信息科学与电子工程专业英语课后翻译答案

U n i t1E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in the circuit the lower the Q and,

accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance.

对于串联谐振，电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低，相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。

2. A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as it does when it

is not carrying a current.

一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。

3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulse repetition rate, or directly enter a

new value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged.

在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率，或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值，而保持脉冲宽度不变。

4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage of charged particles in a gas, in a

vacuum, or in a semiconductor. Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics.

电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。注意，在本书中粒子运动仅限于金属的情况不属于电子学。

5.Hardware technologies have played vital roles in our ability to use electronic properties to

process information, but software and data processing aspects have not developed at the same speed.

硬件技术在我们使用电子特性来处理信息的能力中一直起着重要作用，而软件及数字处理方面却没能与硬件同步发展。

6.However, in a properly designed DC amplifier the effect of transistor parameter variation, other

than Ico, may be practically eliminated if the operation point of each stage is adjusted so that it remains in the linear operation range of the transistor as temperature varies.

然而在设计得当的直流放大器中，若调节每一级的工作点使之在温度变化时保持在晶体管线性区，就能在实际上消除Ico以外的晶体管参数变化所造成的影响。

U n i t2E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.If analog signals are to be transmitted digitally, they first have to be sampled at a specified rate

and further converted to discrete amplitude samples by quantization.

如果要以数字方式传输模拟信号，首先必须以一定的频率对信号进行采样，然后通过量化进一步将它们转换为离散的幅度样本。

2.Linear filters amplify or attenuate selected spatial frequencies, can achieve such effects as

smoothing and sharpening, and usually form the basis of re-sampling and boundary detection algorithms.

线性滤波器放大或衰减选择的空间频率，能够实现像平滑和锐化这些效果，通常是重采样和边缘检测算法的基础。

3.Stability and repeatability are fundamental attributes of digital circuits, however, and the

necessary accuracy can be obtained in a digital version of the modulator by an appropriate choice of word length to represent the signals.

不过稳定性和可重复性是数字电路的基本性质，在数字式调制器中必要的精度可通过适当地选择代表信号的字长而获得。

4.The first observation is made on the fundamental relationship between the nature of system

and the periodicity of its frequency response: a continuous system has an aperiodic frequency response, while a discrete system has a periodic frequency response.

从系统性质和它频率响应的周期性之间的基本关系中首先可以看到：连续系统有非周期性的频率响应，而离散系统有周期性的频率响应。

5.The main function of the receiver is to extract the input message signal from the degraded

version of the transmitted signal coming from the channel.

接收器的主要功能是从由信道传输来的退化了的信号中提取出输入消息。

Unit 3 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1. A very commonly used method of microwave measurements is based on the study of a standing

wave pattern formed along the line because of the interference of incident and reflected waves.

一个很常用的微波测量方法是基于对驻波图型的研究，这种驻波是由入射波和反射波之间的干涉而沿着传输线形成的。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fe17895941.html,putations show a reduction of 6dB in the EM field intensity with the distance doubled, and

an increase of 3dB in the intensity with the transmitted power doubled. This result provides verification to the algorithm used.

计算表明，当距离增大一倍时，电磁场强度减小6分贝；而发射功率增大一倍时，场强则增加3分贝。这一结果验证了所用算法的正确性。

3.Like transfer of heat by conduction, convection and radiation, microwave heating can be

considered as another mode of heat transfer, in which heat is produced directly at the location of the dielectric losses.

就像通过传导、对流、辐射来传递热量一样，微波加热可以看作热传递的另一种方式，即热量直接产生于发生介电损耗的地方。

4.Operation of the radar is based on the measurement of the time it takes for a pulse transmitted

from an antenna to get reflected by the object to be detected and to return at the antenna and the receiver.

雷达的工作是基于对天线发出的脉冲被所要探测的目标反射，（然后）回到天线和接收机所需时间的测量。

5.Other motivations for using CAD in circuit design includes the wish to acquire confidence in a

design that was accomplished by other means, and, not least in importance, a sense of curiosity or perhaps

a desire to discover the unexpected.

