism业叨dviolence哎JamaicaSays·(TheNewYorkTimes，1980)牙买加称:旅游业务增加，暴力事件减少。

(3)Thewarandotherd肪eulties旦旦旦theArabsumnut.(ThestudyT加es，1981)战争以及其他困难问题困扰了阿拉伯高级会议。

(4)When11)eardsareamust.(TIME，1985)现在人人都要带身份证

报刊新闻词汇特点之二是选用大量字形短小，音节不多而词义又比较广泛的词汇，既不过于正式，又不过于粗俗，适用范围很广。这种倾向在标题中尤其突出。

现例举下列常见词汇:

aimpurPose，objeet，design，intention、ban—Prohibition，Prohibit，restrain，interdict禁止、遏制、制止

bid—offer，attemPt，endeavor，Proposal出价、试图、努力、建议eut

—reduee，reduetion，eurtail，eurtaUment，abridgement减少、缩减、削减deal—bargain，Transaetion，negotiation交易、成交、谈判

envoy一ambassador，delegate.rePresentative，me山ator，emis·

sary，而ulster使节、代表、大使、公使、特使、专使

job—t拓k，emPloyment，Profession，undertaking，enter-Prise，achievement

工作、任务、就业、职业、企业、成就

meet—meeting，assembly，eonferenee，eonvention会议、集会、会谈、大会talk—eonversation，diseussion，negotiation谈话、会谈、谈判

报刊新闻词汇特点之三是运用缩写词和简缩词。第二次世界大战以来，缩写词和简缩词大量涌现，近年来增加尤其快，在美英报刊上经常出现，现就常出现的简缩词举例如下:

copter直升飞机、nu流行性感冒、fridge冰箱、movie一coholic看电影成瘾的(人)、teloholic 看电视成瘾的(人)、telly电视、eco-politics经济政治学、pop一singer流行歌曲演唱家、Viet 越南的(人)、Reagano而es里根经济学(政策)。

报刊新闻词汇特点之四是名词和地名、建筑物名称的借用。名词借用就是用名词来代替形容词、分词和介词短语，作为定语修饰名词，我们可以发现这种现象在新闻报道中很常见。例如:Luxuryliner豪华班轮(机)、newscinema新闻影院、rilmstodio制片厂。所谓地名、建筑物名称的借用，在新闻报道中常常以各国首都名称来代替该国或其政府;建筑物名称代表有关的机构。笔者再举几例来说明这种特点。

例如:WhiteHall白厅(英国政府)、Seotlandyard伦敦警察厅、WhiteHouse白宫(美国政府)、

FoggyBottom雾谷(美国国务院)。

报刊新闻词汇特点之五便是新词语的创造和采用。世界上和宇宙间新事物层出不穷，新闻报道里新词语也就不断出现。例如:1969年7月20日人类第一次登上月球，随即产生了许多与moon有关的新词。如:moonroek(月石)、moonn习l(登月)、moonship或mooneraft(月球探测机)、moonshoot(发射探月飞船)、moonwalk(月面行走)等等词汇。然而，新闻报道中出现的新词，也是遵循着英语构词规律的。大体上有以下几种情况，即旧词添新义、合成新词、派生新词及转化新词等等。

二、新闻标题特色

在美英报刊新闻标题风格上，报刊英语的一大特点是:它经历着一个从过于正规、古板到比较简捷、通俗的转变过程。新闻标题追求简明扼要，立意新颖，生动醒目而又不拘一格。标题特色一般说来具有以下规律和特点。

1、广泛使用缩写词和简缩词

例如:pMtoseeMps Overbigfaeto叮elosures(TheT而es，1981)首相将会见下院议员

商讨大厂停闭问题

这里，笔者觉得有必要提出，新闻标题中常见的缩词主要有三种，即组织机构的简称，如:EEC(欧洲经济共同体)、OPEC(石油输出国组织)等;表示职务或职业特征的各种人物名称，如:Mp(国会议院)、VIP(重要人物)等;某些大家熟悉的事物名称，如:TB(肺结核)、USO(不明潜水物体)等等。

