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学位英语翻译考点详解

学位英语翻译考点详解
学位英语翻译考点详解

1、虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示和事实相反的假设。虚拟条件句中,主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类:

◆如果我是你的话,我会拒绝他的邀请。

If I were you, I should refuse his invitation.

◆如果我没有采纳你的建议,我会犯一个愚蠢的错误。

If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake.

在汉译英中有关虚拟语气的问题,我们还应当注意译下几点:

1)一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词的用法,如:lest,in case等。in case、lest后面的句子使用虚拟语气,意思为“以防,以免”,虚拟语气的形式为should+动词原形,should不可以省略,但可以不用虚拟语气而改用陈述语气。

◆外教说话很慢以防我们误解他。

The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we should misunderstand him.

2)一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“(should)+动词原形”的虚拟形式,如:suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等。

◆医生建议她在回去上班之前应当充分休息。

The doctor advised her that she get enough rest before going back to work.

◆我昨天的建议是应当举行一次会议来讨论这件事情。

My suggestion yesterday was that a meeting be held to discuss the matter.

3)一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“(should)+动词原形”,这些形容词包括important,essential,necessary,urgent,vital等等

◆大学里面学好英语很有必要。

It is necessary that we should have a good command of English at college.

4)在would rather,It is time that等句型中,后面的句子谓语动词使用一般过去时。

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2、时态

时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语中一共有16个时态,最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。考查重点是与完成时态有关的各种时态。下面对重点时态加以讲解。

1)现在完成时态

现在完成时态有两种用法:表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果,常和already, yet等状语连用。表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常同表示一段时间的状语连用,如this

week/month/year, in the past few /weeks/months/years, during the past few /weeks/months/years, these days, so far, up to now。时间状语也可以是since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。

◆我姐姐结婚五年了。

My sister has been married for 5 years.

需要注意的是在“this is the first/ second/ third…time that…”句型里要求用完成时。

◆这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。

This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.

2)过去完成时

过去完成时也有两种用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态;表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作,常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。

◆我上周去拜访史密斯女士,被告知两天前她已经离开了。

When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she had left two days before.

3)将来完成时

将来完成时表示表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作,时间状语一般用by+将来的时间,以及由by the time…,before或when等引导的状语从句。

◆这个工厂水泥的产量到这个月末会增加百分之十。

,

The output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10% by the end of this month.

3、倒装结构

英语中的倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。

◆老师进来后开始上课。

In came the teacher and the class began.

部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。

◆我们没有预料到他完成工作这么快。

~

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

在倒装结构的考查上,主要注意以下几点:

1)下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装:never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, in no sense, by no means, under no circumstance。

◆直到昨天他才改变了主意。

Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.

2)以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。

◆只有当你获得了足够的资料,你才能得出令人信服的结论。

Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a convincing conclusion.

3)neither和nor“也不”,表示对前一句否定句的赞同,所在句子使用部分倒装。

◆我还没有读完那本法语书,他也没有。

I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither did he.

4、非谓语动词

非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式,是动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词在句中可起名词、形容词、副词的作用,在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语或状语,即非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词包括3种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词)和动名词。

1)动词不定式

动词不定式有一般式、完成式和进行式,同时也有主动语态和被动语态之分。动词不定的用法如下。"

(1)作主语

不定式作主语时,其谓语动词应当使用第三人称单数。

◆十分钟之内完成这项工作很难。

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面的句子可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

(2)作表语

不定式作表语,跟在系动词之后。

◆他的工作是清扫大厅。

Her job is to clean the hall.

(3)作宾语

后面常接不定式做宾语的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面。

◆玛丽觉得学好英语很重要。

Mary found it important to have a good command of English.

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。

◆我只好呆在这里。

}

I have no choice but to stay here.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用。

◆他就如何学习英语给了我们很多建议。

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

(4)作宾语补足语

在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to。

◆我看到他穿过了马路。

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I saw him cross the road.

