大学英语部分课后翻译
第四单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. Vicky didn't know how to cope with rejection or failure because everything had always gone so well for her.
2. She now realizes she was simply not suited for that job, and has another in which she is happy and successful.
3. Two-valued orientation makes us see success and failure as the only two possibilities.
4. That “success” in one area is frequently accompanied by failure in another.
5. Success that’s too early can mean a person lacks preparation for other things in life; success that comes too easily can mean the person will not know how to deal with real challenges; and success that's achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience can be a barrier to enjoying life fully and to trying anything new.
6. Lowering standards, shifting blame, offering a consolation prize and saying “it doesn't matter” are “failure prevention devices” that leave the child unequipped for life in the real world.
7. She learned something from her failure that's been valuable to her in her life ever since.
8. Success encourages repetition of old behavior, whereas failure can motivate us to try something different.
9. “Noble failure” is when a person aims high, tries their best, fails and moves bravely on.
10. Emerson means that fear of failure is a barrier to progress and achievement. You might say it this way: experiencing failure can make a person more confident and effective, because once s/he loses her/his fear of failure s/he can concentrate on achieving her/his aims.
Vocabulary
III.
1. afford 2. preclude 3. emphasis 4. prone 5. applied
6. distinguished 7. obsessed 8. alike 9. enquire 10. impulse
11. practically 12. prompted
IV.
1. We put in a request for a little extra time to finish the project, but the board turned us (or it) down.
2. The politician enjoyed a successful career at the cost of his relationship with his family.
3. The author is of the opinion that early success may eventually prove harmful to a person’s all -round development in the long run.
4. I took your umbrella by accident—I’m sorry.
5. The bookshop was on the brink of failure until they branched out into CDs and cassettes.
6. With this out-of-date equipment, you can’t count on good results.
7. Students sometimes get in the habit of disrupting classes with annoying comments. In such cases, teachers are advised to send to the school psychologist.
8. Ever since she started her own business, she’s been much more satisfied with her life.
Word building
V.
A. a. departure b. exposure c. pleasure d. pressure e. composure f. enclosure
g. displeasure h. disclosure
B. 1. exposure 2. displeasure (or pleasure, if someone thinks that’s funny!)
3. departure 4. disclosure; pressure 5. enclosure
VI.
A. 1. d 2. a 3. f
4. g 5. h 6. b 7. c 8. e
B. 1. feedback 2. breakup 3. takeoff 4. setbacks 5. breakthrough 6. build-up
Structure
VII.
1. a) their laughter and conversation sound as if they’re enjoying each others’ company.
b) Their laughter and conversation sound as if they were in the same room with us.
2. a) the secretary has been working in her office late every night this week, as if her boss is under serious deadline.
b) The secretary has been staying in her office late every night this week, as if she had no home to go to.
3. a) you’re so pale! You look as if you’re getting sick.
b) You’re so pale! You look as if you had seen a ghost.
4. a) he acts as if he has a very high opinion of himself.
b) He acts as if he were the heir to the throne.
Cloze
VIII.
1 prone 2 in the long run 3 preclude 4 obsessed 5 though 6 distinguishing
7 positive 8 beneficial 9 Even if 10 therapy
Translation
IX.
成功鼓励人们重复过去的行为，因而远不及失败这个老师来得好。你可以从一次极糟的晚会中学会如何举办一次成功的晚会，从第一次不当的选房中学到下次选房时要注意些什么。即使一次看似彻底的失败也能激发新的思路，引起方向的改变。
X．
1. Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
2. Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
3. A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.
4. She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for challenges of the real world.
5. He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.
6. When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
7. The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
8. In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.
Reading analysis
XI.
Presentation of one point of view: people are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls ‘the two-valued orientation.’ We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success of a failure.
Presentation of a contrasting view: in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible.
Support for the contrasting view: as Hayakawa points out, there’s a world of difference between ‘I have failed three times’ and ‘I am a failure.’ Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.
Structured writing
XII. one example, for reference:
People are ge
nerally to the belief that a silent room is the best place to study. We act as if quiet surroundings were crucial to concentration. But in fact, noisy rooms can be more educational than quiet ones. When I study in my dorm room, for example, the constant noise my roommates make actually helps me think.
第五单元
Text comprehension
II.
A. 1. f 2. t 3. f 4. t 5. f 6. f 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. f
B. 1. N 2. N 3. I 4. I 5. N 6. I
Vocabulary
III.
1. sponsor 2. determination 3. claim 4. prospective 5. minimum 6. ultimately 7. eligible 8. employment 9. setting 10. loans
11. exhibit 12. priority
IV. The exact translations, definitions and synonyms may, of course, vary somewhat, but here are some answers for reference.
