研究生英语翻译

Unit4 The Last Chapter

“I love you, Bob.”

“我爱你，鲍勃。”

“I love you, too, Nancy”

“我也爱你，南希。”

It was 2 a.m. and I was hearing my parents' voices through the thin wall separating my bedroom from theirs. Their loving reassurances were sweet, touching-and surprising.

凌晨两点，我听到与我一墙之隔的卧室中传出了父母的对话，他们对爱的表达令人愉悦，令人感动，却也着实令人吃惊。

My parents married on September 14, 1940, after a brief courtship. She was nearing 30 and knew it was time to start a family. The handsome, well-educated man who came by the office where she worked looked like a good bet. He was captivated by her figure, her blue eyes. The romance didn't last long.

我的父母在一个简短的恋爱期后，与1940年9月14日结婚。那时我母亲已经快30岁了，她觉得是到了该建立家庭的时候了。当那个英俊、受过良好教育的那字经过她的办公室时，她觉得他应该是一个不错的人选，而那个男子也被她美妙的身体和那双蓝色的眼睛所吸引。但这段罗曼史并没有持续太长时间。

Seeds of difference sprouted almost immediately. She liked to travel; he hated the thought He loved golf; she did not. He was a Republican; she an ardent Democrat. They fought at the bridge table, at the dinner table, over money, over the perceived failings of their respective in-laws. To make matters worse, they owned a business together, and the everyday frustrations of life at the office came to roost at home.

很快，他们的分歧就显现出来。她酷爱旅游，他不喜欢外出，他喜欢打高尔夫球，她却不感兴趣：他是共和党派，而她支持民主党。他们总是不停地吵架，从桥牌桌上吵到饭桌上，为钱吵，互相埋怨对方的亲戚。更糟糕的是，他们共同经营了一份生意，每天工作上的不如意同样会被带回家吵。

There was a hope that they would change once they retired, and the furious winds did calm somewhat, but what remained steeled itself into bright, hard bitterness. “I always thought we’d…”my mother would begin, before launching into a precise listing of my father’s faults. The litany was recited so often, I can reel it off by heart today. As he listened, my father would mutter angry threats and curses. It was a miserable duet.

原来以为退休后的情况会有所改变，不错，怒火是稍稍平息了一些，但余怒却结成了强烈的怨恨。“我总是觉得我要是……”我母亲总爱以这句话开始，然后细数父亲的种种不是。她反复絮叨，以至于我至今还能背诵出来。而父亲则气咻咻地一边威胁，一边嘟嚷着难听的骂人话。那可真是最糟糕的二重奏。

It wasn’t the happiest marriage, but as their 60th anniversary approached, my sister and I decided to throw a party. Sixty years was a long time, after all; why not try to make the best of things? We'd provide the cake, the balloons, the toasts, and they’d abide by one rule: no fighting. 虽然父母的婚姻并不是最幸福的，但我们姐妹俩还是决定在他们结婚60年时举办一个派对。毕竟，60年够长了，为什么不好好改善一下关系呢？我们为二老准备了蛋糕、气球、祝酒辞，只求他们信守一个承

诺：不再吵架。

The truce was honored. We had a wonderful day. In hindsight it was an important celebration, because soon after, things began to change for my parents. As debilitating dementia settled in, their marriage was about the only thing they wouldn’t lose.

停战协定兑现了，60周年纪念日那天，大家都过得非常愉快。现在肴来，那次派对真的很重要，因为从那之后，事情开始慢慢地起了变化。老年痴呆症的各种症状在二老身上逐渐显现出来，到后来，除了对方，他们什么都不记得了。

It began when their memories started to fade. Added to the frequent house-wide hunts for glasses and car keys were the groceries left behind on the counter, notices of bills left unpaid. Soon my parents couldn’t remember names of friends，then of their grandchildren. Finally they didn’t remember that they had grandchildren.

最开始是他们的记忆力开始衰退，不仅经常满屋子找眼镜和汽车钥匙，把买好的东西落在收银台，而且总是忘记支付账单。很快他们连朋友和自己孙子的名字也忘了，最后甚至不记得自己有孙子。

These crises would have at one time set them at each other’s throats，but now they acted as a team, helping each other with searches, consoling each other with “Everyone does that”or “It’s nothing; you’re just tired.”They found new roles —bolstering each other against the fear of loss. 在过去，这种危机早就让他们斗得你死我活了。可现在，他们却像团队一样紧密合作，帮对方找东西，互相安慰：“人人都健忘，”“没关系，你可能就是有点累了。”他们开始扮演新的角色帮助对方战胜失忆的恐惧。

Financial control was the next thing to go. For all of their marriage, my parents stubbornly kept separate accounts. Sharing being unthinkable，they’d devised financial arrangements so elaborate they could trigger war at any time. He, for example, was to pay for everything outside the house; she for whatever went on inside. The who-pays dilemma was so complex for one trip that they finally gave up traveling entirely.