He was seen to cross the road.

(5)作定语

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。

◆我有一个会要参加。

I have a meeting to attend.

注意:不定式为不及物动词时,应有必要的介词。

◆他找了一个好房子住。

He found a good house to live in.

(6)作状语

不定式可以作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。

◆他从匆忙忙到了车站,却发现火车已经开走了。

He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.

注意:不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致。

◆为了省钱,他什么方法都用了。

To save money, every means has been tried. (wrong)

#

To save money, he has tried every means. (right)

◆为了学要英语,他有必要买一本字典。

To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. (wrong)

To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. (right)

(7)作独立成分。

◆实话告诉你,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。

To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.

2)动名词

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动名词有一般式和完成式,还有主动和被动的语态变化。动名词复合结构的形式是:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词。动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。从动名词在句中做的语法成分来看,动名词在句中可以做主语、表语和宾语。

(1)作主语

◆朗读是很有好处的。

Reading aloud is very helpful.

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

◆争吵是没用的。

It's no use quarrelling.

(2)作表语

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◆在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

(3)作宾语:

◆他们还没有建好大坝。

They haven't finished building the dam.

◆我们必须阻止空气被污染。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.

注意动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it。

◆我们发现取笑他人不好。

We found it no good making fun of others.

3)现在分词

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。现在分词主动语态的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。

◆他们边唱边说向公园走去。

They went to the park, singing and talking.

◆做完作业,他开始打篮球。

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.

现在分词的句法功能主要有以下几点:

(1)作定语

现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

◆正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

(2)作表语

◆正在这家上演的电影很棒。

)

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.

(3)作宾语补足语

下列动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。

◆你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room

(4)作状语

①作时间状语:

◆在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

②作原因状语:

◆由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

Being a League member, he is always helping others.

③作方式状语,表示伴随:

◆他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.

④作条件状语:

"

◆要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

⑤作结果状语:

◆他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.

⑥作目的状语:

◆几天前他去游泳了。

He went swimming the other day.

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⑦作让步状语:

◆虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

◆我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.

◆所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

.

◆如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.

有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

◆他点着灯睡着了。

With the lights burning, he fell asleep.

⑨作独立成分:

◆从外表看,他一定是个演员。

Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.

◆一般说来,女孩子更细心。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful.

4)过去分词

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能有以下几点。

(1)作定语

◆上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.

注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

/

(2)作表语

◆他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

They were frightened at the sad sight.

(3)作宾语补足语:

◆上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

I heard the song sung several times last week.

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语。

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

`

(4)作状语:

◆受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

◆一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

◆如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

◆虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

>

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

5、状语从句

引导状语从句的连词在完型填空中已做了详细解析,大家可以参考。这里主要讲状语从句在翻译题中的考试重点和难点。

带状语从句的句子类型很多,其中比较状语从句是翻译的难点。比较状语从句包括平级比较、不等级比较和最高级比较。常见的同级比较状语从句结构为as…as…或not so …as…。很多比较级的句子省略了内容重复的主语和谓语。较为典型的比较级结构有:

◆与其说她是好妻子,不如说她是好母亲。

She is more mother than (she is) wife.

◆他的钱不比你的多。

\

He has no more money than you do.

6、定语从句

这里主要讲解如何从分析汉语句子的角度正确使用定语从句,从而写出正确的句子。

1)融合法

如果汉语的两个句子具有相同的关键词,这是我们可以使用定语从句来翻译其中的一个句子。

◆昨天他买了一本英语书,这本英语书对于提高它的口语很有帮助。

Yesterday he bought an English book which is useful in improving his spoken English.

#

2)there be结构法

有些汉语句子可以使用there be结构翻译,汉语中的谓语部分在英语中要变成从句的形式。

◆现在很多大学生因为贫困而辍学。

There are many college students who dropped out of school because of poverty.