在电路设计中使用CAD的其它动机包括：想要验证用别的方法设计出来的电路；满足好奇心或者可能是想发现预想不到的现象。后一个动机并非是最不重要的。（取得信心，并非最不重要，意料之外的事）

6.The spacing between the repeating amplifiers is a function of the cable attenuation and the

system bandwidth so that the gain provided by these amplifiers compensates for the loss introduced by the cable.

中继放大器之间的间距是电缆衰减和系统带宽的函数，以便这些放大器提供的增益补偿电缆引起的损耗。

7.When the cut-off frequency is no less than the maximal frequency of the original signal, nor is

it greater than the difference between the sampling frequency and the maximal frequency, the original signal may be completely rebuilt.

当截止频率不小于原始信号的最高频率，也不大于采样频率和最高频率之差，原始信号可以完整地重建。

8.While the politics of the last one hundred years centered around Industrial Age technology, the

politics of the future will be based on Information Age concerns oriented towards the storage, protection and exchange of information.

尽管近百年来的政治活动是以工业时代的技术为中心的，未来的政治活动将基于信息时代的事物，面向信息的存储、保护和交换。

U n i t4E x e r c i s e s

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fe17895941.html,munication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to

another. When the information is to be conveyed over any distance a communication system is usually required. Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information on to an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the information signal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation. Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. However, communication may also be achieved by using an electromagnetic carrier that is selected from the optical range of frequencies.

通信可以广义地定义为从一处到另一处的信息传递。当要将信息传输到任何距离以外时就需要有一个通信系统。在通信系统内部，信息的传输经常通过将信息叠加或调制到作为信号载体的电磁波上来实现。经调制的载波然后被传送到要求的目的地，在那里被接收，原始信号通过解调被恢复出来。为了实现这一过程，已经利用工作在射频、微波以及毫米波频率上的电磁载波开发了复杂的技术。不过通信也可以用光波频段上的电磁载波来实现。

2.Electronic communications is the transfer and movement of data between locations through the

use of computers. An electronic communication system includes the equipment needed to support the movement of information, the communication lines and media to carry the information, the computer software and programs to control the flow of information, the personnel to plan, implement, and operate communications, and the management of all these resources. Electronic communications establishes links between people as well as computers.

电子通信就是通过使用计算机在不同的地点之间传输数据。一个电子通信系统包括：支持信息流动所需要的设备，承载信息的通信线路和媒介，控制信息流的计算机软件和程序，计划、实施、操作通信系统的人员，以及对所有这些资源的管理。电子通信建立起人和人、计算机和计算机之间的联系。3.First generation communications systems can be characterized by the use of analog

transmission techniques, and the use of simple multiplex access techniques such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA). They suffered from a low user capacity, and security problems due to the simple radio interface used. Second generation systems were introduced in the early 1990’s, and all use digital technology. This provided an increase in the user capacity of around three times, achieved by compressing the voice waveforms before transmission. Third generation systems are an extension on the complexity of second-generation systems and are to be introduced after the year 2000. The system capacity will be increased to over ten times original first generation systems, achieved by using complex multiplex access techniques such as code division multiplex access (CDMA), or an extension of TDMA, and by improving flexibility of services available.

第一代通信系统以模拟传输技术和简单复用技术如频分复用为特征。这些系统用户容量低，而且因为使用简单的无线电接口而存在安全问题。第二代通信系统于20世纪90年代初开始引入，全部使用数字技术。通过在传输前将话音波形压缩使得用户容量提高了三倍。第三代通信系统是对第二代系统在复杂性方面的扩展，预计于2000年以后启用。通过使用复杂的复用技术如CDMA或TDMA的扩展，

并提高服务的灵活性使得系统容量比原来的第一代系统提高10倍。

4. For each combination of communication (modulation/detection) type, channel fading model,

and diversity type, the average bit error rate (BER) and/or symbol error rate (SER) of the system is obtained and represented by an expression in a form that can readily be evaluated. All cases considered correspond to real practical channels, and in many instances the BER and SER expressions obtained can be evaluated numerically on a hand-held calculator.

