考研英语备考翻译真题精讲

考研英语备考：翻译真题精讲

一、全真试题

（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.

（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.

（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.

（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.

（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

二、翻译题解

（71）Whiletherearealmost as many definitions of historyastherearehistorians, modern practice most closelyconformsto onethatseeshistory as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

句子拆分：

拆分点参考：从属连词，标点符号，

While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians, // modern practice most closely conforms to one // that sees history //as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

解析：

（1）主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。

（2）see... as...把……看作是，介词短语as the attempt做see的状语，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。

词的处理：

while虽然，尽管

definitions定义，界定

modern practice现代（补词：史学家的)实践

conforms to符合于，趋向于认为

attempt试图，尝试

技巧点拨：

（1）主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as...as结构是比较级，这句话直译“为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义”但是这个汉语译文不符合汉语的习惯。因为在英语句子中，比较的两者是“历史学定义的数量”和“历史学家”的数量，两个数量是一致的是可以比较的。但若翻译为“有多少个历史学家，就有多少个关于历史的定义”，就感觉是“历史学的定义”和“历史学家”在做比较。所以可以进一步调整为“几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定”。

（2）modern practice most closely conforms to one：modern practice可以直接翻译为“现代实践”。但是，汉语里“实践”这个词常常不用“现代”等形容词修饰，可通过适当的增词，把这个“实践”进一步指明。联系上下文可知，这里的“实践”是指“历史学家的实践”。另外，one是不定代词，

（3）to recreate再现，重现（不能说“重新创造历史”），events“事件”，结合上下文引申为“史实”。

完整译文：

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。

（72）Interest in historical methodshas arisenless through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

句子拆分：

拆分点参考：连词，介词

Interest in historical methods has arisen // less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline // and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

解析：

（1）主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...

（2）并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译“比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是……”

（3）challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语，直译“对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议”，internal quarrels 后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。

词的处理：

interest in historical methods对历史方法的关注（兴趣）

arisen来自于，产生于

challenge质疑，挑战

validity真实性，正确性

as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问（一个学科领域）

internal quarrels内部意见不统一，内部分歧

技巧点拨：

less …and more…：在此直译的话是“少数是因为……多数是因为……”根据汉语的习惯，可以翻译为“主要是因为......，其次是因为......”,“与其说是因为……,不如说是因为……”。

完整译文：

人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

（73）During this transfer, traditional historical methodswere augmentedby additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

句子拆分：

拆分点参考：标点符号，介词短语，过去分词

During this transfer, //traditional historical methods were augmented //by additional methodologies// designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

解析：

（1）主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by...

（2）介词短语by additional methodologies做状语修饰augmented

（3）过去分词短语designed to...作methodologies的定语。

词的处理：

transfer转变

augmented充实，补充

additional methodologies新方法

designed to用来

interpret阐释，解释，说明

技巧点拨：

（1)这个句子是一个被动结构。可以直接翻译为“传统的历史方法被新的方法论增加（充实）了”。根据被动结构的翻译方法，可采取主宾颠倒的方式，用英语中被东结构的主语来做汉语译文的宾语。这样可翻译为；新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

（2)the new forms of evidence新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料

（3）in the historical study在（补译：历史学家）研究历史时

完整译文：

在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究

方法。

（74）Thereisno agreementwhethermethodologyrefersto the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

句子拆分：

拆分点参考：从属连词

There is no agreement // whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general // or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

解析：

（1）主干结构是存在句There is no agreement。因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。

（2）whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是整个句子的状语。

（3）the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语；the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。

词的处理：

agreement统一的意见，一致看法

whether...refers to... or to...是指……还是指……

the research techniques研究手段

appropriate to适用于，合适于

the various branches各个领域

historical inquiry历史探究

技巧点拨：

（1) the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general（按后置定语的顺序倒译）一般的历史研究中的特有概念

（2)如果把整个whether…or…引导的整个状语从句部分组合在一起，可译为：方法论是指一般历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段。现在，如果把主句的部分结合起来考虑的话，根据我们所说的英语多前重心，汉语多后重心，我们可以把主句放在后面，组合为“究竟是……还是……”,人们没有达成一致意见”，这样一调整之后会比“人们没有达成一致意见，究竟是……还是……”通顺的多。

完整译文：

所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

（75）Itappliesequally to traditional historianswhoviewhistory as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

句子拆分：

拆分点参考：从属连词，并列连词

It applies equally to traditional historians // who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, // and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

解析：

（1）主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直译“这既适应于……又

适应于……”引申为“这既存在于……又存在于……”

（2）traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。

词的处理：

traditional historians传统历史学家，历史传统派

view history as把历史看作是

sources源泉，引申为史料来源

social science historians社会科学历史学家，历史社科派

their activity活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究

equate... with把……等同于，认为……是

specific techniques具体方法

技巧点拨：

（1）It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论。

（2）apply to不能翻译成“应用于，适用于”。因为根据词义选择的翻译技巧，apply to上文的代词it指代“错误，一种谬论”，下文宾语是traditonal historains（传统历史学家，历史学的传统派），结合汉语习惯就知道“错误”不是“应用”在“历史学家”上，而是“存在于历史学加上”。所以这个部分可以翻译为“这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派”。

（3）who view history as...：在这个定语从句中，who修饰先行词traditional historians。首先external and internal直译是“内部和外部”，其实应该进一步补充为“史学界内部和外部”。另外criticism of sources不能翻译为“对来源的批评”，主要是sources（来源）的意思没有理解清楚，其次，criticism翻译成“批评”也不太准确，应是“评论”的意思。根据上下文可以发现，这里的sources就是上文提到的historical sources（历史资料的来源）。这样，criticism of sources就可以进一步理解为“对各种史料来源的评论”。最后，这个定语从句比较复杂，可以采用重复先行词的方法来翻译：传统的历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对于各种史料来源的评论。

（4）who equate their activity with specific techniques.在此who引导的定语从句修饰先行词social science historians.其中activity是“活动”的意思，而不是“具体技术”。这个定语从句结构比较复杂，可以放在先行词social science historians（社会科学历史学家，历史学社科派）后面，采用重复先行词的方法来翻译：社会科学历史学家认为，历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

（5）当然如果把主干部分和两个从句部分组合在一起的话，可以把两个从句的部分整合在主干后面，直接翻译。

完整译文：

这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派：前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

三、参考译文

（71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。

（72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科

学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派：前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

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