1. come up with; translation:筹划
2. take some time off; definition: arrange for a break/ a vacation/ some free time
3. throws herself into; definition: participates very enthusiastically, wholeheartedly, etc. in
4. get by; synonym: make ends meet, manage to survive
5. on his own; synonym: independent adjust to; synonym: get used to
6. tired of; translation: 厌倦了
7. stay up; translation: 熬夜
8. ended up; definition: finally and unexpectedly (won)
9. as of; synonym: starting from
10. get put down; definition: run into setbacks, barriers, etc.
V.
1. gets off (work) 2. couldn't take it 3. dependents 4. postpone
5. make your dream come true 6. alongside 7. look back on
8. end up with a cold
Word building
VI.
1. I missed the train this morning because I overslept again.
2. don't pay any attention to his crazy stories- he just has an overactive imagination.
3. the company ended up with 20, 000 unsold copies of the book because their sales director overestimated the demand.
4. as a result of the crowds of people coming from the surrounding countryside looking for work, the city has become overpopulated.
5. I’ve been overeating lately and have decided to go on a diet.
6. Most teenagers agree that their parents are overprotective.
7. I didn't mean anything unkind. Jane’s simply being oversensitive.
8. A cliché is an expression that’s become uninteresting because it’s overused.
VII.
1. novelist 2. nationalist 3. activist 4. idealist 5. psychologist
6. economist 7. terrorists 8. Sociologist 9. typist 10. marxist
VIII.
A. affection calculation collection combination introduction declaration election invitation interruption plantation projection sensation donate negotiate generate organize
B. 1. negotiate 2. sensation 3. projection/calculation 4. combination 5. donate 6. affection 7. calculation 8. generate
Structure
IX.
1. If only you could say longer in Britain- your English might improve.
2. children may enter the club only if they are accompanied by adults.
3. if only you
told me you had a spare ticket for the show.
4. you can go to the sky-diving exhibition only if you promise you won’t try if yourself.
5. the students at this university are allowed to take up part-time employment only if it doesn’t interfere with their studies.
6. If only she hadn’t told my mother, everything would have been all right.
X.
1. having traveled a lot, he knows a great deal about other culture.
2. having finished all her housework, she decided to see what was on TV.
3. having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel.
4. having forgotten his telephone number, she didn’t know how to get in touch with him.
5. having cleaned the windows, he started to mop the floor.
6. having taken the medicine you gave me, I feel much better.
XI.
1. Seeing so many people around her living in poverty
2. Bringing up the subject at the meeting
3. Looking back on the past
4. Staying up late studying before an examination
5. Working full-time and being a full-time student
6. Living at home rent-free
Translation
XII．
要做到工作学习两不误很困难。“我要一直熬夜学习，每天一大早又要去上班。我上课时很难集中思想，上班时也很难受，因为我实在太累了，”她说。不过她第一学期最后还是得了两个A。
XIII.
1. The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.
2. With small income from her restaurant job, marry could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
3. During her first semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify the scholarship.
4. Anyone who wants to find employment in/ with that company must have at least a master’s degree; if not a Ph. D. otherwise he or she will not be accepted.
5. Only if you completely throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
6. In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
7. A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
8. When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
Cloze
XIV.
1. knowing 2. out 3. inquired 4. stunned 5. priority 6. stunning
7. available 8. As 9. up 10. make 11. on 12. get 13. ultimately 14. first 15. assume
Reading analysis
Cause 1: Priscilla soon found that her restaurant job just didn’t pay enough for her to mand ends meet.
Effect 1: so I went the landlord of my apartment building and
asked if there was any cleaning work I could do.
Cause 2: since he felt sorry for me.
Effect 2: he agreed to give me thirty hours a month.
What markers and structures does the author use to organize the cause-and-effect descriptions? The markers are: hearing this, so, since.
Structured writing
XV. One example
Some working students end up earning/making more money than their teachers. Knowing this, they feel/are more sympathetic. Priscilla says, “Since I can afford better food and clothes than my teachers (can), I make special efforts to be cooperative in class.”
第六单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. Because he is a star in the sense of a celebrity and in the sense that his expertise is related to astronomy.
2. He is paralyzed except for a few muscles, and he has lost his ability to use his voice.
3. These are examples of the family’s eccentricity.
4. He means that he regards Galileo as the first scientist to closely observe the world and to base his ideas about science on observation.
5. He was very gifted without having to work hard, and he hung around with an ‘elite group’ of intelligent students.
6. It seems to be meant as an example of his quick and insightful mind- but to me it sounds as if hawking just happened to know the answer to this particular ‘puzzle’ (so do I, now!)