对于通信（调制/检测）类型、信道衰落模型、分集类型的每一种组合，得到系统的平均误码率（BER ）和符号错误率（SER ），并以容易求值的形式表示。所有考虑的相应于实际信道的情况，以及许多情况下得到的BER 和SER 表达式均可用手持计算器来计算。

5. Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of a carrier waveform such as the

amplitude, phase, or frequency in accordance with a function of the message signal. It is used in communication systems for matching signal characteristics to channel characteristics, for reducing noise and interference, for simultaneously transmitting several signals over a single channel, and for overcoming some equipment limitations. A considerable portion of this book is devoted to the study of how modulation schemes are deigned to achieve the above tasks. The success of a communication system depends to a large extent on the modulation.

调制是载波波形的某些属性，例如幅度、相位和频率，根据消息信号的函数有规则的变化。它用于通信系统以使信号特性匹配信道特性，减少噪声和干扰，在单个信道上同时传输多个信号，并克服某些设备的限制。本书相当大部分内容是研究如何设计调制方案以实现上述任务。一个通信系统的成功很大程度上依赖于调制。

Unit 5 Exercises

(1) T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e i n t o C h i n e s e .

OFDM consists of a large number of subcarriers equally spaced in a frequency band, each may be digitally modulated by a same scheme such as PSK, QAM, etc., or by different schemes. A serially transmitted sequence is divided into a number of sections, each having N symbols, and the N symbols in each section are used to modulate N carriers for simultaneous transmission. Therefore OFDM is essentially a parallel modulation system. When the number of subcarriers is sufficiently large, the system can resist multipath interference. This is because that, in the time domain, a symbol duration longer than the multipath delay can be chosen, while in the frequency domain, each symbol only occupies a small portion of the channel’s frequency band. Thus, the effect of multipath fading spreads over many symbols, resulting in slight distortion to many symbols rather than complete destroy of a few symbols. In this way, correct demodulation is not affected so that the signal can be accurately recovered at the receiver.

In an OFDM system, the principle of choosing the subcarrier interval is to make the subcarriers mutually orthogonal within the entire symbol period. Thus, even if spectral overlap exists between the subcarriers, the symbols can still be recovered without loss. In order to realize maximum spectral efficiency, the interval between subcarriers is usually chosen to equal the reciprocal of the symbol duration T . Therefore the subcarrier frequencies in the base band are f n = n /T , (n = 0, 1, ... , N -1). Denoting the n -th modulating symbol as X (n ), the OFDM waveform within a symbol duration can be expressed as: T t t T n j n X t x N n <≤??? ??=∑-=0,2ex p )()(10π (1)

Sampling this waveform at t = T /N yields 1,,2,1,2ex p )(2ex p )()(1010-=??? ??=??? ??=∑∑-=-=N k N nk j n X N kT j n X k x N n N n ππ (2)

It is observed from the above expression that x (k ) and X (n ) form a discrete Fourier transform pair, therefore the baseband OFDM waveform can be generated from the discrete Fourier transform of N modulating symbols. When N =2m where m is an integer, the fast algorithm of IDFT is easy to implement.

OFDM 由大量在频率上等间隔的子载波构成。每个子载波可用同样的方案，如PSK ，QAM 等，或者用不同的方案数字调制。将串行传输的符号序列分成许多段，每一段有N 个符号，每段的N 个符号被用来分别调制N 个载波同时发送。因此，OFDM 本质上是一个并行调制系统，当载波数足够大时，这种系统具有抗多径干扰的能力。这是因为在时域上符号周期能选取得比多径延迟时间长，而在频域上每个符号只占整个信道带宽的一小部分，因此多径衰落的影响被分散到许多符号上，其结果是许多符号都发生轻度的畸变，而不是使某些符号被完全破坏。这样，不影响正确的解调，信号能在接收器中准确地恢复。