2、经常省略虚词

新闻标题往往只标实义词而略去虚词。省略最多的虚词是冠词及动词“tobe”，有时也省略连词及代词等。

例如:(l)AntitrustAetionUrgedForpreSS二AntitrustaetionhasbeenurgedforPress

(2)I回ianEx一Mayormurdered

二ItalianEx一Mayorwasmurdered

(3)苟ngs，sheiksraPUS，USSR

=刃ngsand由eiksraPUSandUSSR

(4)Auneandbabyarewell

二Anneandherbabyarewell

以上四句中划线部分在标题中均被略去。

3、标题中的时态往往用一般现在时

新闻所叙述的事多半是刚刚发生或已经发生，按英国语法规则应用动词的过去式或现在完成时态，但值得我们注意的是:标题中的时态往往常用一般现在时，即用一般现在时来表述新闻。

4、标题常用修辞手法

引用或套用名言、典故、谚语和文学著作之名的修辞手法是标题特色之一，以增强生动性和感染力。例如:

(l)FarewelltoArms文章谈及当时的苏联共产党总书记戈尔巴乔夫向当时的美国总统里根建议彻底销毁核武器的事。这是引用了海明威小说的名字AFarewelltoArlns《永别了武器》。(2)Liberty15theTrueMotherofInvention此篇文章强调自由对发明的重要性。这是套用了谚语“neeessity15themotherofinvention’’(需要是发明之母)。

三、新闻导语格式及来源套语

在长期的实践中，新闻报道已形成了一定的导语格式及来源套语，这也是新闻英语有别于其它文体的一个显著特点。在新闻报道中，必须注意新闻导语格式，尽量使用套语，以求新闻报道规范、准确。

从新闻导语格式看，笔者认为:其基本要求应当是:(一)必须抓住报道事件的本质，突出最重要的内容。(二)必须有扣人心弦的东西，使读者不得不看下去，力求做到“导语一唱歌，读者就跟着哼”。下面笔者具体介绍几种常见的美英报刊新闻导语:1、标签导语(LabelLead):这种导语常用于发布公报、声明、条约、演说、命令、决议等等。

2、摘要导语(S~aryLead):这是新闻报道中很常用的一种导语形式，它往往概括了报道中内容的精髓部分。

3、主要事实导语(MainFactLead):这种导语通常只用一句话介绍一个主要新闻事实。

4、复式导语(CombinedLead):当记者、编辑有两个以上事实需要予以同样强调时，便采用复式导语。运用这种导语时，常常用“when”，“aS”，“a而d”或“follo衍ng”之类的词把两者联系起来。

看起来似乎是后一句说明前一句的时间，其实不一定如此。因此，读者就需要特别注意这种导语的表达形式。

5、人称导语(PersonalLead):这种导语格式是在导语中记者的现身说法，使用“我”、“你”、“你们”这类的人称代词，仿佛与读者在直接而亲切地交谈。

6、轶事式导语(AneedotalLead):此种导语格式是先引用一点轶事、趣闻，以引起读者的兴趣，然后叙述新闻事实。

另一方面，从新闻来源看，它有很多不同的表达套语。经常阅读报刊新闻的人不难发现报刊新闻习惯上都标明消息来源。这不但对事实说明来源，而且对说话、意见、观点也写明来历，以示“客观，，。笔者以下谈谈新闻来源套语的表达形式:

有名有姓的来源套语(包括机构和个人):例如，“Paris，Junes(AFP)—FrenehExternalRelationsMi 川全terClaudeChevssonsaidlas而ghtonhisreturnfromWashinglon

that…”

无名无姓来源的常用套语有(举例):

Forei即Ministryoffieials外交官员们

Governmentspokesman政府发言人

Defenceauthourities国防当局

authoritativesourees权威人士

diplomatiesources外交人士

officialsourees官方人士

well一informedsourees消息灵通人士

thequarterseoneerned有关方面

thehighestquarters最高层方面(人士)

(ac川刚吨to)aJU】代脚d加犯1肠岭o(据)时事社东京消息

在不表明新闻来源时，可用的常用套语有(举例):