财务管理又是另一件麻烦事，因为他们一直顽固地分管各自的财产。不可思议的是，他们共同想出了很详细的财务安排，这些安排精细到随时可能触发他俩之间的战争。

比如，父亲支付家里以外事务的账目，而母亲支付家里一切开支。谁来付费这一难题太复杂了，以至于他们一次旅行都难以实现，最终不得不彻底放弃。

I took over the books. Now no one knew how things got paid; no one saw how the columns that spelled their fortunes compared. Next I hired a housekeeper. Cooking and cleaning, chores my mother had long complained about, were suddenly gone. Finally—on doctors’orders—we cleared the house of alcohol, the fuel that turned more than one quarrel into a raging fire.

我接过了这项重任。从现在起他们谁也不知道账单是怎么支付的，谁也看不到他们的名下分别还有多少財产。然后我雇了个管家给他们煮饭，帮他们打扫屋子。原来母亲一直抱怨家务杂事太繁琐累人，现在也不抱怨了。最后，在医生的嘱咐下，我们将屋里所有的酒都清理掉了，因为那曾经多次将争吵升级到火冒三丈的地步。

You could say my parents‘lives had been whittled away, that they could no longer

engage in the business of living. But at the same time, something that had been buried deep was coming up and taking shape. I saw it when my father came home after a brief hospital stay.

可以说，我父母的生命慢慢衰弱了，他们甚至连生活都不能自理。但同时，一些在他们心底埋藏很深的东西逐渐显露广出来。那还要从父亲短暂住院后出院时说起。

We’d tried to explain my father’s absence to my mother, but because of her memory, she could not keep it in her head why he had disappeared. She asked again and again where he was, and again and again we told her. And each day her anxiety grew.

我们试图向母亲解释父亲为什么没在她身边，但她记性不好，总是忘记为什么他不见了，于是一遍遍地问我们父亲在哪儿，我们就一遍遍地回答她。她的牵挂和担忧与日俱增。

When I finally brought him home, we opened the front door to see my mother sitting on the sofa. As he stepped in to the room, she rose with a cry. I stayed back as he slowly walked toward her and she toward him. As they approached each other on legs rickety with age, her hands fluttered over his face. “Oh, there you are,”she said. “There you are.”

当我终于把父亲从医院接回家时，打开前门，看见母亲正坐在沙发上。当父亲走进屋里时，母亲哭着站了起来。我站在原地，看着他们慢慢走向对方。当他俩摇摇晃晃走到一起时，母亲颤巍巍的手滑过父亲的脸庞，喃喃地说：“你在这儿啊，你在这儿啊……”

I don’t doubt that if my mother and father magically regained their old vigor, they’d be back fighting. But I now see that something came of all those years of shared days-J days of sitting at the same table, waking to the same sun, working and raising children together. Even the very fury they lavished on each other was a brick in this unseen creation, a structure that reveals itself increasingly as the world around them falls apart

我想，如果父母恢复了往日的活力，他们肯定会继续打架的。但现在，正是因为么多年风风雨雨一同走过：同坐在这张餐桌旁，共同迎接朝霞，一起工作，养育子女……他们之间，除了矛盾，还有别的东西。即使是两人之间互相发泄的怒火，到头来反倒成了促成他们关系稳固的砖墙。在周围世界土崩瓦解的时候，他们稳固的关系却日益显露出来。

In the early morning I once again heard the voices through the wall. “Where are we?”My father asked. “I don’t know,”my mother replied softly.

第二天淸晨，隔着墙壁，我又听到他们的声音。父亲问道：“我们在哪儿?”母亲轻声回答说：“我不知道。”

How lucky they are, I thought, to have each other.

我在想，他们多么幸运，因为他们拥有彼此。

Unit7 The Bum

I had come to Vera Cruz from Mexico City to catch one of the Ward Company s white

cool ships to Yucatan; and found to my dismay that, a dock strike having been declared over-night, my ship would not put in. I was stuck in Vera Cruz.

我从墨西哥城来到维拉克鲁斯，打算搭乘沃德公司的白色凉船去尤卡坦州，却沮丧地发现一夜之间码头工人宣布罢工，我的船不能进港靠岸，我被困在了维拉克鲁斯。

I took a room in the Hotel Diligencias overlooking the plaza and spent the morning looking at the sights of the town. Having seen all that was to be seen. 1 sat down in the coolness of the arcade that surrounded the square and ordered a drink. I watched the people crossing the square; Negroes. Indians. Creoles, and Spanish, the motley people of the Spanish Main; and they varied in color from ebony to ivory.

我在德里琴西亚旅馆订了一间俯瞰广场的房间。整个上午就在城里观光游览。看完了所有该看的东西，我在广场周围阴凉的拱廊下面坐下，要了一杯饮料。我看着人们在广场上穿梭，黑人、印度人、克里奥耳人、西班牙人，还有来自美洲大陆加勒比海沿岸的混色人种；他们的肤色从黑色到象牙色，深浅不一。

My attention was attracted by a beggar who had hair and beard of a red so vivid that it was startling. He wore only a pair of trousers and a cotton singlet, but they were tatters, grimy and foul, that barely held together. I have never seen anyone so thin; his legs, his naked arms were but skin and bone, and through the rents of his singlet you saw every rib of his wasted body '; you could count the bones of his dust-covered feet.