在OFDM 系统中，选择子载波间隔的原则是使子载波在整个符号周期内相互正交，这样。即使在子载波间存在频谱部分重叠，符号仍能无损失地恢复。为了实现最大的频谱效率，子载波之间的间隔通常选取为符号周期的倒数。因此基带子载波频率为f n = n /T , (n = 0, 1, ... , N -1)，第n 个调制符号记为X (n )，在一个符号周期内的OFDM 波形可表示：

T t t T n j n X t x N n <≤??? ??=∑-=0,2ex p )()(10

π (1)

在t = T /N 时刻采样这个波形得到： 1,,2,1,2ex p )(2ex p )()(1010

-=??? ??=??? ??=∑∑-=-=N k N nk j n X N kT j n X k x N n N n ππ (2)

从上面的表示中可以看到，x (k ) 和X (n )构成了一对离散傅里叶变换，因此基带OFDM 波形可根据N 个调制符号的离散傅里叶变换来生成。当N =2m ，其中m 为整数，IDFT 的快速算法很容易实现。

Unit 6 Exercises

(1) T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e .

1. Communication is the transmission of information from one point to another. This

transmission requires the ability to vary signals with time in a manner which is unpredictable to the receiver.

通信就是信息从一点传送到另一点。这种传送要求信号随时间发生的变化不能在接收端预测。

2. It is true of any communication system that the shape and amplitude of the transmitted signal

will be continuously degraded by the introduction of noise, and the attenuation along the transmission path.

传输的信号会不断地被噪声的引入和线路上的衰减所损伤，对任何通信系统都是如此。

3. Since the very beginning, communications systems have consisted of three major parts,

namely, the equipment, the medium, and the protocol. It is still the case today. However, the close link of telecommunications with the computer technology has brought about tremendous changes in communications, from the concepts, to the contents and the methods.

4. 从一开始通信系统就由设备、媒介和协议三个要素组成。至今依然如此。然 算机技术的

紧密联系使得通信从概念到内容和手段都发生了重大的变化。

5. The availability of such a large collection of system performance curves in a single

compilation allows the researcher or system designer to perform trade-off studies among the various communication type/fading channel/diversity combinations so as to determine the optimum choice in the face of his or her available constraints.

在一本书中提供如此大量的系统性能曲线，使研究者或系统设计者能在各种通信类型、衰落信道、分

集组合之间进行比较研究，从而在他或她所面临的限制之下做出最佳的选择。

6.The channel provides the electrical connection between the information source and the user.

The channel can have many different forms such as a microwave radio link over free space, a pair of wires, or an optical fiber.

信道提供信息源和用户之间的电路联接。信道可以有许多不同的形式，比如自由空间里的微波联接，一对电线，或者一根光纤。

7.The degradation of the transmitted signal is a result of signal distortion due to imperfect

response of the channel and due to undesirable electrical signals (noise) and interference. Noise and signal distortion are two basic problems of electrical communication.

传输信号的退化是信号失真的结果，而这种失真又是由信道的非理想响应及不想要的电信号（噪声）和干扰引起的。噪声和信号畸变是电子通信的两个基本问题。

Unit 8 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.Early in the twentieth century, it was found that light could cause atoms to emit electrons and

that, when light released an electron from an atom, the energy possessed by the electron very greatly exceeded that which the atom could, according to the electromagnetic wave theory, have received.

在二十世纪早期，人们发现光能够使原子放出电子，而且当光从原子中释放一个电子时，电子所包含的能量大大超过由电磁波理论得到的原子所接收的能量。

2.Pulse broadening determines the minimum separation between adjacent pulses, which in turn

determines the maximum information-carrying capacity of the optical fiber.

脉冲的展宽决定了相邻脉冲之间的最小间隔，这一间隔进而又决定了光纤的最大信息容量。

3.If one were to transmit such information without impressing it on an optical carrier but instead

on a radio frequency (RF) carrier a bit higher than the maximum rate, the transmission wavelength of the RF carrier would be centimeters or larger.