It15sald据说

It15reported据报道

It15learned据悉

It15cla加ed据称

It15understood据了解

It15authoritativelylearned自权威方面获悉

笔者从以上三个方面简单论述了美英报刊新闻的语体特点。可以说，掌握报刊新闻的语体特点，对于提高报刊阅读能力，提高语言运用的有效性和得体性是大有帮助的。

美英报刊中新闻导语的写作特色

□栗文达

□新闻正文由导语、正文和结尾组成，而导语是整个新闻写作中的核心环节。一条好的导语可以像磁铁一样将读者的目光立即吸引过来，让读者在最短的时间内了解这条新闻的要点并作出决定：是否需要阅读这条新闻的全部文字。而国内的导语写作大多已模式化，难见有新意的导语，读来常常索然无味。

□美国的新闻学大师梅尔文·曼彻把导语分成两种基本类型：直接式导语与延迟式导语。

直接式导语在文章开头直接告诉读者最重要的信息，通常用于突发新闻的写作。延迟式导语通过暗示的手法吸引受众阅读正文，通常用于特稿的写作。他还认为，在内容上，导语需要满足两个要求，一是抓住基本事实，二是吸引读者在此文停留片刻；在形式上，好的导语通常只包含一个中心意思，只包含一个主谓宾结构，并且不超过35个单词。

①梅尔文·曼彻对于导语写作不超过35个单词的要求可能也只适用于消息写作，新闻

导语的写作在本质上强调直入主题，但这并非说所有的导语都只能是千篇一律的“开门见山”。美英报刊所载文章的导语的确演绎了多样的精彩，或许对我们的导语写作有所助益。

□开门见山，简单明了

□直接把消息中最主要、最新鲜的事实简单直接地概括叙述出来，是最典型的“开门见山”

式导语，也是最常见的导语写作模式。

□《华盛顿邮报》一篇题为FBI’s No.2 Was“Deep Throat”（《FBI二号人物就是深喉》）的稿件导语为：Deep Throat, the secret source whose insider guidance was vital to The Washington Post’s ground-breaking coverage of the Watergate scandal, was a pillar of the FBI named W. Mark Felt, The Post confirmed yesterday.②（《华盛顿邮报》昨日证实，深喉，那个对《华盛顿邮报》水门丑闻取得突破性报道至关重要的神秘线人，就是当年FBI的台柱子马克·费尔特。）此导语言简意赅，却揭开了困惑美国人33年的水门事件之谜：“深喉”竟是当年尼克松麾下的FBI的副局长。不能不让人瞠目结舌。

□写开门见山式导语要直截了当地把最主要的内容告诉读者，由于是事件性新闻，切忌不慌不忙娓娓道来，要用尽量简短的文字、最快的速度让读者一目了然。

□

□突出细节，角度独特

□写作常有多种角度，导语写作若有一个独特的角度来吸引读者，同质稿件就会在竞争中取胜，高明的作者会选取一个最独特、最有趣、最富有戏剧性和人情味的角度写作导语。□《纽约时报》一篇题为China Loves Its Soccer. Its Team? Don’t Ask.（《中国人喜欢足球，喜欢他们的国家队吗？别提了。》）的稿件导语为：The kick in the groin was the low point of the Olympic Games for hundreds of millions of Chinese sports fans.③（中国男足那对准下腹部的一踢在中国亿万球迷眼中成了奥运的最低点。）

□整个导语不过短短21个单词，翻译成中文28个汉字，却通过细节生动形象地表现了2008年北京奥运会足球赛中“一名中国球员因为错失一个球飞脚踹向对手比利时球员的下身，导致对方痛苦翻腾在球场上”的镜头，也表现了中国人对于中国足球队的失望。