我的注意力被一名乞丐吸引了。他有着一头红色的头发和胡须，那种红色生动得让人惊讶。他只穿了一条裤子和一件棉质汗衫，但这些破衣烂衫污秽不堪，发出一股恶臭，几乎不能蔽体。我还从未看到过如此消瘦的人，他的双腿、他裸露的胳膊只剩下皮包骨头，透过他汗衫的破缝，你看得见他瘦弱身体上的每一根肋骨，你可以数得清他沾满尘土的双脚上的骨头。

He was the only one of the beggars who did not speak. He did not even hold out his hand, he merely looked at you, but with such wretchedness in his eyes, such despair in his attitude, it was dreadful; he stood on and on, silent and immobile, gazing steadfastly, and then, if you took no notice of him, he moved slowly to the next table.

I had nothing to give him and when he came to me, so that he should not wait in vain, I shook my head.

他是乞丐中唯一一个不说话的人，他甚至不伸手，他只是看着你，双眼透着不幸，神态如此绝望，令人感到可怕。他一直站着，一声不吭，一动不动，眼神直勾勾的。如果没有人理他，他就慢慢地挪到邻桌。我没有东西可以给他，所以当他来到我面前时，我摇摇头，免得他白等一场。

But he paid no attention. He stood in front of me, for as long as he stood at the other tables, looking at me with tragic eyes. I have never seen such a wreck of humanity. There was something terrifying in his appearance. He did not look quite sane. At length he passed on.

但他却无视这一点。他站在我面前，停留时间和在其他桌子前一样长，他用悲伤的双眼看着我，我从来没有看到过如此衰败的人。他的外表有种令人恐惧的东西，而且他看起来神志不清。最后他走开了。

It was still very hot, towards evening a breath of air coming in through the windows tempted me into the plaza. I saw once more that strange, red-bearded fellow and

watched him stand motionless, with the crushed and piteous air, before one table after another. He did not stop before mine. I supposed he remembered me from the morning and having failed to get anything from me then thought it useless to try again.

天还是很热，快到傍晚的时候，有一丝风透过窗户吹了进来，诱使我来到了广场。我再次看到了那个奇怪的红胡子家伙，看着他一动不动地站在桌子面前，一桌接一桌地走，显得颓丧又可怜。他没有在我的桌子前停留，我猜他从早晨开始就记住我了，因为没有从我这里要到东西，便觉得再来也是无用。

Since there was nothing else to do, I stayed on till the thinning crowd suggested it was bed-time.' I had suddenly a strange feeling that I had seen him before. I felt sure that I had come across him, but when and where I could not tell.

既然无事可做，我便在广场待着，直到渐渐稀疏的人群暗示我就寝时间到了。我突然有一种奇怪的感觉我以前见过他。我确信我见过他，但我说不清是在什么时候和什么地方。

I spent my second day at Vera Cruz as I had spent the first. But I watched for the coming of the red-haired beggar, and as he stood at the tables near mine I examined him with attention. I felt certain now that I had seen him somewhere. I even felt certain that I had known him and talked to him, but I still could recall none of the circumstances. Once more he passed my table without stopping and when his eyes met mine I looked in them for some gleam of recollection. Nothing. I racked my brains. I went over in my mind the possible occasions when I might have met him. Not to be able to place him exasperated me as it does when you try to remember a name that is on the tip of your tongue and yet eludes you. The day wore on.

我在维拉克鲁斯度过的第二天和第一天差不多。但我留意着红头发乞丐的到来，而当他站在我附近的桌边时，我用心打量了他。我现在确信我在哪里见过他，我甚至确信我认识他，还和他说过话，但是仍然想不出是在什么场合。他再次经过我的桌子，依然没有停留。当他的目光和我的相遇时，我在他的眼中寻找往事记忆的流露，但还是什么也没有。我绞尽脑汁，在脑海里反复搜寻我可能遇见他的场合。因为想不起能和他对上号的任何场合，我非常恼火，这就和你竭力想记起一个就在嘴边的姓名却怎么也想不起的时候一样。这一天在慢慢地过去。

It was Sunday and the plaza was more crowded than ever. As usual the red-haired beggar came along, a terrifying figure in his silence. He was standing in front of a table only two from mine, without a gesture. Then I saw the policeman who at intervals tried to protect the public from the importunities of all these beggars sneak round a column and give him a resounding whack with his thong. His thin body winced, but he made no protest and showed no resentment. The cruel stripe had whipped my memory and suddenly I remembered.