3)带介词的定语从句

当“动词+介词”的短语结构出现在定语从句中,介词常和从句的引导词一起引导定语从句,此时的引导词只能使用which和whom。

◆我刚才和她谈话的那个姑娘是我表妹。

The girl to whom I just spoke is my cousin.

.

7、被动语态

汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了可用英语无主句、“There be…”结构或者根据情景补出语境来翻译之外,运用被动语态来翻译也是常用技巧。

被动语态是一个独立的语态,而不是由主动语态转变而来的从属性语态。主动句与被动句的转换是受到词汇和结构等因素的限制的。汉译英时不能拘泥于原结构,要摆脱原句状态的局限,采用灵活多样的翻译技巧。但是,我们一定要在语态选择中注意以下这两点。)下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用。它们是:wash(洗),sell(卖),read(读),wear(穿),blame(责备),ride(乘坐),write(写)等。

◆玻璃容易被碰碎。

Glass breaks easily.

◆这车走起来很稳。

The car rides smoothly.

◆这本书很畅销。

The book sells well.

◆他应该受到责备。

He is to blame.

2)如果汉语中遇到主语是“大家”,“人们”,“有人”时,译成英语时句子应当使用被动语态。类似的用法有:

8、强调句型

强调句型的基本结构是“It is/was... that/who...”,我们需要明确的是,强调的部分可以是句子中除了谓语以外的任何成分,要特别注意强调句型与“not until”的连用。

例如:________________________(直到失去健康)that people know the value of health.

【答案】It is not until they lose it

成人学位英语题与答案5

自我测试5 1.I failed to catch the bus. 我没赶上公共汽车。 C) catch赶上 2.The light still on. They B to turn it off when they left the room. 他们离开了房间,灯还亮着。他们必须忘记关掉它时 B) must have forgotten 一定是忘了 3. A , consumers were cheated, misled by business firms.有时被欺骗商业公司误导消费者 A) Sometimes有时 4.I’ll certainly work at next week except when it D . 我一定会在下个星期除了下雨的时候 D) is raining 下雨 5.I don’t know why A . 我不知道为什么小男孩汤姆哭了 A) the little boy Tom was crying 小男孩汤姆哭了 6.He comes here everyday. B . 他每天来。我也这么做了 B) So do I 我也这么做了 7.My father knows George quite well; they D at a party. 我父亲知道乔治很好;他们介绍入党 D) were introduced 介绍了 8.I will go home for a vacation as soon as I A my exams. 我回家度假尽快完成我的考试。 A) finish完成 9.By five o’clock this evening the space ship B eleven times round the world. 到今晚五点的太空船将有十一次环游世界 B) will have traveled将有 10.The bus came after I A for about half an hour. 公共汽车来了之后,我已经等了半个小时 A) had been waiting 一直等待 11.More than 20 new kinds of plastic machine parts C by the end of this year. 超过20种新的塑料零件将被证明在今年年底。 C) will have been turned out已经变成了 12.The speed of radio waves is equal to B of light. 无线电波的速度等于光速的 B) that那 13.He asked Smith and A to be ready for the journey. 他问,我做旅行的准备。 A) me 我 14.If you need a ball pen, you can use one of D . 如果你需要一笔,你可以用我的 D) mine我的 15.These B did unusually well in the contest, so the judges didn’t know whom to give prize to. 这些女性歌手做得特别好的比赛,所以裁判不知道谁给的奖励。 B) women singers 女性歌手 16.The fact B his health is bad is not true. 事实上,他的身体不好是不真实的 B) that那,那个;那样的 17. B his legs were broken in the traffic accident. 由于交通事故他的双腿断了。 B) Both 双 18.She has sacrificed so much D support the family. 她牺牲了这么多,为了养家 D) in order to 为了… 19.In response C her call, I mailed her. 针对她的电话,我寄给她 C) to 给 20. D told us that the he was not here. 没有人告诉我们,他不在这里。

学位英语历年真题带答案07-11

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