□导语写作中的细节可以增强新闻的现场感、真实性与可读性；可以增强感染力，增加趣味性，有利于深化主题。

□

□设置悬念，构思巧妙

□新闻导语写作常通过设置悬念激起读者的阅读兴趣和欲望。此类导语大多是通过设问提出一个问题然后再回答写作而成。设问设得好，能把读者引入“问题情境”，激发好奇心，从而调动阅读新闻的积极性。如《华盛顿先驱报》的经典导语：What price Glory? Two

eyes, two legs, an arm—$12 a month.④（光荣值多少钱？两只眼睛，两条腿，一只胳膊，每月12块钱。）设问再回答，描述了因一战而残疾的老兵生活困窘的状况。短短12个单词，发振聋发聩之声。然而设置悬念型的导语也并非全部都需要设问。《时代》周刊一篇题为Person of the Year: You（《年度人物：你》）的稿件导语为：The“Great Man”theory of history is usually attributed to the Scottish philosopher Thomas Carlyle, who wrote that “the history of the world is but the biography of great men.” He believed that it is the few, the powerful and the famous who shape our collective destiny as a species. That theory took a serious beating this year.⑤（一般认为历史学中的“伟人论”来自苏格兰哲学家Thomas Carlyle。他说过：“世界史无非是伟人们的自传”。他相信少数有名、有权的个人左右了我们整个人类的命运。这一理论今年受到严重挑战。）

□此导语用了很多篇幅叙述“伟人论”，却在导语最后一句话称此理论今年受到重创，使人不禁产生疑问：受到谁的重创？继续读一下，方知当选《时代》周刊2006年年度人物的人是：你。每一个你我代替伟人，通过计算机、键盘和网络影响甚至控制着世界和世界的改变。

□导语写作的悬念设置还有其他多种方法，但不管用什么方法，悬念的设置都要合乎情理，不能故弄玄虚。如果以耸人听闻的口吻剌激读者，效果会适得其反。

□

□因物起兴，生动形象

□“兴”是我国文学创作中的两种手法。“兴”，就是联想，触景生情，因物起兴，“先言他物以引起所咏之词也”。文化传承虽不同，美英报刊新闻导语写作也有应用类似手法者。《华盛顿邮报》一篇题为September 11,2001（《2001年9月11日》）的稿件导语为：

A few minutes before 8,Tuesday morning. The day had broken clean and clear and sweet on

the East Coast. Summer was over mentally, if not officially. It was time to get to work, and people were up and at it. The saddest and most relentlessly horrific day in modern American existence started in the most ordinary ways.⑥（周二晨，早上八点。美国东海岸的天空晴朗、洁净、美好。虽然没有正式发布，夏天也几近结束了。该去上班的时间，人们都忙着起床、赶着去上班。最平平常常开始的一天最后却成了现代美国最悲惨、最残酷、最恐怖的一天。）

□“9·11”灾难众所周知，火山来临前那异于平时的平静由此导语可见一斑。

□因物起兴是调查报道或特稿写作中的常用写作手法，是导语写作中比较生动形象的方法，对记者功力的要求颇高。

□对比手法，起伏之美

□对比指将两个有差别，甚至相反的东西放在一起进行比较，使得事物的个性特征在对比中放大并显露出来，以此达到写作目的。把对比的方式用于导语写作，能于起承转折间增加新闻美感、跌宕起伏中提升新闻价值、矛盾浮现时刺激读者阅读欲望。《泰晤士报》一篇题为America refuses to accept defeat in Olympic medal count（《美国拒绝承认奥运会奖牌榜上的失败》）的稿件导语为：It was the perfect end to a perfect Olympic Games for China as the Olympic flame was handed over to London in one of the world’s greatest stadiums last night. As memories of a sensational Games faded, China celebrated achieving its ultimate aim of heading the Olympic medals table for the first time. Unless you are in America, where you will discover that Team USA remain the force in world sport.⑦（中国的完美奥运完美谢幕。昨晚，在全球最大的体育馆，奥运火炬移交伦敦。随着奥运盛会的记忆渐渐淡去，中国欢庆他们首次实现了领袖奥运奖牌榜的终极目标。除非在美国，你才会发现美国队仍是世界体坛的老大。）