这天是星期天，广场上比往常拥挤。红发乞丐像往常一样走来，形象可怕，一言不发。他站在离我只有两张桌子距离的另一张桌子前面，没有任何手势。接着我看到一名警察，他不时地出现以保护大家免受乞丐纠缠强乞之苦。这名警察从柱子后面溜出来，用他的皮鞭使劲抽了红发乞丐一下，清脆而响亮。他瘦弱的身体退缩了一下，但是他没有表示反抗，也没有表现出怨恨。残忍的鞭子打开了我的记忆之门，我突然想起来了。

Not his name; that escaped me still, but everything else. He must have recognized

me, for I have not changed very much in twenty years, and that was why after that first morning he had never paused in front of my table. Yes, it was twenty years since I had known him. I was spending a winter in Rome and every evening I used to dine in a restaurant in the Via Sistina where you got excellent macaroni and a good bottle of wine. It was frequented by a little band of English and American art students, and one or two writers; and we used to stay late into the night engaged in interminable arguments upon art and literature. He was only a boy then, he could not have been more than 22; and with his blue eyes, straight nose, and red hair he was pleasing to look at. I remembered that he spoke a great deal of Central America, he had had a job with the American Fruit Company, but had thrown it over because he wanted to be a writer. He was not popular among us because he was arrogant and we were none of us old enough to take the arrogance of youth with tolerance. He thought us poor fish and did not hesitate to tell us so. He would not show us his work, because our praise meant nothing to him and he despised our censure, his vanity was enormous.

不是他的名字，那名字我还是没想起来，但除此之外我全想起来了。他肯定已经认出我了，因为这20年来我没有太大的变化，而这正是第一个上午之后他再也没有在我的桌子前停留原因。是的，我认识他有20年了。那是个冬季，我在罗马。每天晚上，我总在西斯蒂娜路上的一家餐馆吃饭，在那里你可以品尝到优质的通心粉和上好的葡萄酒。一群英国和美国的文科大学生，还有一两位作家，经常光顾这家饭店。我们经常就艺术和文学话题展开无休止的争论，直到深夜。他那时只是个大男孩，不超过22岁。他长得很好看，蓝眼睛、高鼻梁、红头发。我记得他讲过很多中美洲的事情，他在美国水果公司有一份工作，但放弃了，因为他想成为一名作家。他在我们这群人中不太有人缘，因为他傲慢。而我们中间没有一个人年长到有足够的宽容来接受他的傲慢。他认为我们是些愚蠢又可怜的人，而且还会毫无顾忌地告诉我们。他不愿意给我们看他的作品，因为我们的赞美对他毫无意义，他也蔑视我们的批评，非常自负。

I recalled his high spirits, his vitality, his confidence in the future, and his disinterestedness. It was impossible that it was the same man, and yet I was sure of it.

I stood up, paid for my drink, and went out into the plaza to find him. My thoughts were in a turmoil. I was aghast. I could never have imagined that he was reduced to this frightful misery. I asked myself what had happened. What hopes deferred had broken his spirit, what disappointments shattered him, and what lost illusions ground him to the dust? I asked myself if nothing could be done. I walked round the plaza. The light was waning and I was afraid I had lost him. Then I passed the church and saw him sitting on the steps. I went up to him.

我回想起那时他高涨的情绪、他的活力、他对未来的信心，还有他的冷漠。这个红发乞丐就是他，这怎么可能？然而我确信就是他。我起身付了账，走进广场去找他。我的思绪一片混乱。我感到惊恐。我真想不到他会沦落到这般可怕的悲惨境地。我问自己发生了什么事，是什么样的希望迟迟不能实现摧毁了他的精神，是什么样的失意将他击垮，是什么样的幻想破灭将他逼向屈辱?我问自己是否已经无计可施。我绕着广场走着。天色渐渐暗了下来，我担心会找不到他。接着，我在经过教堂时，看见他坐在教堂的台阶上，于是我向他走去。

“Do you remember Rome?”I said.

“你记得罗马吗?”我说道。

He did not move. He did not answer. He took no more notice of me than if I were not standing before him. I did not know what to do. I took a yellow-backed note out of my pocket and pressed it in his hand, he did not give it a glance. But his hand moved a little, the thin claw-like fingers closed on the note and scrunched it up; ho made it into a little ball and then flicked it into the air so that it fell among the jangling buzzards I turned my head instinctively and saw one of them seize it in his beak and fly off followed by two others screaming behind it. When I looked back the man was gone.

他一动不动，也不回答。他看都不看我，就好像我没有站在他面前一样。我不知道该怎么办了。我从口袋里掏出一张黄色背面的钞票，塞在他一只手里，他看也没看。但他的那只手微微动了动。那瘦得像爪子一样的手指收拢后握住钞票把它揉成一团，然后仍向空中，正好落在一群聒噪不安的秃鹰之中。我本能地一扭头，看见一只秃鹰叼住钞票飞走了，另外有两只跟在后面尖叫着飞过。当我回过头来时，人已经不见了。

I stayed three more days in Vera Cruz. I never saw him again.