如果传输这样的信息不是将它加载到光纤上，而是加载在略高于最大速率的射频载波上，则此射频载波就会是厘米波或是波长更长一些的波。

4.The smallness of the optical wavelength, therefore, allows for the miniaturization of transmit

and receive modules, which should allow considerable reduction in size, weight, and cost of optical communication systems with respect to microwave/radio wave counterparts.

光波波长之小使发射和接收模块得以小型化，这就使光通信系统的尺寸、重量以至价格与相应的微波、无线电波通信系统相比都大为降低。

5.Although all the advantages of coherent optical communication systems have yet to be brought

to fruition, another property of optical radiation has made today’s optical communication systems not desirable for applications.

虽然相干光通信系统的所有优点还有待于落实在具体成果中，光辐射的另一性质却使目前的光通信系统不利于应用。

6.When coupled with light’s short wavelength which allows for miniature sources and detectors

and micron-sized waveguides, direct detection schemes have allowed for small, lightweight, high bandwidth systems which are competitive in many areas, most notably to the present telecommunications transmission, although a myriad of other applications are continually opening up.

光的波长很小，可以使用小型的光源和检测器以及微米级的波导，于是用直接检测方案可实现在许多领域具有竞争力的小巧的宽带系统，这些领域中特别引人注目的是当前电信传输中的应用，尽管无数其他应用也在不断涌现出来。

7.As mentioned previously, these applications have tended to open up more slowly than

originally predicted, as cost was really not much of a consideration in telecommunications, where equipment costs are swamped by other considerations.

如前所述，（线路）成本并非电信系统中真正重要的考虑因素，通信设备的成本主要受到其他因素的制约，因此这些应用比预料的出现得慢。

8.As wavelengths decrease to approach the size of circuit components, circuit elements are no

longer lumped as such, and leads can act as reflective components and/or antennas and lumped elements as electromagnetic resonators.

随着波长减小到接近于电路元件的尺寸，电路单元就不再是集总的，导线可起到反射元件以及（或）天线的作用，集总单元则成为电磁谐振器。

Unit 11 Exercises

1.In a television scanning generator using a pair of free-running relaxation oscillators,

free-running frequencies of the oscillators are set slightly below the horizontal and vertical pulse rates, and the stripped pulses are used to trigger the oscillators prematurely and thus to synchronize them to the line and half-frame rates.

在采用一对自由张弛振荡器的电视扫描发生器中，振荡器的自由频率被设置得略低于水平和垂直（扫描）频率，分离出来的脉冲被用来提前触发振荡器从而使它们与行频和半帧频（场频）同步。

Unit 12 Exercises

1.Referring to the figure, we see that signal processing techniques are needed for preprocessing,

pattern recognition techniques are needed for segmentation, feature extraction, and classification, and artificial intelligence techniques are needed for structure analysis, knowledge-acquisition and representation (world model), and control structure (interaction among the blocks).

参考图，我们看到信号处理技术是预处理所需要的，模式识别技术是分割、特征提取以及分类所需要的，而人工智能技术则是结构分析、知识获取及表示（世界模型）以及控制结构（块间交互）所需要的。

2.The picture elements across a line are converted to the video signal and low-pass filtered with

an electrical filter. This smoothing removes the discrete structure in the horizontal dimension.

沿着一条直线的图像像素被转换成视频信号，然后由一个电子滤波器进行低通滤波。这一平滑处理可消除水平方向的离散结构。

Unit 13 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.The preceding chapters have described how the automatic computer performs, but have not

described how the automatic computer can be put to use to do data handling work to serve an organization, nor why such work is done in the way that it is.

前面的章节讲述了自动计算机是如何工作的，但没有讲述自动计算机如何能用于数据处理工作以服务于一个机构，也没有讲述这种工作为什么用这种方法实现。

2.While the subject of coding often carries with it an air of secrecy, a more important motive in

many coding systems is the improved efficiency in conveying information.