□如果顺着导语继续读下去，等看到第二段写着“奥运排名争夺战是以奖牌定胜负，只是看你参考哪种奖牌了。美国把银牌和铜牌都算进去，美国民众看到的就是一份根据奖牌总数来排定的座次表，照此标准，美国在它自己的国家仍旧执奖牌之牛耳”时，你只能莞尔。此是对比之功也。导语写作采用对比的写法，虽然写的是对比的双方，但强调的只是其中一方，描写双方旨在欲扬先抑或欲抑先扬。对比手法的运用排除了导语的常规与平凡，使得稿件起伏有致、摇曳生姿，也为下文的写作创造了条件。

□结语

□导语的写作和修改是一项复杂的工作，既需要提炼的功力，又需要长期的经验积累。导语虽然短小，却可以清楚地显示出新闻记者的功底，从美英报刊的新闻报道可以看到，只有在敏锐的挑选和捕捉新闻的能力支持下，才能有奇思妙语，才能写好导语，才能写好新闻报道。

□注释：

□①④Melvin Mencher.News Reporting and Writing，北京：清华大学出版社，2004年版。□②David V on Drehle.FBI’s No.2 Was “Deep Throat”.The Washington Post.June 1,2005.

□③Edward Wong.China Loves Its Soccer. Its Team?Don’t Ask.The New York Times.August 14,2008.

□⑤Lev Grossman.Person of the Year:You.TIME.Dec.25,2006.

□⑥David Maraniss.September 11,2001.The Washington Post.September 16,2001.

□⑦Kevin Eason.America refuses to accept defeat in Olympic medal count.The Times.August 25,2008.

□（作者单位：河北师范大学外国语学院）

□编校：赵亮

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控制测试的考验 有人说,坐是命运。有人说这是没有意义的。它是否应该取消? 理查德·阿特金森不是典型的那些担心坐,然而,他是去年研读一堆准备手册,填充泡沫与2号铅笔。尊敬的认知心理学家,前美国国家科学基金会主席,现在著名的nine-campus加州大学系统,决定调查他的长期担忧美国最著名的标准化考试,他就怎样行了许多的130万名高中毕业生参加SAT考试每年都做。每天晚上或数周,71岁的阿特金森掏出他的手册和样品测试来检查和评估的青少年面对的是语言和数学问题。 阿特金森,测试专家,不就像他所看到的一切。有太多令人困惑的问题,模糊言语类比——那种要求学生找出“不真实的”“mendaciousness”“谨慎”是“谨慎。”也不是他快乐,当他去年访问加州北部一所私立学校,看到一个类的12岁练习SAT考试——考试年之遥。与许多坐批评,然而,阿特金森能够做些什么大学招生测试:在开创性的2月18日的一次演讲中,美国教育委员会,他呼吁废除坐在我(正式名称测试)在加州大学本科生招生的未来的决定。 他的建议是一个体面的机会来批准教师和评议在第二年,已经引起了巨大的轰动全国校园。事实上,它点燃了长期争论远远超出了加州的测试:是坐高估了作为大学入学的工具,预测性能?贫困和少数民族学生是不公平的(批评者称为测试“文化偏见”),特别是现在一些大学已经停止招生偏好给黑人和西班牙裔,平均SAT成绩远远低于那些白人和亚洲人吗?也许最基本,大学应该挑选学生根据他们获得知识而不是通用资质?阿特金森认为,加州系统应该只使用标准化考试直接相关的材料的学生在学校学习。 其他的机会。以斯帖墙将会很高兴看到坐去。大学辅导员在洛杉矶中南区的杰佛逊高中,她说她的低收入,拉丁裔学生通常不测试好坐,虽然他们很有能力。学校的明星之一,赢得了17岁的高级帕斯卡·拉莫斯的九个严格的跳级生课程。但是他只管理SAT分数总计1080——1019年高于全国平均水平,但远低于精英学校期待什么。他应用等加州大学学校以及私立大学康奈尔大学,卡内基梅隆大学,他的梦想——麻省理工学院的校园。“我要进入其中的一对,”他预测。“我只担心我的SAT成绩。” SAT的模糊性质,困扰许多对手。测试是一个“大灰蘑菇,”测试专家詹姆斯?波说加州大学名誉教授认为考试一个光荣的智商测试。大学委员会说,并非如此,赞助商的测试。但董事会没有帮助澄清问题通过执行几个修辞近年来翻筋斗。1994年,它改变了坐从学习能力倾向测验的名字,这个名字最早于1926年研制成功以来,学术评估测试。这些天的官方立场是,首字母缩写不代表任何东西。 测试但是没有什么神秘可言,Caperton大学理事会主席加斯顿说。三个小时的考试措施”的那种高阶数学和literary-reasoning技能学生需要大学,在以后的生活中取得成功,”他说。测试关联与freshman-year大学成绩,大学委员会说,尤其是用于结合高中成绩。Caperton坚称:“坐着工作。“迁怒坐不会提供更好的教学和学习在学校。” 最新的攻击坐在平权法案在几个州的消亡,在大学可以不再给少数申请人特殊招生优惠。继续依赖考试分数很难维持以前的水平的少数招生,所以无种族歧视的替代品有争夺。德州和加州大学系统已经采用了大学招生系统部分基于班级排名。不管考试分数,一个学生在他或她的高中类(前10%在德克萨斯州,在加州前4%)自动承认州立大学。新政策在政治上受欢迎,但批评人士担心,他们依靠高中继续隔离,可以降低录取标准,因为学校质量千差万别。 在短期内,阿特金森希望加州大学继续要求科目的成绩测试(统称为SAT II),测量等领域的知识写作,数学,历史,和外语。最终,他想看看新的测试联系更直接的加州大学的需要