我在维拉克鲁斯又待了三天，但再也没见到他。

Unit 10 America’s Failure in Science Education

For anyone concerned about strengthening America’s long-term leadership in science and

technology, the nation’s schools are an obvious place to start. But brace yourself for what you’ll find. The depressing reality is that when it comes to educating the next generation in these

subjects, America is no longer a world contender. In fact, US students have fallen far behind their competitors in much of Western Europe and in Asian nations like Japan and the Republic of Korea.

对于那些关注如何增强美国在科技方面长期领导力的人来说，教育无疑是首先要考虑的阵地。可是你要对结果做好心理准备。显示令人沮丧，在下一代理科教育方面，美国已经不再领先于世界。事实上，美国学生远远落后于大部分西欧国家和日本、韩国等发达亚洲国家的学生。

This trend has disturbing implications not just for the future of the American technological

leadership but for the broader economy. Already, “we have developed a shortage of highly skilled workers and a surplus of lesser-skilled workers,”warned Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan in a March 12 address at Boston College. And the problem is worsening. “We’re graduating too few skilled workers to address the apparent imbalance between the supply of such workers and die burgeoning demand for them,”Greenspan added

对于美国未来科技领导力乃至美国整体经济而言，这均是一个令人堪忧的事实。美联储主席艾伦·格林斯潘3月12号再波士顿学院的演讲中已经提出警告：“目前高技能劳动力短缺，低技能劳动力已经供过于求。”而问题还在加剧。格林斯

潘接着说：“高技能毕业生数量明显不足以应对高技能劳动力的需求，两者之间呈现出显著的不平衡状态。”

As a result, “the future strength of the US science and engineering workforce is imperiled,”the National Science Board warned in a sweeping report issued last year. 而结果呢,正如全国科学委员会去年一份总结报告说的那样：美国未来理工类人才实力将岌岌可危。

Global competition

全球竞争

Until now, America has compensated for its failure to adequately educate the next generation by importing brainpower. In 2000, a stunning 38% of US jobs requiring a Ph.D. in science or

technology were filled by people who were born abroad, up from 24% in 1990, according to the NSB. Similarly, doctoral positions at the nation’s leading universities are often filled with foreign students.

至今，美国已经通过输入人才的方式来弥补其在下一代教育方面的失败。据全国科学委员会报道：2000年，美国38%需要理工博士学位的工作是由外国人做的，远远高于1990年的24%，这是个令人震惊的事实。无独有偶，美国名牌大学的波矢学位也通常是外国学生在读。

However, because the “the global competition for science and engineering talent is intensifying... the US may not be able to rely on the international market to fill our unmet needs,”warns the NSB. Indeed, as globalization accelerates, bright young Indian or Chinese scientists may well have better opportunities at home than in the US.

然而，正如全国科学委员会警告：由于全球对理工人才的竞争在加剧，美国不能依赖国际市场来满足国内不足的需求。随着全球化的加速，年轻聪慧的印度科学家和中国科学家在本国完全有更好的机会。

The consequences of this could be enormous. Because the quality of a nation’s workforce has such a huge influence on productivity, effective school reform could easily stimulate the economy more than conventional strategies, such as the Bush tax cuts. Consider what would happen if the US could raise the performance of its high school students on math and science to the levels of Western Europe within a decade. According to Eric A. Hunushek, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. US gross domestic product growth would then be 4% higher than otherwise by 2025 and 10% higher in 30 years.

由此产生的影响是巨大的。劳动力素质对于一个国家生产力有重大影响，所以比起常规策略，比如布什政府采取的减税方案，有效的教育改革更能刺激经济发展，如果十年之内美国中学生数理成绩提升到西欧中学生的水平，设想一下情况会怎样。斯坦福大学胡佛研究院高级研究人员埃里克 A 哈努谢克认为：如果这样，到2025年，美国GDP会上升4%；30年后，上升10%。

That may not sound like much. But Hanushek figures that the 4% annual increase alone would be enough to offset the entire cost of America's public K-12 school system for the same year.

这听上去好像并不怎么样，可是哈努谢克指出：4%的年增幅就等于美国全年从幼儿园到高中全部公立教育计划的全部经费。

Science left behind

幕后的科技

Here's where the problem begins with science education: By the time US students reach their senior year of high school, they rank below their counterparts in 17 other countries in math and science literacy, according to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study, completed in 1996-1997, the largest international study of student achievement ever conducted. In physics, US high school seniors scored last among 16 countries tested.

美国理科教育的问题就是这么产生的：美国高中生的理科水平低于其他17个国家高中生。这是1996-1997年完成的第三次国际数学和科学调查得出的结果。该调查是有史以来进行的最大规模的学业表现调查。在被调查的16个国家中，美国高中生的物理水平倒数第一。

Ironically, President Bush’s education-reform initiative. No Child Left Behind, may be exacerbating the problem, at least for now. Because NCLB now requires that students be tested just in reading and math (science tests won’t be added until 2007). "some teachers are being told to stop teaching science and get back to reading and math.”complains Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Assn which represents more than 50,000 science teachers.