如果说编码这一主题常带有一种秘密的色彩，那么许多编码系统的一个更重要的目的则是为了提高信息传递的效率。

Unit 14 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.The importance of early brain development in setting the foundations for language is apparent

in babies younger than 6 months.

大脑的早期发展对于奠定语言基础的重要性在六个月以下的婴儿中是显而易见的。

Unit 15 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e i n t o C h i n e s e.

Because digital image processing does encompass such a wide variety of techniques and mathematical tools, each application involves a sequence of processing steps. These steps are modules that can be arranged in an enormous number of different sequences, and each module generally admits the specification of parameter values that further expand the range of possible manipulation schemes to achieve the desired results. The major advantages of digital images as compared with analog (i.e. film) images are the quality of the data and the accessibility of that data to computer manipulation. The quality advantage is really an aggregate of two advantages:

-Dynamic range: up to 128 or more gray levels can be present on digital images whereas only 15-30 discernible on film products.

-Reproducibility: a copy of a copy of a copy of a digital image contains exactly the same data as the original, whereas a forth-generation photographic product is substantially degraded in comparison with the original.

Although these are advantages, the compelling advantage for the applications community derives from the accessibility of the data to computer manipulation. To generate a general-purpose film product is essentially to choose a compromise among competing requirements from agronomists, hydrologists, foresters, geologists, urban planners, and other user groups; it is not optimized for any one. Digital images lend themselves to custom tailoring by the user for his or her application in a way that film products cannot.

数字图像处理包括了多种多样的技术和数学工具，每一项应用都涉及到一系列的处理步骤。这些步骤是以大量不同次序排列的各种模块，每一模块通常容许一些参数值的技术指标，从而进一步扩大了为获得预期结果而可能采取的处理方案的选择范围。与模拟图像（即胶片）相比，数字图像的主要优点在于数据的质量和数据可供计算机进行处理这两方面。质量方面的优越性实际上是以下两种优越性的综合：动态范围：数字图像可表现128级或更多的灰度，而胶片产品只能分辨15至30级；重现性：一幅数字图像多次复制后仍与原件包含完全相同的信息，而一幅第四代的照片与原件相比却大大地退化（损伤）了。

Unit 16 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of digital computers and

special-purpose digital circuitry for performing varied signal processing functions that were originally achieved with analog equipment.

近年来为实现各种信号处理功能，数字计算机和专用数字电路的使用有了巨大的增长，这些处理功能原先都是用模拟设备实现的。

2.In the beginning, computers were used to process only numerical information, but majority of

our information is non-numerical in nature and very little is known about its description and processing.

一开始计算机只是被用来处理数值信息，而我们的大多数信息都是非数值性质的，而且人们对这些信息的描述和处理所知甚少。

Unit 17 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.For the first time ever the landscape is changing, as high volume personal computer

multimedia applications proliferate. First affected were monitors, which for some time have offered higher-than-broadcast speed and resolution. One can expect cameras to follow, with high-speed, high-resolution devices driven by consumer digital still camera technology and lower-resolution, ultra low

cost units driven by entertainment, internet conferencing, and perceptual user interface applications.

随着大量个人计算机多媒体应用的急剧增加，情况首次发生了变化。最早受到影响的是显示器，相当长时间以来它已经能够提供比广播级更高的分辨率和速度。人们可期待照相机/摄像机也随之跟上，包括由民用数字照相机所推动的高速度、高分辨率器件，娱乐业、互联网远程会议和用户视觉界面应用所推动的低分辨率和极低价格的设备。

2.If you already have the fastest CPU in a particular family and still want more performance,

then it may be more cost-effective to add system RAM or cache RAM than to put in a processor from a different family. Adding system memory can bring significant performance increases at a relatively low cost, assuming you configure the memory correctly. In addition to added cache and system RAM, a faster and larger hard drive can save you time when running applications dependent on heavy drive access and data throughput. Adding a graphics accelerator card can help, too, especially if you are looking for a way to stay awake while your system redraws images.

