翻译类论文模板
摘要（三号宋体，加粗，居中）
语言和文化的关系近年来已成为研究热点。二十世纪八、九十年代，文化教学研究在西方世界已获得大力发展。受此影响，国内的外语文化研究也取得一些进展, 研究人员日益关注如何把对文化的理解和掌握贯穿于第二语言和外语的教与学中。语言学家伊利欣克尔教授(Eli Hinkel)主编的《第二语言教与学的文化因素》一书讲述了关于第二语言文化的研究。该书重点讲述文化因素在语言研究方面的应用及其研究成果在语言教学中的应用，并阐明了第二语言的学习以及人们的世界观是如何在第二语言和第二文化的背景中影响其学习、理解及交流的。
在该书引言部分，原作者简要介绍了文化研究与文化教学的重要概念和理论基础，并对每个章节加以评述，从而揭示了文化因素是如何影响第二语言学习的各个方面的。第一章主要介绍了如何理解文化和语言的关系，并通过对香港大学学生课堂行为的研究, 追溯到东西方课堂文化差异的渊源。另外，对苏格拉底与孔子有关教育和生活、教育目标、教育的作用、课堂活动的框架等内容进行了讨论。本论文作者在对以上部分进行翻译与思考之后，得出这样一个观点和结论：学生的课堂行为与教师的期望存在差距，是源自不同的教学思想和哲学根源。这就给外语教学提出了一个亟待重视和解决的问题，即要把对文化的理解和掌握始终贯穿在外语教学中。
（中文摘要内容不少于500汉字，为小四号宋体）
关键词（小四号宋体、加粗）：（冒号）翻译；第二语言；教与学；文化因素；讨论（小四号宋体，关键词之间用分号分隔）
（此处另起一页，方法：点出“插入”---分隔符---分页符---确定即可）
Abstract（三号，Times New Roman，居中）In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become hot in research, and culture in teaching research has achieved great development. Researchers have become increasingly aware of how to promote cultural understanding and mastery in foreign language teaching and learning. The language professor Eli Hinkel has published a book named Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning which gives advice about the research of foreign language culture. This book focuses on culture as it is applied to language research and the applications of its findings in language pedagogy. In addition, it focuses on second language learning and the ways in which people’s worldviews affect their learning, understanding and communication. Then, the author continues to introduce the main content of the two chapters translated.
The introduction part mainly talks about some important conceptions and fundamental theories about culture and language in teaching research, and the original author’s comment. It points out how culture factors have influenced many different aspects of second language learning and using. Then Chapter One touches briefly on just a few of the studies that have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between culture and language, Through researches on students’ classroom behavior in Hong Kong University, the origin of the cultural differences has been explored. Besides, Chapter One also details the viewpoints of Confucius and Socrates in education and life, the role of education, teacher’s role, and arrangement of classroom activities. The conclusion can be made by the author of the thesis that t he reason why students’ classroom behaviors and teachers’ expectations disparate is that they have different teaching ideological and philosophical roots. This has caused a serious problem with the foreign language teaching --- culture has to run through foreign language teaching and learning practice all along.
（英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容相对应，小四号Times New Roman）
Key words（小四号Times New Roman，加粗）:（冒号）translating; second language; teaching and learning; culture; discourse （与中文关键词对应，小四号Times New
Roman，关键词之间用分号分隔）
（此处另起一页）
Contents（三号Times New Roman，加粗，居中）
（目录中文内容为小四号宋体，英文内容为小四号Times New
Roman）
摘要 ................................................................. I Abstract................................................................ II 1引言:第二语言教学中的文化因素研究. (3)
1.1文化与语言 (3)
1.2文化的研究和社会语言学 (3)
1.3当前观点......................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.文化、交流与学习 .................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.1苏格拉底和孔子的论述............................. 错误！未定义书签。