布什总统名为“一个都不能落下”的教育改革方案可能让情况变得更糟糕，至少目前看来如此，这点真的颇带讽刺意味。这个教改方案只测试学生阅读和数学水平（2007年才加上科学测试）。杰拉尔德惠勒抱怨道：“有人让老师不要教科学，于是就教阅读和数学算了。”杰拉尔德是代表美国50,000名科学教师的机构——美国国家科学教师协会的执行董事。

One result is that most high school graduates aren't adequately prepared for college level science courses. Indeed, the NSTA reports that just 26% of 2003 high school graduates scored high

enough on the ACT science test to have a good chance of completing a first-year college science course. That’s one reason, why enrollments of US students in science and engineering majors has been flat or declining - even as demand for many of these skills increases.

结果呢。大多数高中毕业生无法胜任大学理科课程。美国国家科学教师协会报告说，2003年毕业的中学生，只有26%高考时在理科课程取得高分，从而有能力完成大一的理科课程。因而被录取到理工专业的美国学生人数近几年呈持平或缩减的趋势，尽管需要理工技能的岗位在增加。

Ill-equipped teachers

教师素质偏低

The upshot: The US now ranks below 13 other countries –including Japan, Germany and Republic of Korea in the percentage of 24-year olds with a college degree in these subjects, down from third place 25 years ago. You don’t have to be a scientist to recognize a t e status quo is a recipe for big trouble—or that reversing this slide will require stronger federal leadership and more money.

其结果：拥有理工专业本科学位的大学毕业生比例，美国的排名由25年前的第三滑到了如今的第十四，落后于日本，德国和韩国。你无需成为科学家也能明白目前的情况令人担忧，而需要改变和扭转局面，联邦政府必须加强领导和投资。

Consider one root cause of the problem: the severe shortage of qualified science teachers. An astonishing 28% of those who teach at least one science class in 7th to 12th grades don’t have a major or minor in science, according to Richard M. Ingersoll. an education professor at the

University of Pennsylvania. Moreover, even those who have a science degree are often teaching outside their area of expertise. In the physical sciences—including chemistry and physics—60% of the instructors don’t have a major or minor in the subjects they teach.

请考虑一下这个问题的根本原因：高素质理科教师严重不足。令人震惊的是，再教一门以上理科课程的中学教师中，竟有28%的人不是主修或辅修理科专业出身的，这个结果出自于宾夕法尼亚大学教育学教授理查德M 英格索尔的调查。更有甚者，即使有些老师拥有理科学位，所教的课程也与其专业大不相干。在自然科学方面，包括化学和物理，高达60%的教师没有主修或辅修过他们所教授的课程。

Earlier this year. The Teaching Commission, headed by former IBM Chairman Louis Gerstner7, argued in a report that the US must pay science teachers more if it hopes to solve this problem. But that isn’t likely to happen without leadership from Washington. As things stand now, science graduates simply have too many lucrative alternatives to teaching.

今年年初，由IBM总裁路易斯格斯特纳领导的教学委员会在一份报告中提到：要解决这个歌问题，必须提高理科教师的报酬。这一点没有联邦政府的有力领导是无法达成的。现在的情况往往是理科毕业生有更多赚钱的工作机会，因此不愿意当教师。

As America sleeps, other nations that have long since recognized the critical importance of science and technology education to their futures are moving ahead. The US has grasped this lesson in many Olympic sports, where strong national programs have been established to ensure that America has world-class athletes. Unless the nation applies he same approach to science education, it stands to lose far more than a few gold medals. It could ultimately squander its leadership of the world economy.

美国举步不前时，其他早就意识到科技教育对未来举足轻重的国家却在前进之中，在奥运会的多个项目中美国已经接受教训，推行强大的举国计划以确保美国拥有的世界顶尖的运动员。在理科教育方面，如果美国不采纳同样的方法，最终失去的就不仅仅是几枚金牌，而是世界经济的领导地位。

下册

Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness

1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the

better. Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."

1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。”

2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest .In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.

2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger.

Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.

3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。

4 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness. We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings ,free from pain and confusion.

4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for "the good

life".

5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人—他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. "Happiness is only one among many values in human life," contends Laura King, apsychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic

situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.

6这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉.金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能形成这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。

7 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movement-trying to swallow, fqr example-was excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.

7在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。

8 Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. But this time, she was way6 past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.

8塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。

9 As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. "I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself wiwas useless-time, money, self-image, perception. Recognizing that was so freeing."

9然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈:一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或相信的事物—时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法—都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。”

10 Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. She says now there's no question that her life is better. "l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life. It's that simple."

10在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意义，那就是快乐地生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单!”

11 Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term "post-traumatic growth". His studies of people whoth," she said six months later. "Everything I thought I'd known or believed inhave endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder . But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.

11她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇.特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇.特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折磨。但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满足。

12 Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands

between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assu

12许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，

我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我们的日常生活轨迹(我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念)全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。

13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it. The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.

13尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚强或最理性的人。使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。”

14 Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures ofmptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.