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Lesson Nine. Iraq: Who won the war? Not the 90,000 Iraqi civilians or the 4,200 US and UK troops killed since 2003. The big winners are the money men who have made billions. Raymond Whitaker and Stephen Foley report 1.Five years ago today, Britain stood on the brink of war. On 16 March 2003, United Nations weapons inspec-tors were advised to leave Iraq within 48 hours, and the "shock and awe" bombing campaign began less than 100 hours later, on 20 March. The moment the neocons around President George Bush had worked so long for, aided by the moral fervour of Tony Blair, was about to arrive. 2."I believe demolishing Hussein's military power and liberating Iraq would be a cakewalk," Kenneth Adelman, a leading neocon, had said a few weeks before, and so it proved. Within barely a month, Saddam's bronze statue in Baghdad's Firdaus Square was scrap metal. But every other prediction by the Bush administration's hawks proved wrong. 3.No weapons of mass destruction –Britain's key justification for war –have been found. The Pentagon acknowledged last week that a review of more than 600,000 captured Iraqi documents showed "no evidence that Saddam Hussein's regime had any operational links with Osama bin Laden's al-Qa'ida terrorist network". 4.In 2008, there are still more American troops in Iraq than during the invasion, with no exit yet in sight. Britain's Ministry of Defence has just admitted that it has been unable to withdraw as many British troops as it planned – there are 4,000 still based just outside Basra, instead of the projected 2,500. So far 3,987 American soldiers and 197 British troops have died in Iraq. 5.So, five years on, who can be said to have won the war? Certainly not Iraqi civilians, at least 90,000 of whom have died violently since 2003, at the most conservative estimate. Other studies have multiplied that figure by five or six. Two million Iraqis have fled the country, and at least as many again are internally displaced. Baghdad households suffered power cuts of up to eight hours a day in Saddam's time; now they can expect less than eight hours of electricity a day on average. The US troop "surge" has cut the number of murders, but there are still 26 a day in the capital. The list goes on. 6.Nor have the eager promotors of the war, such as Mr Adelman, fared well. (By October 2006 he was admitting: "We're losing in Iraq.") The most arrogant of them all, Donald Rumsfeld, the ex-secretary of defence, was reluctantly dropped by Mr Bush in his second term. His former deputy, Paul Wolfowitz, who famously said that WMD had been used as the excuse for war because it was the only topic Washington's bureaucracy could agree on, was forced to resign as president of the World Bank after arranging a pay rise for his girlfriend. The Senate refused to confirm John Bolton