2.2教育目标......................................... 错误！未定义书签。
2.3教师的角色....................................... 错误！未定义书签。参考文献 (4)
（小四号Times New Roman）
（此部分制作方式：先点击第4列的“插入”，再“引用”---“索引和目录”---“目录”---将“显示页码”、“页码右对齐”划钩，“制表符前导符”选“第二种”，即如上所示虚线，格式选“来自模板”，大纲级别选“3”.其他不动即可。）
说明：从正文开始加页眉和页脚，页眉和页脚均为五号宋体、居中。
1 Translation（一级标题，三号Times New Roman，顶格，加粗）
1.1引言: 研究第二语言教学中的文化因素（二级标题，小三号宋体，顶格，加粗）
1.1.1文化与语言（四号宋体，顶格，加粗）
可以毫不夸张地说，几乎在对人类社会、群体、体系、行为以及人类活动进行的研究中，都有许多不同的对文化的……（正文：首行空两格，小四号宋体。下同）Thomas （1983，P91）（正文中的注释内容，五号宋体。下同）指出，教师……
1.1.2文化的研究和社会语言学（四号宋体，顶格，加粗）
2 Comment （一级标题，三号Times New Roman，顶格，加粗）
Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning by Eli Hinkel, the professor of linguistics, culture and language project director of Seattle University, focuses on the impact of social and cultural factors on foreign language teaching and learning, and introduces the study of language and cultural interaction to foreign language teachers and linguists. In addition, it also notes that …（正文：首行空4个英文字符格，小四号Times New Roman。）
注：如果层次多，可参看具体说明。
层次说明
一级标题三号宋体，顶格，加粗
二级标题小三号宋体，顶格，加粗
三级标题四号宋体，顶格，加粗
四级标题小四号宋体，顶格，加粗
五级标题首行空两格，小四号宋体
正文首行空两格，小四号宋体；正文中的注释内容，五号宋体
（另起一页，三号Times New Roman，加粗、居中）（参考文献内容为小四号Times New Roman）（格式采用“论文写作”课上讲过的APA格式或MLA格式，且全文统一使用一种格式。）
Bibliography
[1] Hinkel, Eli. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Shanghai
Foreign Languages Education Press, 2000.
[2] A.S.Hornby. The Oxford advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Trans.
Shi Xiaoshu, et al. Ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford University, 1988
[3] Lado, R. Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill,
2000.
[4] Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. Wong. Intercultural Communication. Oxford: Oxford:
Blackwell, 2000.
[5] 陈炳宗，展明朝编译.《英汉多功能词典》.外语教学与研究出版社，1996.
[6] 陈俊森，樊薇薇，钟华. 《跨文化交际与外语教育》.华中科技出版社，2006.
[7] 李勇康. “《第二语言教与学的文化因素》评述”. 《雁北学报》， 2004,
20(3):82-83.
[8] 孙薇. “文化因素对英语教学的影响与作用”. 《池州师专学报》,2004，
18（5）：110-111.
[9] 王伟华. “社会文化因素与外语教学”. 《外语学刊（黑龙江大学学报）》，
1987，（2）：69-73.
[10] 张炼.“社会文化因素与外语教学”. 《贵阳师范高等专科学校学报（社
会科学版）》， 2003，（1）：63-66.
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
中文系论文题目汇集
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28.论现代汉字中的形声字 29.论现代汉字中的会意字 30.论现代汉字中的象形字 词汇、词义 31.先同义复词研究 32.先偏义副词研究 33.先变义副词研究 34.词义引申的原则和方法 35.词的多义性和词素的多义性 36.词义演变的深层意义基础 37.音义联系的任意性和命名的理据性 38.《诗经》连绵词研究 39.《诗经》叠音词研究 语法、虚词 40.《论语》判断句研究 41.《论语》祈使句研究 42.《论语》疑问句研究 43.《论语》句法研究 44.《左传》“焉”字研究 45.《左传》“之”字研究 46.《左传》中语气词“也” 47.《左传》判断句研究 48.《左传》祈使句研究 49.《左传》疑问句研究 50．《左传》被动句研究 51．《战国策》中的“是”字52．《孟子》中的“之”字53．《孟子》中的“其”字54．《非子》中的被动句 55．从《非子》看先的副词 56．从《庄子》看先的宾语前置句57．《荀子》副词研究 58.主谓间“之”字探源 59.指代性“见”字词性再研究 60.主谓间“而”字的形成和发展 61.指代性“见”字词性研究 62.古汉语的后置定语问题 63.主谓间“而”字的形成和发展64.古代汉语词类活用现象综述 65.双宾语句的类型 66.被”字的词义演变 67.所’十动词”的部结构层次 68.“是”的用法及其发展 修辞 69.《左传》的外交辞令研究 70.《战国策》外交辞令研究 71.古今修辞方式的比较 训诂 72.训诂学与中学语文教学 73.论中学教材文言文的注释 现代汉语 新词语、新现象 1.网上聊天语言的特殊语境和交际特色 2.网络语言特点探微 3.谈网络流行语的规问题 4.由“霸”/“吧”/“零”构成的新词语（可选一个） 5.形形色色的“族”（如：啃老族、月光族等） 6.新新人类和他们的流行语 7.谈字母词问题 8.我看校园流行语 9.我看手机短信的特点 10.现代汉语新词语探析 11.网络语言的特点 12.谈谈生造词现象 13成语误用分析 词汇 14.成语的特点分析 15.惯用语的特点分析 16.歇后语的特点分析 17.成语的类型和特点 18.音译外来词的特点 19.缩略语使用的特点及其规问题
英语论文写作方法
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
如何写英语论文(非常有用)