14最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。

15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. "People don't say that what they went through was

wonderful," says Tedeschi. "They weren't meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated."

15从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐怖的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说:“人们不会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist

Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the samesequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.

16埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《满足》中指出，极限耐

力运动员每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一样:自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。对于经常跑超过24小时的l00英里比赛的超级马拉松运动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停歇不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。

17 For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.

17更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一:为人父母。生育孩子一直被认为会降低幸福程度。为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。

18 Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what

happened, but it puts it all in a different context :that it's possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. "You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life."

18总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经历这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你—而事实会证明生活从此将非常美好。”

Unit4 Is Google Making Us Stupid

1.Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that

someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory. My mind isn't going一so far as I can tell一but it's changing. I'm not thinking the way I used to think. I can feel it most strongly when I?m reading. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I?d spend hours strolling

through long stretches of prose. That's rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages. I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do. I feel as if I'm always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has

become a struggle.

1在过去的几年里，我老有一种不祥之感，觉得有什么人，或什么东西，一直在我脑袋里捣鼓不停，重绘我的脑电图，重写我的脑内存。我的思想倒没跑掉—到目前为止我还能这么说，但它正在改变。我的思维方式在变。这种感觉在我阅读的时候尤为强烈。过去总是不费劲就能让自己沉浸在一本书或一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。可如今这都不灵了。现在，我翻上两三页书，注意力就开始不集中了。我会变得烦躁，抓不住重点，开始想找点其他的事情做。我感觉我似乎要硬拖着我任性的大脑才能回到文章中。原本轻松自然的深度阅读，已成了痛苦挣扎。

2.I think I know what's going on. For more than a decade now, I've been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet. The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. Research that once required days in the stacks or

periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes. A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I've got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. Even when I'm not working, I'm as likely as not to be foraging in the Web's info-thickets2-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link. (Unlike footnotes, to which they're sometimes likened, hyperlinks don't merely point to related works; they propel you toward them.)

2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年来，我在网上花了好多时间，在因特网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻、添加。对作家而言，网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆。过去要在书堆里或图书馆的期刊阅览室中花上好几天做的研究，现在几分钟就齐活。“谷歌”几下，快速点开几个链接，就可以找到我所需要的事实或者精炼的引证。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息丰富的网络里遨游—收发电子邮件、浏览头条新闻、点击博客、看视频、听播客或者只是从一个链接跳转到一个又一个链接。(超链接常被比作脚注，但是和脚注不一样，超链接不仅仅链接到相关作品;它们还驱使你去点击创门。)

3.For me, as for others , the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they've been widely described and duly applauded. "The perfect recall of silicon memory," Wired's0 Clive Thompson has written, "can be an enormous boon to thinking." But that boon comes at a price. As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.

3对我来说，像对其他人也一样，网络已经成为了一种通用的媒介，大部分信息都通过这个渠道进人我们的眼、耳，最后进人我们的大脑。能从这样一个异常丰富的信息库中直接获取信息，其优点是很多的，而且也得到了广泛的描述和适当的赞誉。“硅存储器的完美记忆性，”《连线》杂志的克莱夫?汤普森写道，“对

于思想来说是一个大实惠。”但是这个实惠是要付出代价的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)就像媒体理论家马歇尔?麦克卢恩在上世纪60年代所指出的那样，媒体可不只是被动的信息渠道。它们不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的进程。网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今，我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息:飞快的微粒运动。曾经我是文字海洋中的潜水者，现在我则像是摩托艇骑手在海面上风驰电掣。

4.I?m not the only one. When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances-literary types, most of them-many say they're having similar experiences. The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon. Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether. "I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader," he wrote. "What happened?" He speculates on the answer: "What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e. I'm just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?"

4我并不是唯一一个有此感觉的人。当我向文学界的朋友和熟人提到我在阅读方面的困扰，许多人说他们也有同样的感受。他们上网越多，在阅读长文章时，就越难集中精力。我所关注的一些博主也提到了类似的现象。斯科特?卡普开了一个有关在线媒体的博客，最近他承认自己已经完全不读书了。“我大学读的是文学专业，曾经是一个嗜书如命的人，”他写道。“到底发生了什么事呢?”他推测出了一个答案:“如果对我来说，通过网络来阅读的真正理由与其说是我的阅读方式发生了改变，比如，我只是图个方便，不如说是我的思维方式在发生变化，那么我该怎么办呢?”

5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits. "I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print," he wrote earlier this year. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. His thinking, he said, has taken on a "staccato" quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online. "I can't read War and Peace anymore, "he admitted "I've lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb. I skim it."

5布鲁斯?弗里德曼经常撰写有关电脑在医学领域应用的文章。他在早些时候同样提到因特网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“稍长些的文章，不管是网上的还是已经出版的，我现在几乎已经完全丧失了阅读它们的能力。”在密歇根大学医学院长期任教的病理学家布鲁斯，弗里德曼在电话里告诉我，由于上网快速浏览文章的习惯，他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”特性。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认，“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇长达三四段的博客也难以消化。我只能略微浏览一下。”

6.Anecdotes alone don't prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research

habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited "a form of skimming activity", hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they'd already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would "bounce" out to another site. Sometimes they'd save a long article, but there's no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.

