新世纪研究生公共英语阅读B第十二单元课文翻译

雷华德?加德纳

科技在学校里发起了一场革命。教育界人士应该迎头赶上，积极应变了。

1. 如果真有一个人能够神奇地从一九零零年来到我们现在这个时代，那么他对于今天教室里的情形大多觉得似曾相识——上课方式一成不变、练习重视有加、材料脱离上下文、课堂活动不是枯燥无味的阅读就是每周一次的拼写测验。可能除了教堂外，没有哪个机构会象肩负着下一代人的正规教育责任的学校一样根本没有发生变化。

2. 学校里静如止水，跟围墙外面孩子的经历形成了极大的反差。在现代社会里，孩子得以接触到各种各样的媒体：电视机、移动电话、带有光盘驱动器的个人电脑、传真机、影碟、个人立体音响、照相机、摄影机——早些年这些东西简直让人难以想象。（在工业化程度不那么发达的国家或地区，它们仍然令人诧异不已。）

3. 旧时代的人可以轻而易举地辨认出今天的课堂，但却很难理解现代社会十岁孩子的校外世界。说老实话，我自己经常遇到那样的困难。

4. 如果不把学校教育视作泛指意义的教育，那么它本来就应该是比较保守的。我还是很赞同这种保守思想的。但当今世界的变化实在是太快、太重要了。学校不可能老是维持过去的样子或只是做一点表面的调整。真的，如果学校不能快速从根本上改变自己，就可能会被其它积极应变的机构所代替（虽然那些机构也许还不够舒适、不够合法）。

5. 当今时代最重要的科技大事就是电脑主宰一切。从通讯传输到个人簿记及娱乐方式，电脑在生活的许多方面已经起到了很重要的作用。许多学校几乎没有注意到这个趋势，直到现在才购买电脑，建立网络。虽然经常是用更为便捷有效的工具去上同样的课，但不妨这么说，科技产品已经渗入了校园生活。

6. 然而将来的教育大多是要围绕电脑进行的。电脑允许有一定的个性化——个人辅导或学习——过去只有有钱人才能这么做。现在学生上课可以根据他们的需要、学习方式、进度和学习情况及过往的成绩来量身定做。确实如此，有史以来第一次，电脑可以帮助我们实现面向全世界学生的“个性化”和“积极亲身学习”的教育革新思想。

7. 电脑科技使全世界范围的信息唾手可得，一点不错。这既是好事，也是坏事。我们再也不用费时间去查找一个人或一份资料——电脑只需一会就找到了。不用多久，我们甚至不用输入命令就可以知道美国蒙大拿州的州府在哪里，朝鲜的人口是多少或欧姆定理是什么意思。只要开口问电脑，它就会将答案说出来或打印出来。这样，人们的“文化水平”马上就提高了。

8. 美中不足的是，因特网上根本没有谁去把关，“谁都可以上网玩。”真假信息鱼目混珠，到目前为止，还没有什么可靠的办法可以将网上的真假、是非区分开来。民族志学家莎莉?特克尔指出，很多孩子始终认为，“税收提高了就总会有暴乱”，因为这是一个随处都可买得到的电脑游戏《山姆城》中提到的常识。要学会辨别善恶、真假、美丑并知道当中有哪些是有必要了解的，这是一个巨大的挑战。

9. 也许有人会回应说，世界本来就充满了错误的信息。没错，过去教育当局至少还可

以选择他们最喜欢的教材（并禁止使用其他教材）。但今天谁都可以马上得到大量的资料，这在过去是绝无仅有的。

10. 人工智能与虚拟现实这两种电脑技术可能会对教育产生巨大的影响。学校的大多数规划工作也许可以不用人而是由人所编制的程序来完成，以前需要通过课本和间中几次的实地调查来完成的工作现在可以在虚拟现实中完成。人们不禁要问：这种完全由机器做出来的东西，其真实性到底如何呢？

11. 一改过去的趋势，从官方认可的机构获得学历证书可能也不那么重要了。个人可以自学（如果不是全部内容也是大部分内容吧），并在模拟的背景中检验所学到的知识。既然通过电脑可以像以前一样“读法律”，然后通过电脑模拟表现自己的法律技巧，为什么还要花十二万美元去上法学院呢？同样，为什么还要花那么多钱去现场学开飞机或做神经外科手术呢？

12. 以前教育的目的大都是为了保证个人在胜任工作的成年阶段可以稳稳当当地做一份常规工作。今天，这种想法从以下两方面来看，都行不通了。首先，几乎所有程式化的工作都可以通过自动控制来完成。其次，几乎没有人会一辈子只做一份工作。许多人会频繁变换工作（或是出于自愿或是迫不得已），从一个地方换到另一个地方，从一个公司跳到另一个公司，从一个经济部门转到另一个经济部门。

13. 工作要换来换去，职能也不同，这种情况愈演愈烈，教育空前地变得复杂起来。多数成年教师和家长都没有那样的经历来帮助年轻人适应一个需要频繁变换工作的世界。没有先例可循，年轻人只好自己去适应快速变化的“职业道路”和生活形势。

14. 电脑化的教学和课程设置可以说是科技影响教育的主要方面，但其他技术变革也对教育产生了影响。利用成像技术可以研究学生在解题或创造时大脑的活动及血液流动的情况。对学生“精神生活”的调查结果，不只限于科研工作，还可能会影响到特殊或主流教育对他们的评价及教学方法。

15. 人们对学习的基因、掌握各种才能的基因认识提高了，也可能会冲击到课堂教学。用上述方法，可以知道哪些学生可能进步快，哪些学生可能天生就对付不了“难学的”课程。一些权威人士坚持要将调查结果应用于具体的案例中，而其他人则坚决反对凭基因信息做出决定。有助提高学习成绩、改善记忆力或提高学习动机的药物很快就会研制生产出来。今天的教师和父母可能会面临以前只会在科幻小说里才出现的道德困境。

16. 最后，近来生物医药方面的突破也可能会最彻底地改变教育。如果个人可以通过基因工程来“设计”他们的后代，可以改变活人捐赠的细胞基因；如果有可能克隆人类或克隆人类成为现实，那么我们对于个人和个人作为社会成员的定义也将永远改变。甚至连进化规律也不得不要重新构想了。

17. 前面说过，教育是保守的，保守思想不一定就是坏事。确实，从价值观的传递以及某些符号系统和原理的掌握情况来看，还是很需要采取保守的方法的。然而，知识爆炸和不断改变的原理又要求我们以新的眼光对教学设置的问题予以密切的关注。年轻人扮演的角色会不断地改变，要为他们做好准备，我们就得研究出新的教学方法来。

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Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8

Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。

研究生英语阅读教程(提高版)课后翻译(带原文)

Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。

研究生英语阅读教程翻译8-11

Lesson 8 IV. Translation Put the following into Chinese. 1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it. 每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。 2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works. 改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。 3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices. 结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。 4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas? 这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？ 5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. 一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。 V. Oral Practice and Discussion 1. How was music used during World War II and during the Vietnam War? 2. Describe peacetime uses of music. 3. List the major effects and functions of music. 4. Identify the basic issues in the FCC regulatory position. 5. What problems do you foresee in the development of record labeling plans? 6. Adaptation of popular or favorite songs is a persuasive tactic. Where is this technique used today? Cite several examples. (Hint: Advertising commercials) 7. If music shapes our perceptions and attitudes, then, should we be forced to listen to music in public places such as restaurants and shopping malls? 8. Are there other effects of music not included in this article?