英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However,little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has(have)been less done on... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to) Previous research(studies,records)has(have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated,underestimated misleaded thus,these previous results are inconclusive,misleading,unsatisfactory,questionable,controversial.. Uncertainties(discrepancies)still exist... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However,data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to aim to have to provide more documents
翻译类论文题目
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学术论文参考文献格式
学术论文参考文献格式 （Bibliography, Works Citied, References） 一.文学、翻译方向：MLA （一）说明 1. 文献类别标识 （1）常用文献类型用单字母标识 专著——[M]（monograph）；期刊文章——[J]（journal）；专著、论文集中的析出文献——[A]（article）；论文集——[C]（collected papers）；学位论文——[D]（dissertation）；专利——[P]（patent）；技术标准——[S]（standardization）；报纸——[N]（newspaper article）；科技报告——[R]（report）；其他未说明的文献类型，如字典——[Z] （2）电子文献载体类型用双字母标识 磁带——[MT]（magnetic tape）；磁盘——[DK]（disk）；光盘——[CD]（CD-ROM）；联机网络——[OL]（online）； （3）电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识（文献类型标识/载体类型标识） 联机网上数据库——[DB/OL]（data base online）；磁带数据库——[DB/MT]（data base on magnetic tape）；光盘图书——[M/CD]（monograph on CD-ROM）；磁盘软件——[CP/DK]（computer program on disk）；）网上期刊——[J/OL]（serial online）；网上电子公告——[EB/OL]（electronic bulletin board online） 2. 文献排序 （1）先外文，后中文。 （2）所有文献均按作者的姓（或机构名称）的字母顺序排列。 3. 多加注意标点符号与字句之间的空格、标点符号类型 （二）外文著录格式 为对应起见，本格式全部规则说明中的标点符号均为Times New Roman格式。为醒目之便，这里用红色标识出来。 1. 独著 姓, 名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Adams, Hazard. Critical Theory Since Plato. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publisher, 2004. Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. London: Virago Press Ltd, 2009. 2. 两至三名作者 姓, 名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York:
【最新2018】大学中文系毕业论文选题依据-word范文模板 (5页)
【最新2018】大学中文系毕业论文选题依据-word范文模板 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议请及时联系，本司将予以删除 == 本文为word格式，简单修改即可使用，推荐下载！ == 大学中文系毕业论文选题依据 中文系毕业论文选题依据如下文 把语言学的语境理论和中国古代文学批评的诗史互证法并置、比较的目的是，探究二者的相似与相异之处，也许对比研究中可以发现对于双方都有启发意义的所在，分析之后有望发现，双方可以互相吸取有益内容，从而得到丰富和发展。语境是语言学的重要概念，具有一定的理论阐释力;诗史互证是中国古典文学中源远流长的重要的研究方法;语境的研究范围颇为广泛，而诗史互证所涉及的所指。则是相对较为集中的。 语境重要性的原因在于语境概念自身的独特性。“大约1960以来，语言学模型在文学文本描述中的直接或间接运用取得新发展”、“总而言之，诗学的许多问题也就是话语和语言的问题，反之亦然”换言之，诗学的问题即语用学的问题，“语用学研究中的两个基本概念——意义和语境”，作为语言学重要概念的语境是和文学研究紧密相关的。 古典诗歌是脱离了具体环境的文本，其阐释主要依赖语言语境，而在一般观念中可信度较高的历史文本则成为古典诗歌研究经常参阅的重要资料，最为典型的是古典诗歌研究界盛行至今的“诗史互证”法，就是在预设了历史文本的真实性后对古典诗歌进行研究的一种重要的方法。 语境与“诗史互证”表面上看起来似乎相去甚远：前者是语言学的概念，后者是中国古典诗歌研究的重要方法，实际上二者在文学研究中有着密切关系的概念。中国传统文学批评中的“诗史互证”法与语用学中的语境概念有着较为密切的关系，这在本文的比较研究中将会得以体现。 一、语境概述 语境最早是由英国人类学家b.malinowski在1923年提出，区分语境为两类：“情景语境”、“文化语境”;语境是语言学的核心概念，语境概念的重要性还体现在语言学家给语用学下的定义之中，如，语用学研究话语与言辞情境相关的意义;语用学研究由社会语境确定的人类使用语言的条件;语用学研究怎样运用语境来推断出意义;语用学是研究语境意义(contextual meaning)的(yule，1996：3)。从以上几种语用学的定义可以看出：虽然在具体的用词上略有差异，但主要观点是一致的：从语境的角度研究语用学，充分肯定了语境在语用学研究中核心概念的地位。
2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
英语专业毕业论文范文
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
翻译类论文模板
摘要（三号宋体，加粗，居中） 语言和文化的关系近年来已成为研究热点。二十世纪八、九十年代，文化教学研究在西方世界已获得大力发展。受此影响，国内的外语文化研究也取得一些进展, 研究人员日益关注如何把对文化的理解和掌握贯穿于第二语言和外语的教与学中。语言学家伊利欣克尔教授(Eli Hinkel)主编的《第二语言教与学的文化因素》一书讲述了关于第二语言文化的研究。该书重点讲述文化因素在语言研究方面的应用及其研究成果在语言教学中的应用，并阐明了第二语言的学习以及人们的世界观是如何在第二语言和第二文化的背景中影响其学习、理解及交流的。 在该书引言部分，原作者简要介绍了文化研究与文化教学的重要概念和理论基础，并对每个章节加以评述，从而揭示了文化因素是如何影响第二语言学习的各个方面的。第一章主要介绍了如何理解文化和语言的关系，并通过对香港大学学生课堂行为的研究, 追溯到东西方课堂文化差异的渊源。另外，对苏格拉底与孔子有关教育和生活、教育目标、教育的作用、课堂活动的框架等内容进行了讨论。本论文作者在对以上部分进行翻译与思考之后，得出这样一个观点和结论：学生的课堂行为与教师的期望存在差距，是源自不同的教学思想和哲学根源。这就给外语教学提出了一个亟待重视和解决的问题，即要把对文化的理解和掌握始终贯穿在外语教学中。 （中文摘要内容不少于500汉字，为小四号宋体） 关键词（小四号宋体、加粗）：（冒号）翻译；第二语言；教与学；文化因素；讨论（小四号宋体，关键词之间用分号分隔）