6 仅仅是趣闻轶事还不能证明什么。我们仍在等待长期的神经学和心理学的实验，这将给因特网如何影响到我们的认识一个权威的定论。伦敦大学学院的学者做了一个网络研读习惯的研究并发表了研究结果。该研究指出，我们可能已经彻底置身于阅读与思考方式的巨变之中了。作为五年研究计划的一部分，学者们检测了计算机日志，它跟踪记录了两个流行的搜索网站的用户行为。其中一个网站是英国图书馆的，另一个是英国教育社团的，他们提供了期刊论文、电子书以及其他一些文献资源。他们发现，人们上网时呈现出“一种浮光掠影般的形式”，总是从一个资源跳到另一个资源，并且很少返回他们之前访问过的资源。他们常常还没读完一两页文章或书籍，就“弹”出来转到另一个网页去了。有时候他们会保存一个篇幅长的文章，但没有任何证据表明他们曾经返回去认真阅读。

7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text- messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But it's a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking-perhaps even a new sense of the self.' "We are not only what we read," says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental

psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts "efficiency" and "immediacy" above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become "mere decoders of information". Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.

7多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时，我们选择的媒体还是电视。但是，这已是另一种阅读模式，背后隐藏的是另一种思考方式—也许甚至是一种全新的自我意识。“不仅阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫茨大学的发展心理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼:阅读思维的科学与故事》的作者玛丽安娜?沃尔夫说，“阅读方式也体现了我们自身。”沃尔夫担忧，网络所倡导的将“丰富”与“时效性”置于首位的阅读方式可能已经削弱了那种深度阅读能力。深度阅读能力的形成应归功于

早期印刷术的发明，有了它，长而复杂的散文作品也相当普遍了。然而，她说，当我们在线阅读时，我们往往只是“信息解码器”而已。我们对文句的设释，心无旁鹜、深度阅读时形成的丰富的精神联系，这些能力很大程度上已经消失了。

8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. It's not etched into our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.

8沃尔夫认为，阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧，它不像说话那样融人了我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑，让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。而媒体或其他我们用于学习和练习阅读的技术在塑造我们大脑的神经电路中扮演着重要角色。实验表明，表意字读者(如中国人)为阅读所创建的神经电路和我们这些用字母语言的人有很大的区别。这种变化延伸到大脑的多个区域，包括那些支配诸如记忆、视觉设释和听觉刺激这样的关键认知功能的部位。我们可以预料，使用网络阅读形成的思维，一定也和通过阅读书籍及其他印刷品形成的思维不一样。

9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.

9 1882年，弗里德里希?尼采买了台打字机。此时的他，视力下降得厉害，长时间盯着一张纸会令他感觉疲惫、疼痛，还常常引起剧烈的头痛。他只得被迫缩减他的写作时间，并担心自己今后恐怕不得不放弃写作了。但打字机救了他，起码一度挽救过他。他终于熟能生巧，闭着眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的词句又得以倾泻于纸页之上了。

10But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of

Nietzsche's friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more

telegraphic. "Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom," the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his

"`thoughts' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper."

10然而，新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。尼采的一个作曲家朋友注意到他行文风格的改变。他那已经十分简练的行文变得更紧凑、更电文式了。“或许就因为这个仪器，你甚至可能会喜欢上一个新短语，”这位朋友在一封信

中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音乐和语言方面的…思想?常常要依赖于笔和纸的质量”。

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：

考研英语翻译的基本方法版

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2013年考研英语翻译的基本方法（7月 版） 在解答考生关于考研英语真题学习中的具体问题时，我们发现，很多考生对英汉翻译所懂甚少。长期以来，一直有考生提问诸如“老师，这句英文中这个短语怎么没有翻译出来？”、“这半句汉语是从那里来的，英语中怎么没有对应语句？”以及“这个句子为什么翻译成汉语时，添加了否定词？”等等的问题。在很多时候，我们只能很笼统的告诉考生：基于英汉文化的差异，在翻译的过程中需要考虑语言模式的差异。在很多时候，英译汉必须按照汉语思维模式以及语境的需要，去增添或者省略一些信息、调整一下语序、转换表达方式。 为了让考生更深入地了解英译汉，我们选用一些真题中的句子，来做先关探讨。在此之前，我们先简单地阐述一下翻译的标准和过程。 翻译标准 在我国近现代，最有影响的翻译标准是严复的“信、达、雅”。就考研英语翻译而言，由于文章的题材大多是有关、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，并且文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，我们很难在“雅”这一标准上做文章。“达”，即通顺，译文必须通顺且符合汉语的语言习惯，这是一个重要的评分标准。“信”，即忠于原文，是翻译的最高标准。由于要翻译的5个句子

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2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

英语研究生专业分类

与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

研究生英语 翻译+答案

1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。