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3.秋色来自何处?

戴安.艾克曼

导读

尽管每年的秋天树叶都会变色，当我们目睹这一美景时仍然禁不住心情激荡，如痴如醉。我们知道秋色何时出现和怎样欣赏它，但我们却不知秋色来自何处。在下面这篇短文里，戴安·艾克曼向我们揭示了这一自然现象的秘密。在阅读她对秋叶变色的解说时，请特别关注她如何表达对大自然的热爱。

正文

秋天悄然而至。是栖息在树丛中的金丝雀，还是第一片转色的树叶?是一只美丽的红冀鹤(一种美洲鸟)，还是一裸迎接冬天的枫树?我们伫立着，用像豹子般锐利的眼睛寻觅着变化的迹象。清晨，一滴滴露水沉重地趴在草丛上，在一道道铁丝网上挂上了一串串珍珠。远处山坡上的那一小片黄色像是被聚光灯照亮的舞台。我们终于领悟到了—秋天满珊地如期来到，伴随着寒飕飕的夜晚，阴深深的节日，还有绚丽夺目的、邀动人心的美丽秋叶。‘树叶很快开始枯姜，像一团球一样地蜷缩着，随后飘离树梢。一粒粒干佳果也开始格格地崩裂。但是，在最初的几个星期中，秋天所呈现的是那热情洋溢的秋色，那么明亮，那么柔和，五彩缤纷。人们纷纷来到东海岸就是要亲眼看一看这里的秋叶。

秋叶的色彩来自何处?阳光用它金色的法宝主宰着万物生灵。当白昼开始渐渐缩短，刚过夏至，树木就会重新考虑它的叶子了。整个夏天，树木供养着树叶，以便使树叶进行光合作用。但是到了三伏天，树就开始把营养回收在树干和树根中。树叶则渐渐地枯姜，飘落。树叶细细的叶柄上形成一层干缩的细胞，然后脱落。由于没有营养，树叶停止生长叶绿素，光合作用也停止了。动物可以靠迁移、冬眠，或储备粮食来度过寒冷的冬天。但树能去哪里?它丢下叶子一边存活下去，这样，到了晚秋时节，输送液体的木质部上就只有为数不多的细小纤维还能把叶子固定在茎上。2

一片变色的树叶总是首先保持着部分绿色，随着叶绿素的减少，叶片上呈现出斑驳的黄色和红色。叶脉上的深绿色保持的时间最长，使树叶留下了明显的廓影。在夏季，叶绿素在热和光的作用下分解，但同时也在逐渐地被替换。到了秋天，不再有新的色素产生，我们才发现其实其他颜色原本就在那里，就在树叶里。是叶绿素强大的绿色盖住了它们，我们才看不到。随着表面绿色的褪去，我们就能看见其他颜色第一次爬上了叶片。它们不再在绿色下面躲躲藏成，时隐时现。这真使我们惊叹不已。

最美的秋色出现在美国的东北部和中国的东部。部分是由于昼夜的温差较大，那些地区的秋叶色彩缤纷，尤为壮观。欧洲的枫叶则不及在冷风刺骨的夜晚和阳光明媚的白天交替中形成的美国枫叶那么红艳。欧洲的潮热天气使树叶呈现出揭色或淡黄色。使苹果呈红色，使树叶呈红色或紫红色的花青素是由保存在树叶中的糖分转化而成的。与胡萝卜、南瓜和玉米中的，使树叶呈橘黄色或黄色的胡萝卜素不一样，花青素每年都有变化，而且是依靠气温和阳光。因此，秋日的阳光越强烈，夜晚越凉夹，它的色彩就越鲜明。这就是为什么在阳光灿烂的秋日里，秋叶会显得格外鲜艳耀眼。

不是所有树叶的颜色都一样。榆树、柳树和古老的银杏树的叶片会变成灿烂的金黄色，其他还有山胡桃、白杨、七叶树、鼠钧草和高大的杨树等等。极树叶会变成青铜色，择树叶会变成鲜艳的金黄色，枫树叶奉献出的是交响乐般的鲜红色。漆树叶也呈红色，其他还有开花的山莱芙、多花紫树，和胶皮糖香树。虽然有些橡树叶呈黄色，但大多数都转变成黄褐色。农田里也别有一番景色:地里的玉米熟了，麦草在秋风中轻摇。在某些地方，一面山坡还是绿色，另一面山坡也许已经改变了颜色。这是因为向阳的一面山坡常常吸收到更多的光和热。

奇怪的是树叶变色似乎并没有什么目的，唯独我们在期待着欣赏它们的美丽。它们像夕阳的彩霞，春天的花卉，万紫千红，绚丽夺目。动物及花朵变色是有原因的—适应环境—可是秋天的树叶变得如此约丽多彩，就像天空和大海一片针蓝一样，并不是为了适应环境。3那只是上天踢予人间的一大奇迸。我们发现它们是那么的凄美，从某种意义的说它们欺骗了我们。色彩像生命一样灿烂，然而它们却象征着死亡和分离。到时，它们会像尸体一样腐烂，变为泥土。它们就像我们临终前所期望的身后的归宿:不是消亡，而是从一种美的境界升华到另一种美的境界。尽管树叶失去了它们绿色的生命，它们仍绽放着生命的光芒，就像森林一天天古老，它们却显得更加丰满、静谧、美丽……

色彩缤纷的树叶是怎样飘落的呢?当一片树叶的生命快结束时，叶片内的植物激素—荷尔蒙—褪尽，叶柄根基细胞上的水分就慢慢地消失，最后整个叶柄只留下几丝木质。这样，一阵轻风吹来，树叶就飘荡在空中。它们全都飘飘荡荡地滑翔着，盘旋着，在无形的摇篮中摇曳。它们是一双双翅膀，会随着微弱的旋风或上升的气流振翅飞翔，旋转着从一座庭院飘到另一座庭院。最后安息在大地是怀艳中。我们爱看在空中飘着的东西—肥皂泡，气球，飞鸟，漫天的秋叶。它们提醒我们一个季节的结束寓意着下一个季节的到来，生命也是如此。我们特别喜欢看树叶飘落时那奴摇、盘旋和落地的姿态。每个人都知道的姿态……

最终，树叶离去了。但在这之前，它们连续几周向我们展现了它们的美丽，让我们激动不已。随后，它们就会在人们的脚下嘎吱嘎吱地呻吟，最后在孩子们的花拉的脚下安静下来。黝黑的、钻栩糊的树叶会在雨后粘在人们的鞋底下面。那潮湿的、粘成片的、半腐败的树叶作为肥料盖在树的根部，保护着树木那柔嫩的根须，直到第二年春天。腐叶下有时出现的波动意味着也许是某个田鼠在打洞。有时候，你会在一块化石里发现一片树叶的痕迹。于是，你会感叹道，这片在你面前是这么鲜明，这么栩栩如生的树叶，原来生长在远古时代，它在地球上早已绝迹!

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