（此处另起一页，方法：点出“插入”---分隔符---分页符---确定即可） Abstract（三号，Times New Roman，居中）In recent years, the relationship between language and culture has become hot in research, and culture in teaching research has achieved great development. Researchers have become increasingly aware of how to promote cultural understanding and mastery in foreign language teaching and learning. The language professor Eli Hinkel has published a book named Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning which gives advice about the research of foreign language culture. This book focuses on culture as it is applied to language research and the applications of its findings in language pedagogy. In addition, it focuses on second language learning and the ways in which people’s worldviews affect their learning, understanding and communication. Then, the author continues to introduce the main content of the two chapters translated. The introduction part mainly talks about some important conceptions and fundamental theories about culture and language in teaching research, and the original author’s comment. It points out how culture factors have influenced many different aspects of second language learning and using. Then Chapter One touches briefly on just a few of the studies that have contributed to an understanding of the relationship between culture and language, Through researches on students’ classroom behavior in Hong Kong University, the origin of the cultural differences has been explored. Besides, Chapter One also details the viewpoints of Confucius and Socrates in education and life, the role of education, teacher’s role, and arrangement of classroom activities. The conclusion can be made by the author of the thesis that t he reason why students’ classroom behaviors and teachers’ expectations disparate is that they have different teaching ideological and philosophical roots. This has caused a serious problem with the foreign language teaching --- culture has to run through foreign language teaching and learning practice all along. （英文摘要内容应与中文摘要内容相对应，小四号Times New Roman） Key words（小四号Times New Roman，加粗）:（冒号）translating; second language; teaching and learning; culture; discourse （与中文关键词对应，小四号Times New
词汇学论文
题目: Semantic Change of English Words 学期2011/2012学年第一学期 科目英语词汇学 班级 学号 姓名
摘要 语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。 本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。 关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习 Introduction Languages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes. Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change at course of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describe has changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development of society a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientific discoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker's state of mind may bring about semantic changes. (Feng shimei, P163-165) In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change. According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types. 1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'. 2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'. 3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'. 4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.