7. His physical awkwardness, his messy uniform and his speech impediments.
8. It’s an example of Hawking’s eccentricity.
9. He gained appreciation for and interest in life.
10. They mean that it showed how determination and ambition can help people overcome seemingly impossible obstacles (i.e. Hawking’s severe disabilities).
11. it helped him focus on his real gift: theoretical research.
12. he means that civilization has evolved to the point that having physical disabilities like his doesn’t mean a person can’t make a meaningful contribution to society.
Vocabulary
III.
1. insight 2. obstacles 3. paralyzed 4. poses 5. proclaimed
6. predicted 7. Initially 8. eccentric 9. gap 10 inherit
IV.
Slight variations in the exact wording are possible, but the general idea for each revision is :
1. Hawking has been proclaimed a genius and Einstein’s heir.
2. His father was a doctor specializing in tropical diseases.
3. Ancient astronomers maintained that the earth was the center of the solar system.
4. Hawking was part of an elite group of bright students who listened to classical music.
5. He acknowledges that his disease was a crucial factor in focusing his attention on theoretical research.
V.
1. Big industries that are responsible for a lot of pollution pay special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects.
2. We bought these chairs only last year and they are falling apart already.
3. Each of us has to work out the problems posed by life in our own way.
4. Haven’t your parents ever said anything ab
out your hanging around with such eccentric friends?
5. Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up and knocked it off.
6. Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy dreamed of becoming a professional astronomer someday.
7. Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests has nothing to do with true intelligence.
8. Alfred was at once a great philosopher and a talented musician.
9. Plenty of people who have trouble in school when young later turn out to be creative genius.
10. Of course you have trouble learning if you never bother to look up new words in the dictionary.
Word building
VI.
1. anthropology 人类学 2. archaeologist 考古学家 3. astronomer 天文学家 4. biological 生物学的 5. chemistry 化学 6. chemist 化学家7. cosmology 宇宙学 8. cosmologist 宇宙学家 9. mathematical 数学的 10. mathematician 数学家 11. philosophical 哲学的 12. philosopher 哲学家 13. psychology 心理学 14. psychological 心理学的 15. sociological 社会学的 16. sociologist 社会学的
VII.
1. telegram 2. television 3. communication over long distances
4. treat a patient a long distance away; provide medical treatment from a distance 5. information in the form of text
Structure
VIII.
1. Originally located in London, the museum was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.
2. Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the manager promised to further develop the domestic market.
3. Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a classical Chinese love story.
4. Designed for visitors to touch or play with, many modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.
5. Aided by technology, science helps mankind to gain increasing control over the environment.
IX.
1. A star scientist in more ways than one, Steven Hawking has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.
2. An Italian mathematician and astronomer, Galileo was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and figuratively.
3. A figure of classroom fun, hawking spoke with a slight lisp inherited from father.
4. A group of some forty students, the Poetry Society holds regular meetings where the members recite their poems.
5. A fascinating combination of ancient and modern China, Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the world every year.
Translation
X.
他被称为“活着的最有才华的人”，“20世纪后期最伟大的天才”，以及“爱因斯坦的继承人”。因《时间简史》一书而闻名遐迩为众人所知的斯蒂芬霍金是一个多重意义上的明星科学家。霍金擅长于用一种为非科学家所喜爱的文体揭示宇宙的奥秘，这种天赋使他声誉鹊起，也使他的书在英国和美国都成了畅销书。该书因在《星期日泰晤士报》十大畅销书名单上持续了184周，并在全世界销售了500多万册而在《吉
尼斯世界纪录大全》上赢得了一席之地——对一本科学书籍来说，这简直是前所未闻的成功。
XI.
1. Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.
2. Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its/ it earning a place in the ‘top-ten’ list one the radio.
3. Located to the northwest of London, Oxford University is well known/ noted far and wide for its academic excellence.
4. An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept of time and space.
5. This medical research is aimed at finding new treatments for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.
6. This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university. A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in theoretical research.
7. Two years ago, bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager. Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.
8. Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof. white, the then Chair of the Physics department, recalls: “ He impressed me as a very bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
Cloze
XII.
1. Accompanying 2. Behind 3. device 4. pose 5. awkward 6. remaining 7. out 8. into 9. by 10. ___ 11. govern 12. in 13. ___ 14. as if 15. ultimate 16. At last
Reading analysis
XIII.
Example 1: one of Hawking’s science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: “Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?” while the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: “Add the milk after pouring, of course.” (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.)
Example 2: another teacher relates how hawking and his friends built a simple computer—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centers had any computers at all.
Structured writing
XIV. One example, for reference
Some famous geniuses had very surprising beliefs. Thomas Edison, for example, was sure that magic creatures lived in his garden, and he never traveled on the 13th because he was afraid it would be bad luck. Another example is Charles Darwin, who claimed ghosts visited him every Sunday.