如果你已经有了某一系列中最快的CPU而还想要更多的性能，那么增加系统RAM或高速缓存RAM 也许比插入一枚另一系列的处理器更合算。特别是如果你是一名Windows用户，假设你正确地配置内存，则增加系统内存可以较低的代价带来可观的性能提高。除了增加高速缓存或系统RAM，一个更快和更大的硬盘可在运行依赖于大量读写硬盘和有大量数据吞吐时节省你的时间。增加一个图形加速器也是有益的，如果你使用Windows，而且发现你在寻找某种途径使你在系统重显图象时能保持“清醒”，则尤其是如此。

3.In university environments, MATLAB has become the standard instructional tool for

introductory courses in applied linear algebra, as well as advanced courses in other areas. In industrial settings, MATLAB is used for research and to solve practical engineering and mathematical problems.

Typical uses include general purpose numerical computation, algorithm prototyping, and special purpose problem solving with matrix formulations that arise in disciplines such as automatic control theory, statistics, and digital signal processing (time-series analysis).

在大学环境里，它已成为应用线性代数导论以及其他领域中许多高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业界，MATLAB被用于研究和解决实际的工程和数学问题。典型的应用包括通用数值计算、算法原型测试以及使用矩阵公式的专门问题的解决，这些问题是在自动控制理论、统计、数字信号处理（时间序列分析）等学科中提出来的。

4.Multimedia is a generic term for “multimedia computing” or “interactive multimedia”. The

computer and software are used to control and navigate through the communications links, not only one at the time, but several simultaneously. Computer systems have been most developed in using vision and hearing to interface between the digital and analogue worlds, e.g., still and moving images, text and graphics use the visual senses, and audio uses hearing. Multimedia is defined as visual, audio and textual information which can be presented, separately or simultaneously, to convey and present information interactively to users. It is technically easy to digitize the analogue forms of these common media and handled by computers now widely available and inexpensive to be accessible to most users.

多媒体是表示“多媒体计算”或“交互式多媒体”的一般术语。计算机和软件被用于控制并通过不止一条通信链接同时进行浏览。在利用视觉和听觉在数字和模拟世界之间进行交互方面，计算机系统已得到极大的发展，例如对静止和活动图像、文本和图形使用视觉，对音频使用听觉。多媒体被定义为可以分别或同时展现的视频、音频、文本信息，用以交互式地将信息传递和展示给用户。技术上很容易将这些普通媒体的模拟形式用计算机实现数字化并加以处理，计算机现在已十分普遍，其价格便宜，大多数用户都能使用。

5.The essential capability of any multimedia computer system is the ability to convert the

analogue signal to a digital format and to compress this information using standard algorithms. The power

of the CPU will determine whether this process can be carried out in real-time or whether it has to be done off-line. Originally this power only existed in UNIX systems, but more recently it has become available in PCs and Macintosh. The compression process is necessary otherwise the quantity of data to be stored and transmitted would be excessive. Most PCs have until recently depended upon hardware encoding/decoding systems, but the speed of current processors is such that software compression systems have been developed. The advantage of the software systems is that the compatibility and interoperability issues can be handled more easily, and the cost of the equipment is not raised by the need to purchase expensive hardware devices.

任何多媒体计算机的基本功能是将模拟信号转换成数字格式，并用标准算法将此信息压缩的能力。CPU处理能力将决定是否能实时完成此过程还是必须离线执行。原先只有UNIX系统才有这种实时能力，但近年来PC和Macintosh也能胜任（有这种能力）了。压缩是必须的，否则要存储和传送的数据量太大。直到不久前大多数PC还依赖硬件编解码系统，而目前的处理器速度已使软件编解码系统的开发成为可能。软件系统的优点在于可更方便地处理兼容性和协同工作问题，而且不会因购置昂贵的硬件而提高设备成本。

Unit 19 Exercises

(1)T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s i n t o C h i n e s e.

1.Artificial Intelligence is a branch of science that helps machines find solutions to complex

problems in a human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations using fixed rules. This allows machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are not suited to. Unlike humans, however, computers have trouble in understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations.

Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks. Humans have an interesting approach to problem-solving, based on abstract thought, high-level reasoning and pattern recognition. Artificial Intelligence can help us understand this process by recreating it, then potentially enabling us to enhance it beyond our current capabilities.

人工智能是一个科学分支，它可以帮助机器找到像人那样解决复杂问题的解。这通常包括从人的智能中借用一些特征，应用这些特征开发出便于计算机实现的算法。计算机原则上适合于按照固定的编程规则进行机械性的计算，这使得机器能够有效而可靠地执行简单单调的任务，这正是人所不擅长的。然而不同于人，计算机难以理解特定的情形，适应的新情况。人工智能的目标就是改进机器的性能以对付这种复杂的任务。人类具有一种解决问题的有趣能力，这种能力是基于抽象思维、高级推理和模式识别的。人工智能可以通过重建这一过程来帮助我们理解它，进而使我们的能力有可能超越当前的水平。

It is rare that the optimization will be achieved in only one step, and usually many iterations around the analysis-error-adjustment loop will be required for obtaining a satisfactory result.

只经过一步就达到优化的情况是罕见的，为了得到满意的结果通常要围绕“分析－误差－调节”的循环进行多次迭代。

概要写作中的常用句式

First

At the beginning In the first part

In the introduction the author

the reporter

argues

writes states

points out

explains

mentions

that

what

why

if

how the reader is informed

In the next part

In the main part Second

Then Afterwards Moreover

In addition to that Further on

Next the reader is informed about

the author goes on with

we are told about

we read / hear about

the theory

the data / question

the statistics

the belief

the argument

the opinion / topic

the problem

the author

emphasizes

analyses

discusses

In the end

Finally

At last

As a conclusion Summing up his / her thoughts the writer

the poet

the journalist

the reporter

the scientist

concludes

finds the solution

adds

stresses

pretends

hints

Useful Transitions and Transitional Phrases Conjunctions and, but, or, for, nor, neither, so, yet

Introduction to

a Topic

as for, concerning, with regard to, with respect to, in terms of

To Summarize in all, in a word, in brief, briefly, in other words, in short, in summary, that is, finally, generally, in conclusion, on the whole,

therefore, to sum up, to conclude, and so, this shows, thus we see

To Compare by comparison, here again, in the same way, in a similar manner, likewise, similarly, so too, as, also, equally, accordingly, moreover, as well, and

To Contrast conversely, however, instead (of), in spite of that, anyhow, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, still, yet, nevertheless, in contrast, notwithstanding, in spite of this, although, but, despite, even though

To Show Cause and Effect accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, it follows that, so/so that, then, therefore, thus, thereupon

To Explain actually, admittedly, because, certainly, for example, in fact, indeed, really of course, since, that is, for instance, namely, specifically, such as, to illustrate, in particular, in this manner, thus

To Show Conviction after all, at least, at the same time, apparently, even so, evidently, certainly, conceivably, conclusively, doubtless, no doubt, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedly

To Show Various Conditions in this event, in these circumstances, this (that) being so, provided that, in spite of, none/nevertheless, at the same time, even if, if, unless, otherwise, although, even though, though, despite

To Add Information add to this, again, also, besides, equally, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, once more, then too, too, yet again, yet another, and, as well, beyond that, even, next, similarly

To Show Chronological Order after that, afterwards, later, shortly, subsequently, concurrently, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, now, simultaneously, when/while/was, first, second, etc., formerly, earlier, previously, before that, then, already, at last, at length, by that time, finally, during, immediately, next, soon, still, in the interim, presently, at the same time, in the end, temporarily, thereafter

To Show Concession admittedly, after all, all the same, at any rate, granted, however, in any case, in spite of, it is true that, nevertheless, obviously, of course, still, to be sure

Location above, below, beyond, farther, further, here, nearby, opposite, there, to t

翻译期末作业

浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木专业英语翻译作业

桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939

原文

中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. （8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 （1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. （2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. （3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. （4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译

Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。

数学专业英语一次函数专题

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土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

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土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数